Bicycles offer an efficient, emission-free mode of transportation, particularly ideal for shorter distances in urban areas. Consequently, bicycling is increasingly being perceived as a viable and important part of the urban transportation mix. Despite increased progress and attention, few cities have successfully incorporated cycling as a key feature of their urban policy, or substantially increased cycling’s modal share. Meanwhile, research suggests that climate and weather influence cycling and transportation in urban areas, with cold climates in particular reducing the likelihood of cycling. This research examines how bicycling can be mainstreamed in winter cities, thereby improving cycling conditions and increasing modal share. Oulu, Finland serves as a case study. Located at 65 degrees latitude, Oulu has a twenty percent modal share for cycling. A close examination how cycling was mainstreamed is presented and synthesized. The goal is to present Oulu’s experience in bicycle planning as a model for other winter cities, particularly in Canada.

The City of Toronto has done much to reduce congestion through transportation system management and travel demand measures. Yet, while measures to eliminate the traffic congestion problem have been necessary, they simply have not been sufficient to accommodate over 2.5 million residents and the many more who find their way into the area from points beyond particularly from other regions in the Greater Toronto Area (GTA). In addition, the transportation improvements certainly do not provide capacity adequate to address the needs of the future predicted residents and added economic activity. Congestion pricing is an untapped transportation strategy that can reduce traffic congestion, improve air quality, and raise the revenue essential to implement needed transportation measures that are effective in improving transportation services and facilities. While experience with congestion pricing is limited, there are sufficient examples and experiences around the world to demonstrate that, when implemented properly, it virtually never fails to be an effective tool to curb congestion. Yet, when initially proposed, it never fails to be controversial. This is due in part to the lack of research on the equity impacts on different socio-economic groups. This is the dichotomy and the dilemma of congestion pricing that every city must face in seeking this new approach to congestion management. The main goal of the research is to provide empirical research that enhances our understanding of the equity implications of cordon pricing for the urban region of Toronto, Canada. Three research objectives are identified to address the research goal. The first objective is to examine the ways that the GTA is moving toward or away the principles of sustainable transportation, and thus to make a case that Downtown Toronto is a candidate for cordon pricing. The second objective is to investigate if particular socio-economic groups would be disproportionately affected by the implementation of cordon pricing in Downtown Toronto, as one way of approaching the equity dimensions of such a policy. The third objective is to explore some of the policy aspects associated with implementing cordon pricing in Toronto, including public perceptions of such a policy as well as probable responses to the policy. The major findings of this analysis are that the GTA is not moving in the direction of sustainable transportation, which provides a concrete justification for demand-management interventions and that Downtown Toronto is a candidate for cordon pricing. A Downtown Toronto cordon pricing scheme would be progressive in its effects on the various socio-economic groups, and that the progressivity holds up even when travel is disaggregated by demographic factors such as age, gender, household size and occupational category. Full-time workers account for a larger proportion of the affected trips and the percentage of trips that would be affected is highest for those in the full-time high-income neighborhoods. The analyses show that toll charge is an important factor that would trigger some income groups to change their travel behaviour. People from high-income neighborhoods are more willing to pay the charges and drive as usual than people from other income neighborhoods. Revenue redistribution is critical to assess and achieve equity of congestion pricing.

After World War II, automobile use expanded rapidly in the developed countries. As a result, travel pattern changed entirely and automobile has become the dominant form of transport in cities. As a result, the city has been shaped and sized in response to automobile needs. Such increase caused traffic problems in the Central Business Districts and surrounding areas. The problems of traffic congestion and pedestrian circulation have become an important issue in the whole city. As traffic problems have grown in developed cities, they had to be engaged in managing travel demand of people in order to provide mobility and access with reference to the advancing principles of sustainability. In this scope, this study shows the need of travel demand management to create a sustainable transport system. As a case, this study will evaluate the transport problems of Ankara and the place of the city in the urban transport policy process. At this point, transport problems and the transformation of road network and their impacts on the city will be examined in four periods. As a conclusion, urban transportation strategies needed for creating a sustainable transport system are overviewed for the city of Ankara.

The City of Toronto has done much to reduce congestion through transportation system management and travel demand measures. Yet, while measures to eliminate the traffic congestion problem have been necessary, they simply have not been sufficient to accommodate over 2.5 million residents and the many more who find their way into the area from points beyond particularly from other regions in the Greater Toronto Area (GTA). In addition, the transportation improvements certainly do not provide capacity adequate to address the needs of the future predicted residents and added economic activity. Congestion pricing is an untapped transportation strategy that can reduce traffic congestion, improve air quality, and raise the revenue essential to implement needed transportation measures that are effective in improving transportation services and facilities. While experience with congestion pricing is limited, there are sufficient examples and experiences around the world to demonstrate that, when implemented properly, it virtually never fails to be an effective tool to curb congestion. Yet, when initially proposed, it never fails to be controversial. This is due in part to the lack of research on the equity impacts on different socio-economic groups. This is the dichotomy and the dilemma of congestion pricing that every city must face in seeking this new approach to congestion management. The main goal of the research is to provide empirical research that enhances our understanding of the equity implications of cordon pricing for the urban region of Toronto, Canada. Three research objectives are identified to address the research goal. The first objective is to examine the ways that the GTA is moving toward or away the principles of sustainable transportation, and thus to make a case that Downtown Toronto is a candidate for cordon pricing. The second objective is to investigate if particular socio-economic groups would be disproportionately affected by the implementation of cordon pricing in Downtown Toronto, as one way of approaching the equity dimensions of such a policy. The third objective is to explore some of the policy aspects associated with implementing cordon pricing in Toronto, including public perceptions of such a policy as well as probable responses to the policy. The major findings of this analysis are that the GTA is not moving in the direction of sustainable transportation, which provides a concrete justification for demand-management interventions and that Downtown Toronto is a candidate for cordon pricing. A Downtown Toronto cordon pricing scheme would be progressive in its effects on the various socio-economic groups, and that the progressivity holds up even when travel is disaggregated by demographic factors such as age, gender, household size and occupational category. Full-time workers account for a larger proportion of the affected trips and the percentage of trips that would be affected is highest for those in the full-time high-income neighborhoods. The analyses show that toll charge is an important factor that would trigger some income groups to change their travel behaviour. People from high-income neighborhoods are more willing to pay the charges and drive as usual than people from other income neighborhoods. Revenue redistribution is critical to assess and achieve equity of congestion pricing.

Orientador: Orlando Fontes Lima Junior / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Civil, Arquitetura e Urbanismo / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-10T15:27:25Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 SanchesJunior_PauloFernandes_D.pdf: 7905945 bytes, checksum: 62dfa4e70f19059368d9856d55cd51d1 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008 / Resumo: A União Européia vem patrocinando, desde o ano de 2000, consórcios (união de universidade, iniciativa privada e poder público) com o objetivo de conhecer a realidade da logística de carga urbana. No Brasil, projetos como os desenvolvidos na Europa ainda não foram iniciados. Porém, com a ratificação do Protocolo de Quioto pelo governo brasileiro e sua vigência a partir de 2005, aliado à nova Política Nacional de Mobilidade Urbana Sustentável (PNMUS), esse tema ganha visibilidade e força nas discussões das possíveis soluções de mobilidade urbana sustentável. O objetivo da pesquisa foi investigar a realidade da logística da carga urbana no Brasil. De forma específica buscou-se analisar o estágio atual da logística da carga urbana nas metrópoles do Brasil, identificar qual é o conceito de carga urbana no contexto brasileiro e comparar as soluções nacionais de carga urbana com as práticas internacionais. Para isso utilizou-se o método hipotético-dedutivo seguindo uma estratégia desenvolvida pelo projeto europeu BESTUFS voltado para questões semelhantes na Europa. Através da elaboração de uma matriz (MIRCU ¿ Matriz Investigativa da Realidade da Carga Urbana) e um questionário (QIRCU ¿ Questionário Investigativo da Realidade da Carga Urbana) pesquisou-se os conceitos, cenário atual e ideal, estratégias, projetos e soluções de carga urbana desenvolvidos por 20 metrópoles brasileiras. O QIRCU foi respondido pelos administradores públicos municipais responsáveis pela elaboração das políticas de trânsito das cidades. O trabalho demonstrou que os conceitos do transporte de carga urbana no Brasil se formam a partir do estágio de urbanização que as cidades se encontram e os projetos são desenvolvidos sem nenhum controle dos resultados obtidos com a sua implantação. Através da pesquisa foi possível identificar que, na percepção dos entrevistados, o conceito de mobilidade urbana no Brasil não contempla as atividades de carga urbana. Isso demonstra como será difícil ao governo brasileiro colocar em prática qualquer política nacional de mobilidade urbana sustentável, uma vez que cada cidade possui um conceito diferente tanto de mobilidade urbana quanto do transporte de carga e até mesmo do que é a carga urbana. Essa administração reativa dos problemas da carga urbana compromete a implementação da técnica de City Logistics que prevê um correto planejamento das atividades que irão ocorrer no centro das cidades / Abstract: The European Union has been sponsoring, since the year 2000, the formation of consortiums (from the association of universities, private and public organizations) aiming to identify the urban goods logistics reality. In Brazil, projects similar to those developed in Europe have yet been initialized. Nevertheless, with the signature of the Kyoto Protocol by the Brazilian Government and its legality from 2005 allied to the new Policy of National Sustainable Urban Mobility - PNMUS, this issue becomes more visible and acquires strength in the agenda for obtaining sustainable urban mobility. The objective of the research was to investigate the urban goods logistics in Brazil and in order to achieve that the hypothetico-deductive method is used jointly with the methodology developed by the European project BESTUFS. Through the elaboration of a matrix (MIRCU ¿ Matrix of investigation of urban goods reality) and a questionnaire (QIRCU - Questionnaire of investigation of urban goods reality), the concepts, present scenarios and ideal scenarios, strategies, projects and urban goods solutions developed by 20 Brazilian metropolis where researched. The QIRCU was responded by municipal public administrators responsible for the elaboration of traffic policies in their cities. The results demonstrate that the urban goods transportation concepts in Brazil are defined by the stage of urbanization where the cities are placed and the projects are developed without systematic control of the results achieved with its implementation. Through the research it was possible to identify that, in the perception of the interviewed, the concept of urban mobility in Brazil does not contemplate the activities of urban goods. Thus demonstrating the difficulty the Brazilian Government will face to realize any national policy of sustainable urban mobility, once each city has a unique and rather different concept of urban mobility and of goods transportation and even a different concept of urban goods. The reactive administration of the problems of urban goods compromises the implementation of the City Logistics technique that foresees a correct planning of the activities that will occur in the cities / Doutorado / Saneamento e Ambiente / Doutor em Engenharia Civil

That women and men have different travel patterns has been known for a long time, and previous research argues that gender inequality is the reason for the different travel patterns. Thus, integrating a gender equality perspective into transportation planning has been a relevant topic for quite some time. However, it has been proven to be easier said than done. Gender equality has not been given much attention within transportation planning and planners find it difficult to know how to implement a gender equality perspective. By studying two County Transportation Plans developed by regions in northern Sweden and interviewing infrastructural planners as well as gender equality experts, this thesis will investigate how gender equality is managed and integrated in transport planning on a regional level, and how it could be integrated. How gender equality relates to sustainable transportation on a regional level is another research question. The results show that the planners are aware of women’s and men’s different travel patterns, but they have experienced the difficulties of how gender equality can be integrated in the plans, and integration has previously been made with modesty. This is partly due to lack of competence among the planners and because it has not been prioritized. The result also indicates that gender equality can be beneficial for sustainable transportation, but some goal conflicts were found as well. A conclusion it that there seems to exist a paradox among the respondents where they are unsure of if the transportation should adjust to the current travel needs, or promote change. It is seemingly not either the lack of competence that is the reason gender equality has not been prioritized, but the fact that other areas, such as the need of functional connections due to long distances between places has been seen as more important. The competence and knowledge exists, but need to increase among the planners, and gender equality within transportation planning has to be given more attention on a national level and in the directives from the government.

Bicycle-sharing programs are a new trend in urban transportation. The main difference of a bicycle-sharing program with a regular bicycle rental is that is possible to get a bicycle in one station and return it in any other station. There are many models of bicycle sharing, each model with its pros and cons. This study analyzes the bicycle-sharing models in order to build a proposal of a bicycle-sharing program suitable for Brazilian median cities. The study begins with an overview of bicycle transportation, followed by the analysis of different bicycle-sharing programs. The last chapter formulates a proposal of a bicycle-sharing program suitable for Brazilian median cities. This study uses both quantitative and qualitative methods. The analysis includes a case study on the bicycle-sharing program in Stockholm. This case study is based on interviews with the manager of the program in the company in charge, and with the responsible official in Stockholm municipality. A questionnaire was moreover handed out to users of the program. This case study is complemented with a questionnaire sent by email to managers of bicycle-sharing programs in some cities around the world, this in order to provide more examples on how bicycle sharing can be organized. Finally, another case study was carried out in a Brazilian median city in order to evaluate the local awareness concerning bicycle transport, and the possibility of implementing a bicycle-sharing program there. A questionnaire was handed out to a sample of the local population and an interview was made with the local transport authority. The analysis of all data results in a proposal for a bicycle-sharing program suitable for the Brazilian context. The proposal comprises the choices of bicycles, stations, equipment related to the hiring process and service vehicle. It includes a complete financial appraisal with the necessary capital for implementing and managing the program. It shows that it is possible to build an affordable bicycle-sharing program adapted to Brazilian median cities. The program will create job opportunities and can contribute to a changed view of bicycle transportation in these cities. The proposal could also be applied in countries with the same characteristics as Brazil.

京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(工学) / 甲第17960号 / 工博第3808号 / 新制||工||1583(附属図書館) / 30790 / 京都大学大学院工学研究科都市社会工学専攻 / (主査)教授 藤井 聡, 准教授 SCHMOECKERJan-Dirk, 准教授 神田 佑亮 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Philosophy (Engineering) / Kyoto University / DFAM

Although there are many studies focusing on the environmental impacts of alternative vehicle options, social and economic dimensions and trade-off relationships among all of these impacts were not investigated sufficiently. Moreover, most economic analyses are limited to life cycle cost analyses and do not consider macro-level economic impacts. Therefore, this thesis aims to advance the Life Cycle Sustainability Assessment literature and electric vehicle sustainability research by presenting a novel combined application of Multi Criteria Decision Making techniques with Life Cycle Sustainability Assessment for decision analysis. With this motivation in mind, this research will construct a compromise-programming model (multi-objective optimization method) in order to calculate the optimum vehicle distribution in the U.S. passenger car fleet while considering the trade-offs between environmental, economic, and social dimensions of the sustainability. The findings of this research provide important insights for policy makers when developing strategies to estimate optimum vehicle distribution strategies based on various environmental and socio-economic priorities. For instance, compromise programming results can present practical policy conclusions for different states which might have different priorities for environmental impact mitigation and socio-economic development. Therefore, the conceptual framework presented in this work can be applicable for different regions in U.S. and decision makers can generate balanced policy conclusions and recommendations based on their environmental, economic and social constraints. The compromise programming results provide vital guidance for policy makers when optimizing the use of alternative vehicle technologies based on different environmental and socio-economic priorities. This research also effort aims to increase awareness of the inherent benefits of Input-Output based a Life Cycle Sustainability Assessment and multi-criteria optimization.

Fostering environmentally friendly transport solutions for tourists lies at the core of the strategiesaimed at implementing sustainable tourism transportation. In this sense, this study aims toidentify the determinants of green mobility choices taken by young adults and adults to travel toand from their holiday destinations. It is based on a survey questionnaire proposed to adultsprimarily in Germany, USA and Sweden. The study demonstrates the intrinsic relationshipbetween the transport mode choices for reaching tourism destinations, and the different levels ofvariables that could cause different types of green mobility decisions made to reach their tourismdestinations.