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The Yield Gap : A comprehensive study of the yield spread between prime office yields and five-year swap rates in some of Europe’s most prominent commercial real estate markets / Avkastningsgapet : En omfattande studie av spreaden mellan prime kontorsyielder och femåriga swapräntor i några av Europas kommersiella fastighetsmarknaderJenkins, Miranda January 2023 (has links)
Global economies are currently in a tumultuous time with high economic distress, inflation, and volatile interest rate markets. Alongside the increased interest rate climate, yield returns throughout property sectors adjust to compensate for the increased risk. Investors therefore begin to question the relationship between financing costs and property yield levels, in other words, the yield gap. When discussing the yield gap among real estate professionals, the relationship that mainly signifies the one between prime office yields and five-year swap rates. Previous research on similar topics have investigated the relationship between property yields and government bonds. Questions raised currently are, for example, how long it will take for property yield levels to fully adjust to increased financing costs. The thesis therefore aims to analyze the spread between prime office yields and five-year swap rates in Sweden, the UK, France, Germany, and Spain. Further, the paper also aims to explain how borrowers and lenders are impacted by the development of the yield gap and if the spread can be used as a leading indicator for the development of the turnover. The methods used to answer the aims constitute visual analyses, regression analyses and semi-structured interviews. A main finding from the report shows that Sweden’s prime office yield is rather unreactive in response to increasing swap rates. The lag time for when yield levels will respond to changes in swap rates for Sweden is expected to lie between twelve to 36 months. In at least 12 months, the prime office yield for Sweden is expected to be fully adjusted. / Globala ekonomier befinner sig för närvarande i en tumultartad tid med hög ekonomisk nöd, inflation och volatila räntemarknader. Vid sidan av det ökade ränteklimatet anpassar yieldnivåer i fastighetssektorn sig för att kompensera för den ökade risken. Investerare börjar därför att ifrågasätta förhållandet mellan finansieringskostnader och yieldnivåer, med andra ord avkastningsgapet. När man diskuterar avkastningsgapet bland aktörer, förhållandet avser främst den mellan prime kontorsyielder och femåriga swapräntor. Tidigare forskning om liknande ämnen har undersökt sambandet mellan prime yielder och stadsobligationer. Frågor som ställs just nu är till exempel hur lång tid det kommer att ta för yieldnivåerna att helt anpassa sig till ökade finansieringskostnader. Avhandlingen syftar därför till att analysera spridningen mellan prime kontorsyielden och femåriga swapräntor i Sverige, Storbritannien, Frankrike, Tyskland och Spanien. Vidare syftar uppsatsen också till att förklara hur låntagare och långivare påverkas av utvecklingen av avkastningsgapet och om spreaden kan användas som en ledande indikator för utvecklingen av transaktionsvolymen. Metoderna som används för att besvara målen utgör visuella analyser, regressionsanalyser och semistrukturerade intervjuer. Ett huvudfynd från rapporten visar att Sveriges prime kontorsyield är tämligen oreaktiv som svar på stigande swapräntor. Fördröjningen tidpunkten för när avkastningsnivåerna kommer att reagera på förändringar i swapräntorna för Sverige väntas ligga mellan tolv och 36 månader. Om minst 12 månader förväntas prime kontorsyielden för Sverige vara helt justerad.
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選擇權與信用衍生性商品之研究 / Essays on Options and Credit Derivatives傅瑞彬, Fu, Jui Pin Unknown Date (has links)
本研究分為兩個部份,第一部份提出評價選擇權時,應考慮加價利益(Mark-Up Interest)的觀點,第二部份則提出信用違約交換選擇權的新評價模型。
在第一部份,所謂加價利益是指選擇權賣方為彌補採取避險組合後仍可能發生的損失而向選擇權買方收取的風險補償。本研究的方法是將選擇權市價拆解成理論公平賭局價格與加價利益,建立包含加價利益、買賣權平價理論、隱含標的價格與猜測波動度的選擇權評價模型,解決隱含波動度微笑(implied volatility smile)所帶來模型內部不一致的問題。在建立各種情境條件下之加價利益後,可用來評估選擇權市價的合理性,以提升買賣雙方對市價的合理判斷,有利於風險管理者進行選擇權之造市操作與避險。本研究經由對台指選擇權(TXO)的實證結果發現:加價利益受到距到期交易日、價況程度(moneyness)及猜測波動度的影響。
第二部份所提出之信用違約交換選擇權的新評價模型則是延伸Schonbucher ( 2000, 2003, 2004 )、Brigo ( 2004, 2005a, 2005b, 2006 )、Brigo & Mercurio ( 2006 )、Brigo & Morini ( 2005 )、Jamshidian ( 2004 ) 與Wu ( 2006 ) 的研究,以市場上交易之各年期信用違約交換之商品所導出之費率期間內之各單期( single tenor )遠期信用違約交換率之費率端價值做為計價資產,假設各單期遠期違約交換率為對數常態分配下,可以將信用違約交換選擇權拆解為由各單期加總之違約交換選擇權,應用在投資銀行發行許多相同標的但不同起始日、不同到期日之一系列信用違約交換選擇權( CDS options )時,可以具有評價簡易的優勢,吻合各期間之信用市場狀況,避免套利機會,並能運用信用違約交換( CDS ),增進避險與管理信用風險之技術。 / This thesis is composed of two parts. The first part is the standpoint of the “Mark-Up Interest” on options. The second part is the new model about pricing and hedging on credit default swap options.
In the first part, the Mark-Up Interest is regarded as the reward on the hedging portfolio to compensate for possible losses. For presenting this, options market prices are decomposed into the fair-game options prices and the Mark-Up Interests. The options pricing model formed with the Mark-Up Interest, put-call parity, implied underlying price, and guessed volatility is used to solve the internal inconsistence caused by the implied volatility smiles. Therefore, the justness of the options market prices could be estimated with the Mark-Up Interests under different scenarios. The result will help the risk manager to do market making and hedging. The empirical results based on the Options on Taiwan Stock Exchange Weighted Stock Index (TXO) in this paper are as follows: The trading days to expiry, moneyness, and guessed volatility are the factors affecting the Mark-Up Interests.
The second part of this thesis extends the research on Schonbucher ( 2000, 2003, 2004 ), Brigo ( 2004, 2005a, 2005b, 2006 ), Brigo & Mercurio ( 2006 )、Brigo & Morini ( 2005 ), Jamshidian ( 2004 ) and Wu ( 2006 ). We use the fee leg of the single tenor forward credit default swap rate ( tenor CDS rate ) as numeraire. Under the lognormal distribution assumption on the tenor CDS rate, we decompose a credit default swap option into the sum of tenor CDS options. The result can be used by investment banks to manage credit risk when their derivative book consists of different start-date and end-date CDS options. In addition, our result shows that CDS can be used to hedge against the risk of CDS options. The proposed method helps improve the techniques of hedging and managing credit risk.
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結構型金融商品之評價與分析-固定期限交換利率利差連動債券 / Evaluation and Analysis of Structured Financial Products-100% Principal Protected Leveraged Callable CMS Spread Note李健維 Unknown Date (has links)
次級房貸風暴使得包裝複雜的衍生性金融商品紛紛遭受波及後,目前結構型金融商品的條款設計將朝簡單化和透明化的趨勢發展,有助於全球金融市場的效率性、完整性與穩定性。本文從市場上選擇具代表性的利率結構型商品,應用模型來推導商品的價格,並深入分析商品的報酬與風險型態。
本文分析的個案商品為全球知名的匯豐銀行所發行之十年期「固定期限交換利率利差連動債券」,在評價上將採用LIBOR市場模型,利用市場上既有的資料求算出期初遠期利率,並校準模型所需的參數化波動度函數與相關係數函數,建立與市場一致的利率期間結構與利率波動度期間結構。模擬路徑時應用最小平方法蒙地卡羅來求得該商品發行之期初價格,此外,亦採用反向變異法加速收斂效果,並針對商品的條款設計作拆解與分析。最後,本文探討了發行機構發行商品之風險與避險策略,並且從投資人之報酬及風險層面作詳盡地剖析。
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