Thesis (MA)--Stellenbosch University, 2011. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: When the South African wine industry re-entered the global wine markets in the early 1990’s, it faced a number of profound challenges. The most significant of these has been to gain a foothold in the international markets where both New and Old World wine producers fiercely compete for the consumer’s purse. In the effort to bolster its competitiveness and in response to a growing global trend towards ‘environmentally-friendly’ food production the industry launched the Integrated Production of Wine (IPW) scheme in 1998.This voluntary regulatory system provides guidelines for best agricultural practices and a producer must pass either the audit or the annual self-evaluation questionnaire in order to comply. A new Integrity & Sustainability seal has been introduced which advertises this compliance on each bottle of wine. This home-grown regulatory scheme is the first and only of its kind in the world and is now accepted by markets globally. The Biodiversity & Wine Initiative (BWI) is a collaboration between the wine industry and conservationists which aims to protect endangered species of the Cape Floral Kingdom, promote sustainable practices and rehabilitate indigenous flora and fauna on wine farms. Wines of South Africa (WOSA) is a marketing organisation which promotes the interests of South African wines in international markets. WOSA’s marketing slogan, ‘Variety is in Our Nature’ seeks to create a ‘common language’ which promotes the environmental aspects of South African wine production and a platform from which producers can establish their own marketing strategies. On the surface it would appear that the industry stands united behind this innovative initiative. But is this really the case? This thesis explores the views and attitudes of key industry informants as well as the responses of 14 different cellars from across the Western Cape. Each respondent was questioned on his/her notion of ‘environmentallyfriendly’, the cellar’s environmental practices, as well as their views IPW, BWI and WOSA’s efforts of promoting the South African wine industry’s new environmental identity. This study has found that the ‘greening’ of the South African wine industry enjoys broad support and compliance at both industry and cellar level. However, the results also show that there is serious criticism against the three-pronged ‘project’ which, if not addressed, could damage the integrity and credibility of industry’s new ‘image’ and undo its innovative edge. At the theoretical level, the study challenges aspects of both Global Value Chain Theory and Conventionalisation Theory. Regarding the former, the ‘home-grown’ way in which the industry has created its own ‘environmentally-friendly’ regulating scheme challenges the role lead firms take in international value chains. Regarding the latter, because IPW works within conventional agricultural practices and is far more cost effective than international ‘environmentally-friendly’ regulations, both large and small farmers can implement IPW regulations with the same effectiveness. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Toe die Suid-Afrikaanse wynbedryf in die vroeë 1990s her-toegetree het tot die globale wynmark, het dit ‘n aantal ernstige uitdagings in die gesig gestaar. Die belangrikste hiervan was om’n vastrapplek te bekom in die internasionale markte, waar Nuwe, sowel as Ou Wêreld wynprodusente fel met mekaar kompeteer vir die verbruiker se beursie. In ‘n poging om die bedryf se mededingendheid te verbeter en in respons tot ‘n groeiende tendens na ‘omgewingsvriendelike’ voedselproduksie, het die bedryf in 1998 die sogenoemde Integrated Production of Wine (IPW) skema van stapel gestuur. Hierdie vrywillige regulasie-sisteem verskaf riglyne vir optimale landboukundige praktyke en die produsent moet òf die oudit slaag, òf aan die vereistes van ‘n jaarlikse self-evaluering voldoen. ’n Nuwe Integrity & Sustainability seël is in gebruik geneem wat die nakoming van die IPW reëls op elke bottel wyn adverteer. Hierdie tuis-ontwikkelde reguleringskema is die eerste en enigste van sy soort in die wêreld. Die Biodiversity & Wine Initiative (BWI) is ’n samewerkingsooreenkoms tussen die wynbedryf en omgewingsbewaarders wat ten doel het om die bedreigde spesies van die Kaapse Blommeryk te beskerm, volhoubare praktyke te bevorder en inheemse flora en fauna op wynplase te rehabiliteer. Wines of South Africa (WOSA) is ’n bemarkingsorganisasie wat die belange van Suid-Afrikaanse wyne op die internasionale markte bevorder. WOSA se bemarkingsleuse, ‘Variety is in our Nature’, het ten doel om ’n ‘gemeenskaplike taal’ te skep wat die omgewingsaspekte van die Suid-Afrikaanse wynproduksie bevorder en ‘n platvorm daarstel waarop produsente hulle eie bemarkingstrategieë kan lanseer. Op die oog af wil dit voorkom asof die bedryf verenig staan agter hierdie vernuwende inisiatief. Maar is dit werklik so? Hierdie tesis ondersoek die perspektiewe en houdings van sleutel mense in die bedryf, asook die response van 14 verskillende kelders van dwarsoor die Wes-Kaap. Elke respondent is gepols oor sy/haar opvatting oor wat ‘omgewingsvriendelik’ behels, die kelder se omgewingsvriendelike praktyke, hulle siening van IPW en BWI, sowel as WOSA se poging om die Suid-Afrikaanse wynbedryf se nuwe omgewingsidentiteit te bevorder. Die studie het bevind dat die ‘vergroening’ van die Suid-Afrikaanse wynbedryf breë steun geniet en die geïnstitusionaliseerde regulasies grootliks nagekom word. Die resultate wys egter ook dat daar ernstige kritiek is teen die bedryf se driedubbele ‘projek’ – soveel so dat as hierdie kritiek nie aangespreek word nie, dit die integriteit en geloofbarigheid van die bedryf se nuwe ‘beeld’ kan beskadig, en daarmee saam sy innoverende voorsprong ongedaan kan maak. Op ‘n teoretiese vlak bevraagteken die studie aspekte van beide Globale Waardeketting Teorie en Konvensionaliseringsteorie. Wat eg. betref bevraagteken die ‘tuisgemaakte’ manier waarop die bedryf sy eie ‘omgewingsvriendelike’ reguleringssisteem geskep het, die rol wat ‘leiersfirmas’ in internasionale waardekettings speel. M.b.t laasgenoemde: omdat IPW funksioneer binne die raamwerk van konvensionele landboupraktyke en baie meer koste-effektief is as internasionale ‘omgewingsvriendelike’ regulasies, kan klein sowel as groot produsente IPW regulasies met ewe veel effektiwiteit implementeer.

Denna rapport, utförd av Johanna Ljungquist och Julia Strege, redogör för examensarbetet på högskoleingenjörsnivå för företaget Storefactory. Arbetet ligger inom ämnet produktutveckling och innovation. Företaget har sin bas i Jönköping och arbetar huvudsakligen med att designa och utveckla interiörsartiklar för privatpersoner. Företaget har idag omkring 120 återförsäljare runtom i Sverige.Projektets syfte har varit att med hjälp av de ingenjörskunskaper och verktyg som studenterna förvärvat under sin utbildning, formge en interiörsartikel för företaget. Arbetet ska resultera i ett konkret förslag på en produkt med ett komplett produktionsunderlag; materialspecifikation, vald tillverkningsmetod, ritningar och kostnadsuppskattning. Målet med arbetet har varit att produkten ska kunna leda till produktion och försäljning via Storefactorys återförsäljare.Arbetet och utvecklingen av produkten skalades ner och koncentrerades till tre målsättningar och fokusområden: Storefactorys vision, hållbarhet och samhällets trender. Dessa fokusområden har tagits i akt och hänsyn till, under samtliga delar av produktutvecklingsarbetet. Arbetet har bland annat innefattat en omfattande förstudie, idégenerering, konceptutvärdering, prototypbyggen samt kontakt med relevanta samarbetspartners.Resultatet av detta arbete är en vägghängd plåthylla som tillverkas genom tre bearbetningsmoment: stansning, bockning och pulverlackering. Plåthyllan Vikner är idag klar för produktion och studenterna är mycket nöjda med resultatet. Nyckelord: hållbarhet, framtida bostäder, produktutveckling och hållbar produktion. / This thesis, performed by Johanna Ljungquist and Julia Strege, outlines the thesis in Bachelor of Science in Design and Product Development for the interior company Storefactory. The company is situated in Jönköping, working mainly with designing and developing interior design products for the household. The company has currently around 120 retailers across Sweden.The aim of the thesis has been, with the help of the engineering knowledge and tools that the students acquired during their education, to design and form an interior design product for the company.The work should result in a tangible proposal with a complete production documentation: material specification, selected manufacturing method, mechanical drawings and cost estimation. The purpose of this work has been to lead the product to production and sale through the retailers of Storefactory.The work and the development of the product were early scaled down and concentrated to three objectives and areas of focus: Storefactory’s vision, sustainability and trends of the society. These areas of focus have been taken into consideration during all aspects of developing the product. The work has included a comprehensive feasibility study, generation of ideas, evaluation of concepts, prototyping and contact with relevant partners and suppliers.The result of this work is a wall mounted shelf in sheet metal manufactured in three steps: punching, bending and powder coating. The shelf, named Vikner, is today ready for production, and the students are very satisfied with the results. Keywords: sustainability, future housing, product development and sustainable production.

Actuellement, l’industrie chimique est confrontée au défi de la production durable qui exige une évolution depuis la réduction de polluants pour les procédés existants vers une écologie industrielle qui permet l’équilibre entre le développement économique, sociale et environnemental. Ajouté aux exigences actuelles pesant sur la conception des procédés, la prise en compte des contraintes environnementales dès la phase amont du processus de conception. Cette exigence clé couplée aux enjeux actuels pour la conception préliminaire ont conduit à des changements par rapport à la conception classique des procédés, il y a un accent accru sur la recherche d’innovation et d’écoinnovation pour développer des nouveaux concepts, de nouvelles technologies et de nouveaux procédés. La question centrale sur la façon d’améliorer la créativité dans la phase de conception préliminaire nécessite des recherches plus poussées sur les méthodologies d’aide à la génération de solutions innovante et éco-innovante. Ainsi, dans le cadre de cette thèse, nous avons développé une méthodologie pour la formulation et la résolution de problèmes d’éco-innovation basée sur une approche à base de conflits. Ce cadre permet de traiter les exigences multi-objectifs et la nature combinatoire complexe de la phase de recherche de concepts de solutions. La méthodologie développée reflète la nature des problèmes à traiter avec de nombreuses contradictions (conflits) à résoudre simultanément. Dans ce contexte, les méthodes actuelles atteignent rapidement leurs limites car elles ne résolvent qu’un seul conflit à la fois. Or il devient très difficile (voire impossible) de faire émerger une contradiction unique des situations problématiques complexes telles que nous en rencontrons en génie des procédés. La méthodologie proposée pour traiter la problématique de multi-contradictions pour l’écoconception se divise en deux étapes principales. D’un part, une première cadre d’analyse pour la formulation des contradictions en s’appuyant sur une version adaptée d’OTSM-TRIZ. Il permet la représentation graphique d’un problème et intégré une méthode pour limiter la situation aux contradictions principales. D’un autre part, la résolution des contradictions principales se décompose en deux sous étapes. Dans un premier temps, la résolution individuelle de chaque contradiction au travers d’un outil alliant la simplicité conceptuelle des contradictions de TRIZ et les solutions concrètes que proposent les effets et phénomènes de la physique, chimie, biologie. Dans un deuxième temps, nous proposons un processus d’agrégation des solutions afin d’obtenir une solution finale plus intégrée. Un cas d’étude sur la réduction des polluants en sortie d’étape de gazéification de la biomasse est présenté afin d’illustrée l’approche. / In recent years, the chemical industry is facing the challenge of sustainable production in order to create a balance between the economic, social and environmental development. This shift requires an evolution from the reduction of pollutants for existing processes to industrial ecology. In the design process, this shift demands that the current requirements and the environmental constraints should be taken into account in the early stages. At these stages, however, there is an increased emphasis on innovation and eco-innovation to develop new concepts, new technologies and new processes, thereby limiting the problem-solving ability of the traditional design methodologies. Hence, there is a great necessity for new methodologies in order to develop innovative and eco-innovative solutions. Consequently, in this research, we developed a methodology for the formulation and solution of ecoinnovation problems based on a conflict approach. This framework can handle multi-objective requirements with the combinatorial complexity of the search phase of solution concepts. Thus, the methodology considers the problem of solving many contradictions (conflicts) simultaneously. In this context, current approaches quickly reach their limits because they solve one conflict at a time or it is very difficult to define only one contradiction in complex problems, such as those in process engineering. The proposed methodology for treating the problem of multi-contradictions for eco-design is divided into two main steps. On one hand, an analytical framework for the formulation of contradictions based on an adapted version of OTSM-TRIZ, which provides a graphical representation of a problem and integrated method to reduce the problem situation to the main contradictions. On the other hand, the resolution of contradictions which is itself divided into two sub-steps. At first, the resolution of each individual contradiction through a tool that combines conceptual simplicity of TRIZ contradictions and the practical solutions using the physics, chemical and biological effects and phenomena. In a second step, we propose an aggregation process solution to obtain a more integrated final solution. A case study about the reduction of pollutants at output stage gasification of biomass is presented to illustrate this approach.

Submitted by JOSIANE SANTOS DE OLIVEIRA (josianeso) on 2017-09-27T16:50:50Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Arlete Redivo_.pdf: 939388 bytes, checksum: b53b1332885d62fa713b6beafc4afd85 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-09-27T16:50:50Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Arlete Redivo_.pdf: 939388 bytes, checksum: b53b1332885d62fa713b6beafc4afd85 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-06-28 / Nenhuma / O estudo procurou compreender a adoção e a implementação de padrões de produção sustentável na cadeia agroalimentar da soja na região amazônica. As bases teóricas que nortearam a pesquisa foram: Teoria dos Custos de Transação, Visão Baseada em Recursos e Teoria da Troca Social com o propósito de entender como ocorrem as relações contratuais e relacionais para adotar padrões de produção sustentáveis. A abordagem de pesquisa utilizada foi qualitativa, por meio de um estudo de caso. A coleta dos dados ocorreu por intermédio do sistema chamado bola de neve, com um roteiro de questionário semiestruturado, por intermédio do qual foram entrevistados os responsáveis das empresas processadora, certificadora, SEMA, Aprosoja, ICV, CAT, UFMT, EMBRAPA e um grupo de nove produtores de soja pertencentes ao CAT, que atuam na região amazônica, os quais adotam padrões de produção sustentável. A apreciação desses dados ocorreu por meio da técnica da análise de conteúdo cujos resultados apontam que a adoção e a implementação de padrões estão ocorrendo para atender a necessidade do mercado externo. As informações referentes à cadeia agroalimentar da soja permitem contribuir para a validação da teoria da cadeia de suprimentos, a qual, para o modelo estudado, é coordenada por entidades de apoio, com o propósito de integrar os elos da cadeia de suprimentos com o mercado externo. O uso das teorias junto à cadeia agroalimentar da soja à adoção de padrões de produção sustentáveis permitiu descobrir que a governança contratual e relacional que existe entre os elos envolvidos objetiva normatizar, direcionar, incentivar e facilitar práticas menos agressivas ao ambiente. Entre os produtores, para o caso estudado, constatou-se que as teorias complementam-se. Ao finalizar este estudo, conclui-se que esta pesquisa contribui para comprovar que, na região amazônica, existem produtores preocupados em demonstrar que se valem de formatos ambiental e socialmente corretos. Novos estudos, porém, são necessários no sentido de comparar se a governança contratual e relacional está presente em outros modelos de adoção de padrões, bem como, descobrir quais são os principais conflitos e dificuldades encontradas pelos produtores à implementação de padrões de produção sustentável. / This study aimed to understand the adoption and the employment of patterns of sustainable production in the agri-food chain of soybean in the Amazon region. The theoretical guidelines for the research were: Transaction Cost Theory, Resource-Based View and Social Exchange Theory. The objective was to understand how contract and relational connections take place for the adoption of patterns of sustainable production. The research approach used was qualitative with a case study. Data was collected through the Snowball Sampling Technique, with a semi-structured questionnaire script, which was used to interview those in charge of the processing and certifying companies, SEMA, Aprosoja, ICV, CAT, UFMT, EMBRAPA and a group of nine soybean producers associated to CAT who work in the Amazon region and adopt patterns of sustainable production. Data was evaluated through the Content Analysis Technique, whose results suggest that the adoption and employment of patterns are taking place to meet the necessities of the external market. The information related to the soybean agri-food chain contributes to the validation of the supply-chain theory, which, for the model studied, is coordinated by support entities aiming to integrate the supply chain and external market connection. The use of these theories in the soybean agri-food chain and the adoption of patterns of sustainable production allowed to determine that the contract and relational governance existing among the links involved has the objective of standardizing, guiding, encouraging and easing practices which are less aggressive to the environment. For the case studied, among the producers it was concluded that the theories complement each other. With the study finished, it is possible to realize that this research helps prove that, in the Amazon region, there are producers concerned in showing they use correct environmental and social formats. However, new studies are necessary to compare if the contract and relational governance is present in other models of pattern adoption, as well as to discover which are the main conflicts and difficulties faced by the producers to employ patterns of sustainable production.

Este trabalho objetivou realizar a avaliação econômica comparativa entre as seguintes atividades na região sudoeste paulista: ovinocultura de corte, monocultura de eucalipto visando produção de madeira para celulose e dois modelos de sistema silvipastoril (SSP) composto por clones de eucalipto, pastagem pré-existente e ovinos para o módulo de 30 ha e horizonte de sete anos. Os SSP avaliados possuíam espaçamento 12 x 1 m (SSP I) e 2 x 2 x 12 m (SSP II). Os critérios econômicos utilizados foram o Valor Presente Líquido (VPL) à taxa de desconto de 8 % a.a. e a Taxa Interna de Retorno (TIR). As avaliações econômicas foram realizadas sob condições de risco utilizando-se a simulação Monte Carlo para as variáveis aleatórias consideradas mais relevantes do fluxo de caixa de cada atividade. Para realizar a avaliação econômica da ovinocultura foi necessário primeiramente caracterizar o sistema de produção ovina para a região de estudo mediante visitas técnicas às propriedades pertencentes ao Núcleo Sul Paulista de ovinocultores utilizando-se um questionário semi-estruturado. Na atividade ovina foram consideradas variáveis aleatórias a \"taxa de concepção das ovelhas, taxa de mortalidade dos cordeiros com até 60 dias de idade e taxa de reposição do rebanho\". Admitiu-se para as variáveis mencionadas a distribuição triangular. Na atividade florestal foram consideradas variáveis aleatórias as operações mecanizadas e manuais necessárias para a implantação e manutenção da cultura do eucalipto em espaçamento 3 x 2 m, coletadas da base de dados de uma empresa prestadora de serviços florestais da região. Foi analisado um total de 8.225 informações de implantação e tratos culturais (manutenções) permitindo constituir dois cenários: mecanizado e manual. Dezessete operações foram utilizadas e o rendimento operacional, suas distribuições de probabilidade e parâmetros foram determinados. Para as avaliações dos SSP foram utilizadas as variáveis aleatórias mencionadas de cada atividade, porém, no caso das variáveis aleatórias da atividade florestal, os rendimentos operacionais foram calculados proporcionalmente aos espaçamentos praticados. A análise Monte Carlo considerou 10.000 simulações e foi desenvolvida com o apoio do software @risk. O VPL médio da ovinocultura foi de R$ 2.618,35 para o módulo de 30 hectares e tem elevado desvio padrão, R$ 41.061,86. A TIR dessa atividade apresentou valor de 29,31 % a.a, porém também com desvio padrão elevado (27,70 %). A monocultura de eucalipto apresentou valores médios de VPL positivos para o cenário mecanizado e manual, correspondendo a R$ 71.963,42/30 ha e R$ 73.123,66/30 ha, respectivamente e TIR média superiores à taxa de desconto praticada nesse estudo, 15,58 % a.a. e 15,97 % a.a., respectivamente. O SSP I e o SSP II são economicamente viáveis, apresentando VPL médios de R$ 85.032,45 e R$ 69.521,20 e TIR média de 21,03 e 19,18 %, respectivamente. De acordo com o critério do VPL a atividade mais rentável é o SSP I, seguido pela monocultura de eucalipto (cenário manual e mecanizado, respectivamente), SSP II e ovinocultura. Segundo o critério da TIR a ovinocultura apresenta-se como a atividade mais viável, seguido pelo SSP I, SSP II e a monocultura de eucalipto (cenário manual e mecanizado, respectivamente). / This study aimed to perform an economic evaluation comparing the following activities in the southwestern region of São Paulo state: beef cattle sheep, eucalypt monoculture for pulpwood production and two models of silvopastoral system (SSP) composed of eucalypt clones, natural pasture and sheep to a module of 30 ha and a seven-year cycle. The SSP assessed had a 12 x 1 m spacing (SSP I) and 2 x 2 x 12 m (SSP II). The economic criteria used were the Net Present Value (NPV) at 8% interest rate and the Internal Rate of Return (IRR). The economic evaluations were performed under risk conditions using Monte Carlo simulation for the random variables considered most relevant for each activity´s cash flow. In order to perform an economic evaluation of cattle production it was first necessary to characterize the sheep production system for the study area through technical visits to properties belonging to the \"Núcleo Sul Paulista\" of sheep breeders using a semi-structured questionnaire. In the ovine activity variables random to \"conception rate of ewes, lambs mortality rate of up to 60 days of age and replacement rate of flock\" were considered. Triangular distribution was admitted to the mentioned variables. In forestry, mechanized and manual operations necessary for the implementation and maintenance of eucalypt plantation of 3 x 2 m spacing were considered random variables, collected from the data base of a forestry services company from the region. A total of 8,225 field information data on implantation and cultivation (maintenance) were analyzed, allowing the constitution of a mechanized and a manual scenario. Seventeen operations were used and the operational income, its probability distributions and parameters were determined. Random variables listed for each activity were used for the evaluation of SSP, however, in random variables of forestry activity, the operational earnings were calculated in proportion to the spacing practiced. The Monte Carlo analysis considered 10,000 simulations and was developed with the support of @ risk software. The average NPV of ovine culture was R$ 2,618.35 for the 30-hectare modulus and has a high standard deviation, R$ 41,061.86. IRR for this activity showed a value of 29.31%, but also with a high standard deviation (27.70%). The eucalypt monoculture showed average values of NPV, positive for both mechanized and manual scenarios, corresponding to R$ 71,963.42 / 30 ha and R$ 73,123.66 / 30 ha, respectively, and average IRR superior to the interest rate practiced in this study, 15.58% and 15.97% respectively. SSP I and SSP II are economically viable, with average NPV of R$ 85,032.45 and R$ 69,521.20 and average IRR of 21.03 and 19.18%, respectively. According to the NPV criteria, SSPI proved to be the most profitable activity, followed by eucalypt monoculture (manual and mechanized scenarios, respectively), SSP II and ovine culture. As determined by IRR criteria, cattle production presents itself as the most viable activity, followed by SSP I, SSP II and eucalypt monoculture (manual and mechanized scenarios, respectively).

One of the most important factors leading to success of a regional/national cleaner (sustainable) production strategy is sector-focused approach. Due to limited resources and other constraints, it is a necessity to make a prioritization between sectors for cleaner (sustainable) production practices. Thus, within the scope of this study, manufacturing industry sub-sectors in Izmir and in Turkey were prioritized based on various criteria. The results should assist policy makers in the preparation of related sectoral roadmaps and action plans.The prioritization of manufacturing industry sub-sector was accomplished via Multi- Criteria Decision Making (MCDM) method with the integration of recent available data and by taking feedback from the stakeholders. Investigation of the sectoral priorities was carried out both at regional (Izmir) and national (Turkey) level. The criteria used in prioritization of manufacturing industry sub-sectors in Izmir were water and energy consumption, amount of wastewater discharged, amount of solid waste and hazardous waste generated, greenhouse gas emissions, HerfindahlHirschman Index (statistical measure of market concentration), sectoral employment, number of companies, export share, added value and suitability for cleaner (sustainable) production. In the prioritization analysis of Turkey all of the aforementioned criteria for Izmir except Herfindahl-Hirschman Index, number of companies and added value were used.Based on the results of this study, the top five high priority industrial sectors for cleaner (sustainable) production practices in Izmir are basic metal industry, food products and beverages, chemicals and chemical products, other non-metallic mineral products and coke and refined petroleum. In the sectoral prioritization analysis for cleaner (sustainable) production in Turkey textile industry takes the place of coke and refined petroleum. These sectors coincide with the priority sectors identified based on different purposes by other regional and national institutions.

O impacto ambiental relacionado à exploração de recursos naturais, às emissões de carbono, mudanças climáticas, pegada ecológica e nível de desenvolvimento humano pode ser considerado um problema decorrente do fluxo linear de produção-consumo. Reconhecer a necessidade de mudança é importante, e investigar formas de viabilizá-la deve ser o objetivo dentro da Engenharia de Produção. Por isto esta pesquisa tem foco no estudo de iniciativas reais de desenvolvimento de produtos ambientalmente amigáveis e de seus resultados frente ao conceito cíclico berço ao berço (Cradle to Cradle - C2C)1, tratado como estratégia e/ou meta no desenvolvimento de produtos e processos produtivos. O conceito berço ao berço postula que produtos e seus componentes devem ser criados para, ao final de seu uso, serem reutilizados com suas propriedades não desgastadas, como nutrientes tecnológicos no chamado metabolismo tecnológico, ou então voltarem à natureza como nutrientes biológicos e não como poluentes, através do metabolismo biológico. Adota-se o conceito berço ao berço como aglutinador de vários outros conceitos discutidos dentro de diversas áreas do conhecimento, como engenharia, desenho industrial e arquitetura. O trabalho aplicado foi realizado por meio da análise da cadeia calçadista, visando estudar as iniciativas ambientais atuais. Este setor tem características similares a vários outros, tais como alcance global, considerável impacto ambiental e economico, centralização da manufatura e complexa cadeia produtiva e de distribuição. São apresentados estudos de casos em empresas no Brasil e nos Estados Unidos, dois países em que as empresas têm modelos de negócios distintos em relação ao desenvolvimento e produção do calçado. As iniciativas ambientais estudadas mostram que há ênfase principalmente no projeto do produto, para enfrentar os problemas ambientais mais proeminentes da insdústria calçadista, os quais se enquadram dentro das cinco principais áreas envolvidas no conceito e avaliadas na certificação berço ao berço, como toxicidade de materiais e processos produtivos, fim de ciclo de vida, consumo de água e energia e responsabilidade social. As metas e os resultados alcançados variam de acordo com as particularidades associadas ao modelo de negócio, público alvo e nicho de mercado de cada empresa. / Environmental issues related to the exploitation of natural resources, carbon emissions, climate change, ecological footprint and human development can be considered problems originated by the current linear production-consumption structure. Recognizing the need for change is essential, and investigating ways to make such transformations possible is a key objective in Industrial Engineering. The present work focuses on the study of relevant sustainable product development initiatives and of their results from a perspective based on the cyclic cradle to cradle (C2C) concept, used as a strategy and/or goal in product development and production processes. The cradle to cradle concept postulates that products and their components must be created so that, at the end of the service life, they can be reused without loss of quality as technological nutrients, in a process referred to as technological metabolism, or instead returned to the environment as biological nutrients and not as pollutants, in a process known as biological metabolism. The cradle to cradle concept is adopted as an umbrella under which a number of other related concepts discussed in several fields, such as engineering, industrial design and architecture, can be found. The applied work has been conducted in the footwear industry, in order to study current environmental initiatives. This industry has characteristics that are similar to many other sectors (e.g., global reach, large economic and environmental impact, centralized manufacturing, complex supply chain and distribution networks), and a few companies have developed pioneering efforts to transform their production processes, focusing mainly on product design and starting with the evaluation of the more prominent problems facing their products, each dealing with the particularities associated with individual business models, target audience and market share. Case studies have been performed on footwear companies located both in Brazil and in the United States, two countries with markedly different business models regarding the development and production of this kind of product. Most initiatives do involve the main areas highlighted in the cradle to cradle approach – namely materials use and reutilization, water use, energy consumption and social responsibility – even though companies may follow different strategies to tackle the problems, with varying levels of implementation and results obtained.

Sistemas de produção agrícola, como os destinados à bovinocultura de corte, são reconhecidos mundialmente como importantes contribuintes de impactos ambientais, principalmente para o potencial de mudanças climáticas. O aumento da demanda de carne bovina nas últimas décadas tem gerado mais atenção sobre o tema, que se reflete na preocupação do consumidor em obter informações sobre os impactos associados ao produto. Neste estudo, avaliou-se a sustentabilidade de possíveis ações de melhoria para minimizar a pegada de carbono da cadeia produtiva de carne bovina brasileira para exportação, utilizando abordagens estruturadas sobre o pensamento do ciclo de vida, combinadas com métodos de tomada de decisão multicritério e ponderação probabilística. A pegada de carbono das exportações de carne bovina brasileira foi mensurada utilizando Avaliação do Ciclo de Vida e a partir disso identificou-se a etapa da cadeia mais representativa em termos de contribuição para o impacto. As emissões por quilo de carne bovina desossada variaram entre 33,35 a 33,58 kg de CO2-Eq. Os portos de destino influenciaram em menos de 1% nos resultados, pois a fase de produção animal é a mais impactante, contribuindo com 98% dos impactos associados ao produto. Por meio de uma abordagem combinada dos métodos multicritérios TOPSIS e lógica fuzzy foram identificadas possíveis ações de melhoria no desempenho ambiental da fase de produção animal, a partir da ótica dos stakeholders: fertilização das pastagens, suplementação proteinada e integração lavoura-pecuária. Utilizou-se uma combinação da abordagem de Avaliação Sustentável do Ciclo de Vida com modelos multicritério VIKOR e lógica fuzzy para, além de avaliar a eficácia das alternativas na redução dos impactos associados a mudanças climáticas, analisa-las em relação a outros indicadores de critérios ambiental, econômico e social. Comparando com o sistema referência, a rotação de lavoura-pecuária obteve a melhor posição na hierarquização do desempenho entre todos os critérios avaliados. Especificamente para a pegada de carbono, a substituição do sistema de referência pela rotação lavoura-pecuária possibilitaria reduzir aproximadamente 7,7 kg de CO2-Eq., ou seja, 23% do total da pegada de carbono atribuída ao produto, além de combinar a melhor oportunidade de melhoria no desempenho dos demais indicadores avaliados. Visando facilitar o processo de ponderação e integração de indicadores de diferentes critérios para geração de uma pontuação única de sustentabilidade, neste estudo propôs-se um modelo matemático de ponderação a partir da teoria da probabilidade. O modelo proposto demostrou-se uma alternativa viável para a redução da incerteza e risco relatados por pesquisadores sobre a integração de métodos multicritérios com a Avaliação Sustentável do Ciclo de Vida, isentando o julgamento humano do processo de ponderação e possibilitando mensurar a probabilidade de determinada hierarquização de alternativas ocorrer. Além disso, combinado com o método VIKOR e seus critérios de desvios para determinação da melhor alternativa, a ponderação probabilística permitiu classificar se a melhor alternativa possibilitava uma solução ideal ou uma solução estável para o problema. Com base nos resultados desta pesquisa, demonstrou-se que existem ações que, além de minimizar os impactos ambientais associados às exportações de carne bovina brasileira em termos de pegada de carbono, também contribuem significativamente para o aumento da sustentabilidade da produção animal nos aspectos econômico e social. / Agricultural systems like beef cattle production are recognized worldwide as important cause of many environmental impacts, especially for the potential of climate change. The increase in beef demand in the last decades has generated even more attention on the subject, which is reflected in the consumer's concern to obtain information on the impacts associated with the product. In this study, it was evaluated the sustainability of possible improvement actions to minimize the carbon footprint of the export chain of Brazilian beef, using structured approaches to life-cycle thinking, combined with multicriteria decision-making methods and weighting probabilistic analysis. The carbon footprint of Brazilian beef exports was measured using the environmental Life Cycle Assessment and the most representative chain stage was identified in terms of contribution to the impact. Emissions per kilogram of product ranged from 33.35 to 33.58 kg of CO2-Eq. The variation of destination ports influenced less than 1% of the results, since the animal production phase is the most impacting, contributing in more than 98% of the impacts associated to the product. Through a combined approach of the TOPSIS multi-criteria methods and fuzzy logic, it was possible to identify possible actions to improve the environmental performance of the animal production phase, from the perspective of the stakeholders: pasture fertilization, protein supplementation and crop-livestock integration. A combination of the Sustainable Life Cycle Assessment approach with VIKOR multicriteria model and fuzzy logic was applied to evaluate the effectiveness of the alternatives in reducing the impacts associated with climate change and to analyze them in comparison to other environmental criteria indicators, besides economic and social ones. Comparing with the reference system, the crop-livestock rotation obtained the best position in the hierarchy of performance among all evaluated criteria. Specifically for the carbon footprint, the replacement of the reference system by crop-livestock rotation would make it possible to reduce approximately 7.7 kg of CO2-Eq., or 23% of the total carbon footprint attributed to the product, in addition to combining opportunity to improve the performance of the other indicators evaluated. Aiming to facilitate the process of weighting and integration of indicators of different criteria to generate a single sustainability score, in this study it was proposed a mathematical model of weighting from the theory of probability. The proposed model demonstrated a viable alternative for the reduction of uncertainty and risk reported by researchers on the integration of multicriteria methods with the Sustainable Life Cycle Assessment, exempting human judgment from the weighting process and making it possible to measure the probability of a certain hierarchy of alternatives occur. In addition, combined with the VIKOR method and its deviation criteria to determine the best alternative, probabilistic weighting allowed to classify whether the best alternative provided an optimal solution or a stable solution to the problem. Based on the results of this research, it has been demonstrated that there are actions that, in addition to minimizing the impacts associated with Brazilian beef exports in terms of carbon footprint, also contribute significantly to increasing the sustainability of animal production in economic and social aspects.

O impacto ambiental relacionado à exploração de recursos naturais, às emissões de carbono, mudanças climáticas, pegada ecológica e nível de desenvolvimento humano pode ser considerado um problema decorrente do fluxo linear de produção-consumo. Reconhecer a necessidade de mudança é importante, e investigar formas de viabilizá-la deve ser o objetivo dentro da Engenharia de Produção. Por isto esta pesquisa tem foco no estudo de iniciativas reais de desenvolvimento de produtos ambientalmente amigáveis e de seus resultados frente ao conceito cíclico berço ao berço (Cradle to Cradle - C2C)1, tratado como estratégia e/ou meta no desenvolvimento de produtos e processos produtivos. O conceito berço ao berço postula que produtos e seus componentes devem ser criados para, ao final de seu uso, serem reutilizados com suas propriedades não desgastadas, como nutrientes tecnológicos no chamado metabolismo tecnológico, ou então voltarem à natureza como nutrientes biológicos e não como poluentes, através do metabolismo biológico. Adota-se o conceito berço ao berço como aglutinador de vários outros conceitos discutidos dentro de diversas áreas do conhecimento, como engenharia, desenho industrial e arquitetura. O trabalho aplicado foi realizado por meio da análise da cadeia calçadista, visando estudar as iniciativas ambientais atuais. Este setor tem características similares a vários outros, tais como alcance global, considerável impacto ambiental e economico, centralização da manufatura e complexa cadeia produtiva e de distribuição. São apresentados estudos de casos em empresas no Brasil e nos Estados Unidos, dois países em que as empresas têm modelos de negócios distintos em relação ao desenvolvimento e produção do calçado. As iniciativas ambientais estudadas mostram que há ênfase principalmente no projeto do produto, para enfrentar os problemas ambientais mais proeminentes da insdústria calçadista, os quais se enquadram dentro das cinco principais áreas envolvidas no conceito e avaliadas na certificação berço ao berço, como toxicidade de materiais e processos produtivos, fim de ciclo de vida, consumo de água e energia e responsabilidade social. As metas e os resultados alcançados variam de acordo com as particularidades associadas ao modelo de negócio, público alvo e nicho de mercado de cada empresa. / Environmental issues related to the exploitation of natural resources, carbon emissions, climate change, ecological footprint and human development can be considered problems originated by the current linear production-consumption structure. Recognizing the need for change is essential, and investigating ways to make such transformations possible is a key objective in Industrial Engineering. The present work focuses on the study of relevant sustainable product development initiatives and of their results from a perspective based on the cyclic cradle to cradle (C2C) concept, used as a strategy and/or goal in product development and production processes. The cradle to cradle concept postulates that products and their components must be created so that, at the end of the service life, they can be reused without loss of quality as technological nutrients, in a process referred to as technological metabolism, or instead returned to the environment as biological nutrients and not as pollutants, in a process known as biological metabolism. The cradle to cradle concept is adopted as an umbrella under which a number of other related concepts discussed in several fields, such as engineering, industrial design and architecture, can be found. The applied work has been conducted in the footwear industry, in order to study current environmental initiatives. This industry has characteristics that are similar to many other sectors (e.g., global reach, large economic and environmental impact, centralized manufacturing, complex supply chain and distribution networks), and a few companies have developed pioneering efforts to transform their production processes, focusing mainly on product design and starting with the evaluation of the more prominent problems facing their products, each dealing with the particularities associated with individual business models, target audience and market share. Case studies have been performed on footwear companies located both in Brazil and in the United States, two countries with markedly different business models regarding the development and production of this kind of product. Most initiatives do involve the main areas highlighted in the cradle to cradle approach – namely materials use and reutilization, water use, energy consumption and social responsibility – even though companies may follow different strategies to tackle the problems, with varying levels of implementation and results obtained.

Sistemas de produção agrícola, como os destinados à bovinocultura de corte, são reconhecidos mundialmente como importantes contribuintes de impactos ambientais, principalmente para o potencial de mudanças climáticas. O aumento da demanda de carne bovina nas últimas décadas tem gerado mais atenção sobre o tema, que se reflete na preocupação do consumidor em obter informações sobre os impactos associados ao produto. Neste estudo, avaliou-se a sustentabilidade de possíveis ações de melhoria para minimizar a pegada de carbono da cadeia produtiva de carne bovina brasileira para exportação, utilizando abordagens estruturadas sobre o pensamento do ciclo de vida, combinadas com métodos de tomada de decisão multicritério e ponderação probabilística. A pegada de carbono das exportações de carne bovina brasileira foi mensurada utilizando Avaliação do Ciclo de Vida e a partir disso identificou-se a etapa da cadeia mais representativa em termos de contribuição para o impacto. As emissões por quilo de carne bovina desossada variaram entre 33,35 a 33,58 kg de CO2-Eq. Os portos de destino influenciaram em menos de 1% nos resultados, pois a fase de produção animal é a mais impactante, contribuindo com 98% dos impactos associados ao produto. Por meio de uma abordagem combinada dos métodos multicritérios TOPSIS e lógica fuzzy foram identificadas possíveis ações de melhoria no desempenho ambiental da fase de produção animal, a partir da ótica dos stakeholders: fertilização das pastagens, suplementação proteinada e integração lavoura-pecuária. Utilizou-se uma combinação da abordagem de Avaliação Sustentável do Ciclo de Vida com modelos multicritério VIKOR e lógica fuzzy para, além de avaliar a eficácia das alternativas na redução dos impactos associados a mudanças climáticas, analisa-las em relação a outros indicadores de critérios ambiental, econômico e social. Comparando com o sistema referência, a rotação de lavoura-pecuária obteve a melhor posição na hierarquização do desempenho entre todos os critérios avaliados. Especificamente para a pegada de carbono, a substituição do sistema de referência pela rotação lavoura-pecuária possibilitaria reduzir aproximadamente 7,7 kg de CO2-Eq., ou seja, 23% do total da pegada de carbono atribuída ao produto, além de combinar a melhor oportunidade de melhoria no desempenho dos demais indicadores avaliados. Visando facilitar o processo de ponderação e integração de indicadores de diferentes critérios para geração de uma pontuação única de sustentabilidade, neste estudo propôs-se um modelo matemático de ponderação a partir da teoria da probabilidade. O modelo proposto demostrou-se uma alternativa viável para a redução da incerteza e risco relatados por pesquisadores sobre a integração de métodos multicritérios com a Avaliação Sustentável do Ciclo de Vida, isentando o julgamento humano do processo de ponderação e possibilitando mensurar a probabilidade de determinada hierarquização de alternativas ocorrer. Além disso, combinado com o método VIKOR e seus critérios de desvios para determinação da melhor alternativa, a ponderação probabilística permitiu classificar se a melhor alternativa possibilitava uma solução ideal ou uma solução estável para o problema. Com base nos resultados desta pesquisa, demonstrou-se que existem ações que, além de minimizar os impactos ambientais associados às exportações de carne bovina brasileira em termos de pegada de carbono, também contribuem significativamente para o aumento da sustentabilidade da produção animal nos aspectos econômico e social. / Agricultural systems like beef cattle production are recognized worldwide as important cause of many environmental impacts, especially for the potential of climate change. The increase in beef demand in the last decades has generated even more attention on the subject, which is reflected in the consumer's concern to obtain information on the impacts associated with the product. In this study, it was evaluated the sustainability of possible improvement actions to minimize the carbon footprint of the export chain of Brazilian beef, using structured approaches to life-cycle thinking, combined with multicriteria decision-making methods and weighting probabilistic analysis. The carbon footprint of Brazilian beef exports was measured using the environmental Life Cycle Assessment and the most representative chain stage was identified in terms of contribution to the impact. Emissions per kilogram of product ranged from 33.35 to 33.58 kg of CO2-Eq. The variation of destination ports influenced less than 1% of the results, since the animal production phase is the most impacting, contributing in more than 98% of the impacts associated to the product. Through a combined approach of the TOPSIS multi-criteria methods and fuzzy logic, it was possible to identify possible actions to improve the environmental performance of the animal production phase, from the perspective of the stakeholders: pasture fertilization, protein supplementation and crop-livestock integration. A combination of the Sustainable Life Cycle Assessment approach with VIKOR multicriteria model and fuzzy logic was applied to evaluate the effectiveness of the alternatives in reducing the impacts associated with climate change and to analyze them in comparison to other environmental criteria indicators, besides economic and social ones. Comparing with the reference system, the crop-livestock rotation obtained the best position in the hierarchy of performance among all evaluated criteria. Specifically for the carbon footprint, the replacement of the reference system by crop-livestock rotation would make it possible to reduce approximately 7.7 kg of CO2-Eq., or 23% of the total carbon footprint attributed to the product, in addition to combining opportunity to improve the performance of the other indicators evaluated. Aiming to facilitate the process of weighting and integration of indicators of different criteria to generate a single sustainability score, in this study it was proposed a mathematical model of weighting from the theory of probability. The proposed model demonstrated a viable alternative for the reduction of uncertainty and risk reported by researchers on the integration of multicriteria methods with the Sustainable Life Cycle Assessment, exempting human judgment from the weighting process and making it possible to measure the probability of a certain hierarchy of alternatives occur. In addition, combined with the VIKOR method and its deviation criteria to determine the best alternative, probabilistic weighting allowed to classify whether the best alternative provided an optimal solution or a stable solution to the problem. Based on the results of this research, it has been demonstrated that there are actions that, in addition to minimizing the impacts associated with Brazilian beef exports in terms of carbon footprint, also contribute significantly to increasing the sustainability of animal production in economic and social aspects.