Cette thèse est consacrée à l'utilisation d'information auxiliaire en théorie des sondages à l'étape de l'échantillonnage et à l'étape de l'estimation. Dans le chapitre 2, on donne une présentation des principales notions de la théorie des sondages. Au chapitre 3, on propose une extension de la famille des estimateurs par calage reposant sur l'emploi de paramètres de calage complexes. Au chapitre 4 et 5, on s'intéresse à la correction simultanée des erreurs d'échantillonnage et de non-réponse au moyen d'un calage unique. On montre qu'en dépit du fait que le calage n'utilise pas explicitement les probabilités de réponse, il est nécessaire d'écrire le modèle de réponse afin de choisir correctement la fonction de calage. A défaut, on s'expose à des estimateurs biaisés dont le biais peut dépasser le biais de l'estimateur non-ajusté. En particulier, dans le cas du calage généralisé, la variance et le biais sont amplifiés pour des variables de calage faiblement corrélées aux variables instrumentales. Au chapitre 6, on montre qu'une approche conditionnelle, par rapport au plan de sondage, permet de construire des estimateurs plus robustes aux valeurs extrêmes et aux "sauteurs de strates". Au chapitre 7, on met en évidence que la méthode du tirage réjectif de Fuller conduit un estimateur par la régression qui peut être biaisé lorsque la variable d'intérêt ne suit pas un modèle de régression linéaire en fonction des variables d'équilibrage. / This thesis is devoted to the use of auxiliary information in sampling theory at the sampling stage and estimation stage. In Chapter 2, we give an overview of the key concepts of sampling theory. In Chapter 3, we propose an extension of the family of calibration estimators based on the use of complex parameters. In Chapter 4 and 5, we are interested in the simultaneous correction of sampling errors and nonresponse using a single calibration. It shows that despite the fact that the calibration does not explicitly use the response probabilities, it is necessary to write the response model to correctly select the calibration function. Otherwise, we run the risk of biased estimators whose bias can exceed the bias of the unadjusted estimator. In particular, in the case of generalized calibration, the variance and bias are amplified for calibration variables weakly correlated with the instrumental variables. In Chapter 6, we show that a conditional approach, based on the design, leads to estimators more robust to outliers and "jumpers strata. In Chapter 7, we highlight that the Fuller rejective sampling yield to a regression estimator which can be biased when the variable of interest does not follow a linear regression with the balancing variables.

Medication related problems occur frequently and can be difficult to predict. Medication monitoring by health care providers allows for problems to be identified before they become severe. Medication monitoring is an an emerging role for community pharmacists. This mixed methods study examines pharmacist perspectives on medication monitoring. Study methods included 12 semi-structured interviews, a mixed methods item generation process to create a pharmacist medication motioning attitude measure, and mailed factorial survey designed to assess pharmacist decision making related to asking non-adherence, side effect, and effectiveness questions for randomly generated refill dispensing vignettes. Hierarchical linear modeling was used to identify significant vignette level and pharmacist level variables associated with likelihood to ask the three monitoring questions. The qualitative analysis showed barriers to medication monitoring including time limitations, busyness, low patient expectation, and a perceived routine nature of refills by both patients and pharmacists. Monitoring non-adherence was a challenge because workflows often do not make non-adherence apparent to the pharmacists when the patient presents to the pharmacy. Lastly, monitoring interactions often are precipitated by "gateway conversations" which begin as technical or cost issues related to the prescription but then progress to monitoring issues when the patient reflects interest. Analysis of the survey showed in general, pharmacists had positive medication monitoring attitudes and worked in pharmacies somewhat conducive to medication monitoring, although there was variation. The factorial survey showed pharmacist monitoring attitudes were significantly associated with the likelihood to ask all three monitoring question types. For the different prescriptions involved, warfarin and hydrocodone were significantly associated with asking monitoring questions whereas fluoxetine and metoprolol appeared less question-worthy. The number of days late was associated with greater question asking likelihood suggesting days late is an important activator for pharmacist medication monitoring. Number of patients waiting was a barrier. This study shows community pharmacists are oriented to monitoring, but there are significant barriers which need to be addressed when advancing this role.

A survey of inventory systems was made of 15 randomly selected auto wrecking yards in northern Utah. The specific objectives were to determine what methods auto wrecking yards were using to keep track of their inventory, to determine the mangers' feelings toward inventory control and improvement of their present systems, and to determine the effectiveness of these systems in providing management information. This information was obtained through a questionnaire interview with managers of the yards sampled. The questionnaire was developed by the author using yards outside the sample area to pilot test and help develop the questionnaire. Results of this survey showed a continuum of systems ranging from the use of memory only up to an elaborate card sort system was being used in inventory control. All managers felt that inventory control was very important and that their present systems could be improved. Time was the limiting factor given for not making needed improvements. Only 60 percent of the mangers were keeping some form of written record. The management information provided by these records consisted mostly of physical information relating to the part available and the condition of these parts. Thirty percent of the managers had a record of capital invested and only 20 percent knew the cost of holding inventory in their yards. From this survey it was concluded that the majority of the inventory systems were inadequate when compared with the objectives of inventory control. More accurate cost information is needed to calculate and evaluate the profitability of the firm (return on invested capital).

The purpose of this research was to identify the legging features that athleisure consumers desire and the performance problems they frequently encounter. A non-probability sample (n=133) of college students who identified as female and wore leggings for non-athletic purposes were surveyed. The questionnaire was designed based upon examination of online product reviews and current complaints with legging products. The results of the survey were used to design and complete a laboratory evaluation. Laboratory samples and methods were then chosen to assess the performance qualities desired when purchasing leggings and the problems encountered when wearing leggings by the surveyed consumers. Three brands were identified by the survey as regularly consumed legging brands and included: Lululemon, Nike, and 90 Degree. All laboratory samples were a nylon, spandex blend fabric. Garments were laundered and evaluated after one, five, ten, and twenty washes. All evaluations were completed in a Textile Testing Laboratory according to AATCC and ASTM standard test methods.

Pharmaceutical waste is an emerging form of waste with significant impacts on the environment. This study reports the results of a state-wide phone survey on pharmaceutical purchasing, use and disposal behavior among Vermont residents (n = 421). The objectives of this study were: 1) to compare the demographic nature of populations who purchase and use medicaton to those associated with leftover medication, and 2) to evaluate the impact of disposal behavior in Vermont and to recommend strategies to minimize pollution. The findings of this study showed that approximately 93% of survey participants reported purchasing of medication, 60% reported leftover medication and 25% reported disposing of medications down-the-drain or via municipal trash, both of which are known pathways leading to environmental pollution. Results indicate that pharmaceutical waste is common in Vermont and that disposal behavior may be contributing towards pollution. The conclusion of this study is that better management of pharmaceutical waste is needed to protect the environment and public health.

Purpose: To determine the characteristics influencing periodontal practices in Virginia and report on the anticipated changes in practice. Methods: A REDCap survey was emailed to Virginia based American Academy of Periodontology (AAP) members assessing personal and practice demographics, trends in dental treatment and practice models, and how periodontists will adjust to account for these trends. Results: The response rate was 31% (n=46). Respondents report greater referrals from more experienced general practitioners (GPs). Student debt was associated with age. Respondents ranked biologic advances, treatment of peri-implantitis, digital dentistry, development of corporate and group practice models, and GPs incorporating more periodontal services in their practices as most likely to impact periodontal practices. The most reported periodontal practice adjustments included expansion of existing services, increasing the number of periodontists in the practice, and joining with other specialists or GPs to create group practices. Conclusions: Periodontists perceive the need to expand services, increase number of providers in their practices or create group practice models as future practice adjustments.

This dissertation examines the process of through which the government of the People's Republic of China ostensibly produces popular legitimacy by inculcating an attachment to Chinese national identity among the public. It seeks to understand the theoretical connections between national identity and support for the state and to learn which groups of people are most affected by the state's influences in this regard. A basic two-step process is theorized, in which the first step is the state's attempt to shape the public's concept of Chinese national identity and the public's attachment to the nation. The bulk of the dissertation addresses this part of the process at the individual level. Two main mechanisms of state influence on national identity are examined: the educational system and the mass media. The main method of research used is the analysis of survey data. The analysis here comes from three survey datasets: the 2005-2008 wave of the World Values Surveys, the 2006-2007 Chinese Ethnicity Survey, and the 2008 China Survey. In the investigation of Chinese education, survey data analysis is supplemented by field research conducted in two middle schools in China, including classroom observation and informal conversations with teachers and students. A brief analysis of a middle school Chinese history textbook is also included. These qualitative investigations are able to show the mechanisms through which education produces an attachment to Chinese national identity. The last chapter of the dissertation turns to the second step in the process: nationalism's relationship with support for the state at the individual level. Survey data are again used to investigate this relationship. This dissertation finds evidence that the state is able, to a certain extent, to influence national identity among the public, both in terms of the elements of Chinese national identity, and in terms of the strength of people's attachment to the nation. A person's level of exposure to the media and his or her level of education are both shown to be significant predictors of their levels of attachment to Chinese national identity, and these relationships look just as the theory would expect. With respect to the second part of the process, strong evidence is found that those who cling more tightly to Chinese national identity are more supportive of the state. In addition to this relatively unsurprising finding, however, we find that this relationship is the strongest among Han Chinese, and among those with particular ideas about the social purposes of China. From these findings it is concluded that the process of state legitimation through nationalism--an oft-mentioned but rarely examined process--does, to some extent, work. Levels of education and media consumption are some of the most powerful predictors of national attachment, and national attachment itself is the most powerful predictor of state support. However, while these are statistically significant relationships, they are not to be overstated. Most of the variation at the individual level, both in Chinese national identity and in state support, remains unexplained: both are difficult to successfully predict based on the models. The state, while it does have a `nationalizing' impact through the media and the educational system, does not by any means have control over popular levels of nationalism or state support.

Objective. As a result of newborn hearing screenings, an increasing number of infants are being identified with a hearing loss at birth or within a few months of life. The literature supports that early identification in conjunction with early intervention services have led to drastic improvements in speech and language outcomes for children who have a received a cochlear implant (CI). The purpose of this study was to investigate the amount, type, and quality of services that young children with CI(s) are receiving. Methods. Participants in this study included 22 teachers of the deaf/hard of hearing (TD/HH), 7 speech-language pathologists (SLP), and 4 early childhood interventionists (ECI). All of the service providers were serving at least one child with a CI(s) at the time of the study. Three on-line service provider surveys were modified from the National Early Intervention Longitudinal Study (NEILS) in order to specifically address the concerns and interests of service provision for children with CIs. The three surveys addressed the birth-3, preschool, and school-age populations. Results. Results from the birth-3 and preschool populations with CIs were analyzed. The school-age population was not analyzed due to the low response rate from that age group. Findings from this study revealed that the TD/HH is the primary service provider for the birth-5 population with CIs. In addition, other service providers (i.e. SLP, ECI) reported that they do not feel completely comfortable working with the CI device (i.e. troubleshooting, utilizing the Ling Six Sound test). Another area of concern was the child's compliance in wearing the CI on a full-time, daily basis. Collaboration and education among professionals and the families of children with CIs must be stressed in order for early intervention services to effectively facilitate the child's speech, language, and educational development. Conclusion. The results revealed characteristics specific to both the child (i.e. services the child has received in the past 6 months as part of his/her intervention program) and the service provider (i.e. amount of professional education concerning children with CIs). More research is needed to assess the relationship between the amount and quality of service provision and the child's speech and language performance to ensure that this population is receiving appropriate early intervention services.

A significant phase of the modern high school curriculum is the program of specialized guidance services to pupils. The importance of providing personalized services as a means of aiding individuals to grow toward social and occupational adequacy is becoming more and more definitely recognized by educators today.

80% of the American population experiences back pain and it is the most common cause of limited activity in people of age 45 and under. Determining the reasons for back pain and developing new ways to treat it have been extensively researched over the past decade. However, very little research has been done on low back pain of amputees. There are four million existing amputees living in America and 250,000 people become new amputees each year. 70% of this group is lower limb amputees and a large number use a prosthesis of some kind to aid in the functions of daily living (Amputation and Limb Deficiency). Not all amputees use a prosthesis because of pain involved, aesthetics, and cost. In order to increase the use of prosthetics among amputees, the reasons why they do not use them must be fully understood. With this knowledge better prosthetic designs can be created. The purpose of this study is to first determine the prevalence of back pain among lower limb amputees who use a prosthesis and then to quantify the accelerations in the spine of this group and compare it to subjects who are not amputees. The findings of this study will be used to determine if back pain is a common complaint, if it interferes with daily activities, and if the use of a prosthesis causes abnormal loads in the spine of amputees. A cross-sectional descriptive survey was created and distributed to lower limb amputees who use a prosthesis and to a control group. In addition to the survey, several subjects were recruited to wear an accelerometer located over the L5-S1 vertebrae and walk at several speeds down a pathway. A maximum acceleration was determined for each step as well as the difference in acceleration between opposing legs. Also measured was the effect of a leg length discrepancy (LLD) on accelerations and back pain. As a result of this research it was found that a high percentage of amputees experience back pain and the prevalence is higher than that of controls. It has shown that there is a difference between the acceleration patterns of amputees and non-amputees, but further research is needed to show that this difference is what causes the higher prevalence of back pain. The trend of side dominance and its increase with increased walking speed for amputees has been shown as well as a general population trend of increased acceleration of the spine with increased speed. In relation to walking speed, the study has also shown that the perception of speed among amputees is slower than that of controls. This study has also supported the notion that a difference in leg length could cause low back pain.