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Urban development significantly increases water temperatures within watersheds, primarily from the construction of impervious surfaces for buildings and pavement. While thermally enriched runoff can be harmful to aquatic life, available research and guidance on predicting these effects is limited. The goal of this assessment is to provide guidance on how to achieve necessary temperature regimes that meet aquatic health criteria for sensitive species such as trout. To address this need, the Minnesota Urban Heat Export Tool (MINUHET) and U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's Storm Water Management Model (SWMM) models were utilized to simulate hourly streamflow, water temperature, and heat flux in an urban watershed in Blacksburg, VA for typical summer periods using continuous-based simulation. SWMM and MINUHET were combined in a unique, hybrid approach that emphasized each model's strengths, i.e., SWMM for runoff and streamflow, and MINUHET for water temperature. The watershed is 14.1 km², and is portion of Stroubles Creek located near downtown Blackburg, Virginia and the main campus of Virginia Tech. Streamflow, water temperature, and climate data were acquired from Virginia Tech StREAM Lab (Stream Research, Education, and Management) monitoring stations. SWMM and MINUHET were calibrated manually for the summers of 2016, and were validated for the summer of 2015. Model sensitivity analyses revealed that simulations were especially sensitive to imperviousness (SWMM predicted streamflow as outputs) and dew point temperature (MINUHET predicted water temperatures as outputs), both resulted in increased outputs of SWMM and MINUHET models, respectively. Model performance in simulating streamflow was evaluated using Nash-Sutcliffe Efficiency (NSE) and correlation (R²). NSE and R² values were 0.65 and 0.7 for the SWMM Model and 0.57 and 0.55 for the MINUHET model during the validation period, indicating that SWMM performed better than MINUHET in streamflow simulation. Streamflow temperatures were simulated using MINUHET with a NSE and R² statistical values of 0.58, and 0.83, respectively, demonstrating a satisfactory simulation of water temperature. Heat loads were simulated using the MINUHET and Hybrid models, demonstrating less Percent BIAS of the Hybrid approach in simulation of watershed total heat load than MINUHET alone. Furthermore, a number of practices were implemented to reduce thermal loading within a watershed. These included infiltration practices, methods for decreasing absorption of thermal energy primarily by reducing albedo, and increased vegetation canopies. An index titled Percentage of Time Temperature Exceeded 21°C Threshold (PTTET) for trout habitat was used to represent the effectiveness of thermal mitigation practices. Installing concrete pavement (thermal diffusivity: 15×10-7 m²/s, pavement thickness: 0.20 m, and heat capacity: 4.0×106 J/m³⋅°C) and Acrylic Coated Galvalume (ACG) roofs for all pavement and roofs, respectively, in the watershed reduced heat load by 45%, and the PTTET index declined 4.5%. Installing bioretention with 61 cm of media thickness, and soil-media infiltration rate of 25 mm/hr. for 53 selected parking lots in the watershed, resulted in 11.1% reduction in watershed heat load and 1.4% reduction in PTTET. Planting forest canopies for the entire pervious area of the watershed, sufficient to shade 90% of all lands, resulted in reduction in heat load by 24% and PTTET by 4.6%. / Master of Science

Low Impact Development (LID) is gaining popularity as a solution to erosion, flooding, and water quality problems that stormwater ponds partially address. LID analysis takes a spatially lumped approach, based on maintaining the predevelopment Curve Number and time of concentration, precluding consideration of the spatial distribution of impervious areas and Integrated Management Practices (IMP's), runoff-runon processes, and the effects of land grading. Success is thus dependent on the accuracy of the assumption of watershed uniformity, applied to both land cover distribution and flow path length. Considering the cost of long-term paired watershed monitoring, continuous, spatially-distributed hydrologic modeling was judged a better method to compare the response of LID, forest, and conventional development. Review of available models revealed EPA-SWMM 4.4H as the most applicable to the task. A 4.3-acre subwatershed of a local subdivision was adapted to LID using impervious surface disconnection, forest retention, and IMPs. SWMM was applied to the LID development at a fine spatial scale, yielding an 80-element SWMM model. The LID model was modified to reflect conventional development, with gutters, storm sewer, and detention. A predevelopment forest model was also developed. Two parameter sets were used, representing a range of assumptions characterized as favorable or unfavorable toward a particular development form. Modeled scenarios included favorable and unfavorable versions of Forest, LID, uncontrolled Conventional Development, and Conventional Development with Stormwater Management. SWMM was run in continuous mode using local rainfall data, and event mode using NRCS design storms. Runoff volumes, peak flows, and flow duration curves were compared. / Master of Science

A expansão do tecido urbano e o adensamento das cidades têm um impacto negativo sobre os recursos hídricos, tanto na quantidade quanto na qualidade das águas no ambiente, pois aumenta as cargas de poluentes no meio e altera o ciclo hidrológico natural, criando riscos à população. É possível reduzir tais riscos através do diagnóstico, planejamento e gestão adequada das áreas de risco para a proteção civil e das comunidades. A abordagem ecohidrológica, que considera a relação funcional entre hidrologia, sistemas aquáticos e sua biota na escala de bacia hidrográfica, incorporando aspectos quantitativos e qualitativos da água em uma visão de interdependência entre Ecologia e Hidrologia, permite o diagnóstico, planejamento e manejo adequado dos cursos hídricos em benefício tanto dos humanos quando dos demais seres vivos. Este trabalho busca investigar a dinâmica ecohidrológica no espaço e no tempo da Bacia do Rio Monjolinho, localizada no Município de São Carlos (SP), no contexto de gestão de riscos de desastres hidrológicos. Os processos quantitativos são investigados por meio de simulações com o SWMM (Storm Water Management Model) e os dados de simulação são utilizados, por vez, na determinação do IP (Índice de Perigo) de pontos estratégicos da bacia hidrográfica e também das áreas com maior risco de inundação. Com relação à qualidade, onze variáveis clássicas de qualidade dágua são determinadas experimentalmente em 15 pontos da bacia a fim de caracterizar a dinâmica das cargas de poluentes, permitindo desta maneira a avaliação do risco biológico na bacia. Os resultados quali-quantitativos mostram que os vales dos rios oferecem riscos tanto devido às inundações quanto devido ao alto risco de contaminação. / The urban tissue expansion and the urban area densification have a negative impact on water resources, in terms of quality and quantity of available water, since it increases the polutant load at the same time it changes the natural hydrological cycle, exposing population to risk. It is possible to reduce the risks by means of assessment, planning and correct management of risk areas in order to protect the communities. The ecohydrology, which takes into account the functional relationship between hydrology, aquatic systems and biota in watershed scale, considering quali-quantitative aspects and their interdependecies, enable us to assess, plan and manage risks in an advantageous way for humans and living beings as well. This work investigates the ecohydrology dynamics in space and time of Rio Monjolinho basin, located within the municipality of São Carlos (SP), Brazil, in the context of disaster risk management. The quantitative aspects are investigated using the SWMM (Storm Water Management Model) simulation model, and the simulation data generated are used to calculate the Risk Index (RI) and to map the flooding risk areas in the basin. Eleven classic water quality variables are experimentaly determined to assess the polutant load dynamics and its distribution in the sub-basins, enabling us to assess the biologic risks. The results show that some areas in the catchment are not just flood risk areas but also areas of high biological risk of contamination.

Expansion och förtätning av städer leder till att såväl areal som andel hårdgjord yta ökar i våra stadsmiljöer. Detta genererar en ökad dagvattenavrinning eftersom regnvattnet inte har samma möjlighet att infiltrera i naturmarker och grönområden. Den ökade mängden dagvatten riskerar att orsaka problem i områden där ledningsnätet dimensionerats för de dagvattenmängder som tidigare varit aktuella. Att utöka ledningsnätets kapacitet är ofta mycket kostsamt och det är därför önskvärt att istället minska belastningen på de befintliga systemen. En allt vanligare metod för detta är att byggnaders takyta bekläds med växter, så kallade gröna tak. De gröna taken har potential att minska den avrunna volymen, fördröja avrinningen och dämpa de maximala flödena. Det råder dock osäkerheter kring hur dessa förmågor påverkas av bland annat olika väderförhållanden och takets vattenmättnadsgrad samt vid olika typer av nederbördshändelser.   Syftet med detta examensarbete var att undersöka möjligheten att simulera avrinningen från gröna tak med hjälp av en befintlig funktion i modelleringsprogrammet SWMM från US Environmental Protection Agency samt med hjälp av Mike Urban från företaget DHI. Ett mål var att sedan använda en av modellerna för att utvärdera hur gröna tak kan påverka belastningen på ett befintligt ledningsnät. Mätdata avseende bland annat nederbörd, avrinning och potentiell avdunstning erhölls från Veg Tech AB och AgroTech A/S. Mätningarna hade utförts vid företagens demonstrationsanläggning i Taastrup, Danmark, och omfattade avrinning från gröna tak med tre olika tjocklekar: 4 cm moss-sedum, 7 cm sedum-ört-gräs och 11 cm sedum-ört-gräs, samt ett hårdgjort referenstak. Inledande dataanalyser av de gröna takens kapacitet visade att takens magasineringskapacitet ökade med en ökad taktjocklek, där de tjockare taken kunde fullständigt magasinera större nederbördshändelser än vad som var fallet för det tunnaste taket. En analys av sambandet mellan nederbördsmängd och avrunnen volym visade ett starkare samband för regn med 60 och 120 minuters varaktighet än vad som var fallet för kortare varaktigheter.   Jämförelser av resultaten hos de båda modelleringsprogrammen visade på olika styrkor och svagheter och ingen av programvarorna gav en i alla avseenden tillfredställande simulering av avrinningen. Mike Urban gav generellt en högre förklaringsgrad men gav alltid en överskattning av den avrunna volymen över en längre tidsperiod. SWMM gav en bättre överensstämmelse med uppmätt avrinning än Mike Urban under de första månaderna av simuleringsperioden, men gav generellt en förskjutning av avrinningsförloppet. För kalibreringen mot 4 cm taktjocklek gav SWMM också en mer korrekt avrunnen långtidsvolym, medan den för de andra konstruktionerna gav liknande resultat som var fallet för Mike Urban. I ett exempel användes en av modellerna för att simulera avrinningen från MAX IV-laboratoriet i Lund. Resultaten visade att det då laboratoriet täckts med gröna tak endast behövdes ett en fjärdedel så stort fördröjningsmagasin för att översvämningar skulle undvikas på ett nedströms beläget fiktivt ledningsnät än vad som var fallet för hårdgjorda tak. / Larger and denser cities result in increasing amounts of impervious surfaces in urban areas. This generates an increase in storm water runoff, as the rainwater is prevented from infiltrating in natural soils and instead flows along the paved surfaces. The increased amount of storm water runoff is liable to cause problems in areas where the storm water system has been designed to handle the amounts of runoff previously generated in the area. Upsizing the capacity of the pipelines is usually costly, and it is therefore desirable to instead reduce the load on the existing system. One way of achieving this is to cover the rooftops with vegetation, so called green roofs. Green roofs are growing in popularity and have the potential to reduce the rate and volume of runoff, as well as attenuating the peak discharge. There are however uncertainties regarding how their abilities are affected by for example the antecedent weather conditions and the moisture content of the roof, as well as by various storm events.   The purpose of this Master’s Thesis was to study the possibility to simulate the runoff from green roofs using an existing function in the modelling software SWMM by US Environmental Protection Agency, and using Mike Urban by the company DHI. An additional objective was to use on of the designed models to evaluate how green roofs can affect the load on an existing storm water system. Measurements of precipitation, runoff and potential evapotranspiration were obtained from Veg Tech AB and AgroTech A/S. The measurements had been carried out at their demonstration site in Taastrup, Denmark, and included runoff from green roofs of three different thicknesses: 4 cm moss-sedum, 7 cm sedum-herb-grass and 11 cm sedum-herb-grass, as well as an impervious roof used as reference. Initial analyses of the data showed that the storage capacity increased with an increased roof thickness. The thicker roofs were able to completely retain the rainfall from larger storm events than what was the case for the thinnest roof. An analysis of the relationship between precipitation depth and runoff volume showed a stronger correlation for rains with 60 and 120 minutes duration than what was the case for shorter durations.   Comparisons of the two models’ performance showed different strengths and weaknesses, and none of the models were able to simulate runoff in a way that was satisfactory in all aspects. Mike Urban generally gave a higher coefficient of determination but consistently overestimated the discharged volume for extended time periods. SWMM gave a better conformity in observed runoff than Mike Urban during the first months of the simulation period, but generally gave a time lag in the runoff hydrograph. For the 4 cm roof calibration, SWMM also gave a more correct long-time runoff volume, while both models performed similarly for the other roof thicknesses. In an example, one of the models was used to simulate the runoff from the MAX IV laboratory in Lund. The results showed that in order to avoid flooding in the fictitious downstream storm water network, there had to be a four times larger detention pond in the case where conventional roofs where used compared to the scenario using green roofs.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-02T20:00:48Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 4904.pdf: 6764601 bytes, checksum: f71ae65cf8744ed2b8014d3d01c4f2af (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-10-26 / This paper aims to hydrologically simulate the Barbado Stream watershed, located in Cuiabá-MT, by using the SWMM model and evaluate the responses to its different waterproofing scenarios. The acquisition of the input data for the simulation involved monitoring rainfall and flow rate; geoprocessing techniques to estimate physical characteristics of the watershed and assist the study of its sealing, which in turn, conducted the on-site survey of permeable areas (AP) directly connected impervious areas (AIDC) and unconnected impervious areas (AInc) for a sample of lots included in the study watershed. Hydrological monitoring was carried out for the Barbado Stream s local precipitation, water level and velocity during precipitation events, which allowed the construction of a rating curve for the monitoring section up to the stage of 80 cm, extrapolated up to the stage of 2,60 m. The results of the sealing study revealed that the waterproofing mean of occupied lots in the watershed studied is of 82.40% and the percentage of waterproofing in the total area of the studied watershed is 55.07%. During calibration, a sensitivity analysis of the parameters was held, resulting as the most sensitive parameters the sealed area (AIDC) and the Manning s roughness coefficient for channels. The calibration, performed by trial and error for two events, presented a satisfactory adjustment shown by the average determination coefficient of 0.912, Nash-Sutcliff coefficient of 0.842 and 0.025% of average error between the peak flows observed and estimated by the model. The model validation was verified for two events with adjustments close to those found in calibration. The simulation of rainfall scenarios for rainfall return periods of 2 up to 100 years revealed an increase in the peak flow of 12.6% to 16.9% for Scenario 2 and an increase from 11.7% to 22.0% for Scenario 3, both compared to the current occupation of Scenario 1. Even for return periods of 2 years, floods were found in scenario 1 at one point and in scenarios 2 and 3 in three points. / Este trabalho tem o objetivo simular hidrologicamente a bacia do Córrego Barbado, na cidade de Cuiabá-MT, por meio do modelo SWMM e avaliar as respostas para diferentes cenários de impermeabilização da bacia. A aquisição dos dados de entrada para a simulação envolveram trabalhos de monitoramento de chuva e vazão; de técnicas de geoprocessamento para estimar características físicas da bacia e auxiliar o estudo da impermeabilização da bacia, que por sua vez, realizou o levantamento in loco das áreas permeáveis (AP), impermeáveis diretamente conectadas (AIDC) e impermeáveis não conectadas (AINC) para uma amostra de lotes inseridos na bacia de estudo. O monitoramento hidrológico foi realizado para a precipitação local, velocidade e nível de água do córrego Barbado, durante eventos de precipitação, que permitiram a construção de uma curva-chave para a seção de monitoramento até a cota 80 cm, extrapolada até a cota 2,60 m. Os resultados do estudo da impermeabilização revelaram que a média de impermeabilização dos lotes ocupados na bacia de estudo é de 82,40% e o percentual de impermeabilização da área total da bacia de estudo é de 55,07%. Durante a calibração, realizou-se uma análise da sensibilidade dos parâmetros, resultando como parâmetros mais sensíveis, a área impermeabilizada (AIDC) e o coeficiente de rugosidade de Manning para canais. A calibração, realizada por tentativa e erro para dois eventos, apresentou um ajuste satisfatório demonstrado pelo coeficiente de determinação médio de 0,912, coeficiente de Nash-Sutcliff médio de 0,842 e erro médio de 0,025% entre as vazões de pico observada e estimada pelo modelo. A validação do modelo foi verificada para dois eventos com ajustes próximos dos encontrados na calibração. A simulação dos cenários para chuvas de retorno de 2 a 100 anos revelaram um aumento na vazão de pico de 12,6% a 16,9% para o Cenário 2 e aumento de 11,7% a 22,0% para o Cenário 3, ambos comparados com o Cenário 1 de ocupação atual. Mesmo para períodos de retorno de 2 anos foram verificadas inundações no cenário 1 em um ponto e nos cenários 2 e 3 em três pontos.

A expansão do tecido urbano e o adensamento das cidades têm um impacto negativo sobre os recursos hídricos, tanto na quantidade quanto na qualidade das águas no ambiente, pois aumenta as cargas de poluentes no meio e altera o ciclo hidrológico natural, criando riscos à população. É possível reduzir tais riscos através do diagnóstico, planejamento e gestão adequada das áreas de risco para a proteção civil e das comunidades. A abordagem ecohidrológica, que considera a relação funcional entre hidrologia, sistemas aquáticos e sua biota na escala de bacia hidrográfica, incorporando aspectos quantitativos e qualitativos da água em uma visão de interdependência entre Ecologia e Hidrologia, permite o diagnóstico, planejamento e manejo adequado dos cursos hídricos em benefício tanto dos humanos quando dos demais seres vivos. Este trabalho busca investigar a dinâmica ecohidrológica no espaço e no tempo da Bacia do Rio Monjolinho, localizada no Município de São Carlos (SP), no contexto de gestão de riscos de desastres hidrológicos. Os processos quantitativos são investigados por meio de simulações com o SWMM (Storm Water Management Model) e os dados de simulação são utilizados, por vez, na determinação do IP (Índice de Perigo) de pontos estratégicos da bacia hidrográfica e também das áreas com maior risco de inundação. Com relação à qualidade, onze variáveis clássicas de qualidade dágua são determinadas experimentalmente em 15 pontos da bacia a fim de caracterizar a dinâmica das cargas de poluentes, permitindo desta maneira a avaliação do risco biológico na bacia. Os resultados quali-quantitativos mostram que os vales dos rios oferecem riscos tanto devido às inundações quanto devido ao alto risco de contaminação. / The urban tissue expansion and the urban area densification have a negative impact on water resources, in terms of quality and quantity of available water, since it increases the polutant load at the same time it changes the natural hydrological cycle, exposing population to risk. It is possible to reduce the risks by means of assessment, planning and correct management of risk areas in order to protect the communities. The ecohydrology, which takes into account the functional relationship between hydrology, aquatic systems and biota in watershed scale, considering quali-quantitative aspects and their interdependecies, enable us to assess, plan and manage risks in an advantageous way for humans and living beings as well. This work investigates the ecohydrology dynamics in space and time of Rio Monjolinho basin, located within the municipality of São Carlos (SP), Brazil, in the context of disaster risk management. The quantitative aspects are investigated using the SWMM (Storm Water Management Model) simulation model, and the simulation data generated are used to calculate the Risk Index (RI) and to map the flooding risk areas in the basin. Eleven classic water quality variables are experimentaly determined to assess the polutant load dynamics and its distribution in the sub-basins, enabling us to assess the biologic risks. The results show that some areas in the catchment are not just flood risk areas but also areas of high biological risk of contamination.

O crescimento da população e dos núcleos urbanos durante o século XX, sobretudo nos países em desenvolvimento, contribuiu para o aumento das áreas impermeáveis das bacias hidrográficas, com impactos importantes nos sistemas de drenagem urbana e na ocorrência de enchentes associadas. As enchentes trazem prejuízos materiais, na saúde e sociais. Recentemente, têm sido propostas práticas conservacionistas e medidas compensatórias, que buscam contribuir para o controle das enchentes urbanas, através do retardo do pico e amortecimento dos hidrogramas. Modelos matemáticos hidrológicos-hidráulicos permitem a simulação da adoção destas medidas de controle, demonstrando e otimizando sua localização. Esta dissertação apresenta os resultados da aplicação do modelo hidrológico Storm Water Management Model (SWMM) à bacia hidrográfica de estudo e representativa do rio Morto localizada em área peri-urbana em Jacarepaguá na cidade do Rio de Janeiro, com área de 9,41 km. O processamento do modelo SWMM foi realizado com o apoio da interface Storm and Sanitary Analysis (SSA), integrada ao sistema AutoCAD Civil 3D. Além da verificação da adequabilidade do modelo à representação dos sistemas hidrológico e hidráulico na bacia, foram desenvolvidos estudos para dois cenários como medidas de controle de enchentes: cenário 1, envolvendo implantação de um reservatório de detenção e, cenário 2, considerando a implantação de reservatórios de águas pluviais nos lotes. Os hidrogramas resultantes foram comparados ao hidrograma resultante da simulação nas condições atuais. Além disso, foram avaliados os custos associados a cada um dos cenários usando o sistema de orçamento da Empresa Rio Águas da PCRJ. Nas simulações foram adotadas a base cartográfica, e os dados climatológicos e hidrológicos previamente observados no contexto do projeto HIDROCIDADES, Rede de Pesquisa BRUM/FINEP, na qual este estudo se insere. Foram representados os processos de geração e propagação do escoamento superficial e de base. Durante o processo de calibração, realizou-se a análise de sensibilidade dos parâmetros, resultando como parâmetros mais sensíveis os relativos às áreas impermeáveis, especialmente o percentual de área impermeável da bacia (Ai). A calibração foi realizada através do ajuste manual de sete parâmetros do escoamento superficial e cinco do escoamento de base para três eventos. Foram obtidos coeficientes de determinação entre 0,52 e 0,64, e a diferença entre os volumes escoados e observados entre 0,60% e 4,96%. Para a validação do modelo foi adotado um evento pluviométrico excepcional observado na cidade em abril de 2010, que à época causou enchentes e grandes transtornos na cidade. Neste caso, o coeficiente de determinação foi igual a 0,78 e a diferença entre volumes foi de 15%. As principais distorções entre hidrogramas observados e simulados foram verificados para as vazões máximas. Em ambos os cenários as enchentes foram controladas. A partir destes estudos, pôde-se concluir que o melhor custo-benefício foi o cenário 2. Para este cenário, foi observado maiores amortecimento e retardo da vazão de pico do hidrograma, igual a 21,51% da vazão simulada para as condições atuais da bacia. Os custos de implantação orçados para os reservatórios de lote ficaram 52% a menos do que o do reservatório de detenção. / Population and urban occupation growth during 20th century, mainly in underdeveloped countries, contributed for increasing impermeable surfaces in drainage basins, leading to important impacts on urban drainage systems and associated floods. Floods cause material losses, healthy and social problems, apart of great disruptions in large citys mobility. Recently, a number of, non-conventional, conservative practices and compensatory measurements have been proposed seeking urban flood control, by lengthening hydrographs time lag and promoting shallow rising limb. Hydrologic-hydraulic mathematical models allow the simulation of these flood control measurements, demonstrating and optimizing their location, maximizing the benefits of their application. This dissertation presents the results of the application of the Storm Water Management Model (SWMM) to the representative and under study catchment of Morto River, with 9,41 km2 of area, located in a peri urban area, in Jacarepaguá, city of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Storm and Sanitary Analysis (SSA) tool integrated to AutoCAD Civil 3D System supported the model processing. Apart of verifying the representativeness of the hydrologic-hydraulic modelling system to the physical processes in the Morto river catchment, two different scenarios were studied as means of flood control: scenario 1, involving the simulation of one retention reservoir and, scenario 2, involving the use of multiple distributed rainwater reservoirs in the lots. The resulting hydrographs were compared to the one for catchments actual conditions. Additionally, the associated costs for each scenario were evaluated applying the official budget system of Rio Águas of Rio de Janeiro Council. It was applied the cartographic data base, climatological and hydrological data obtained in the HIDROCIDADES Project, FINEP BRUM Research Network, under which this work has been developed. The processes of generation and propagation of runoff and baseflow were modelled. During the calibration process, was performed a sensitivity analysis of the parameters, resulting as the most sensitive parameters those related to impervious areas, especially the percentage of impervious area in the basin (Ai). Manually calibration was performed, seven parameters for runoff simulation and five for baseflow were adjusted, for three events, presenting values for the coefficient of determination between 0.52 and 0.64. The difference between simulated and observed volumes varied from 0.60% to 4.96 %. Model validation was performed for an exceptional rainfall event in April 2010, which caused floods in many places in the city. In this case, the coefficient of determination was equal to 0.78 and difference in runoff volumes equal to 15 %, being identified that the main differences are in peak flows discharges. In both scenarios floods were totally controlled. It was concluded that the best cost-benefit was for scenario 2. For this scenario it was observed the best result, considering both reduction on hydrographs peak flow discharge and increasing on time to peak. Peak flow discharge was reduced by 21,51% when compared to the simulated hydrograph for catchments current stage. It was found a much lower cost for scenario 2, the budget was 52% less than the budget for scenario 1.

O crescimento da população e dos núcleos urbanos durante o século XX, sobretudo nos países em desenvolvimento, contribuiu para o aumento das áreas impermeáveis das bacias hidrográficas, com impactos importantes nos sistemas de drenagem urbana e na ocorrência de enchentes associadas. As enchentes trazem prejuízos materiais, na saúde e sociais. Recentemente, têm sido propostas práticas conservacionistas e medidas compensatórias, que buscam contribuir para o controle das enchentes urbanas, através do retardo do pico e amortecimento dos hidrogramas. Modelos matemáticos hidrológicos-hidráulicos permitem a simulação da adoção destas medidas de controle, demonstrando e otimizando sua localização. Esta dissertação apresenta os resultados da aplicação do modelo hidrológico Storm Water Management Model (SWMM) à bacia hidrográfica de estudo e representativa do rio Morto localizada em área peri-urbana em Jacarepaguá na cidade do Rio de Janeiro, com área de 9,41 km. O processamento do modelo SWMM foi realizado com o apoio da interface Storm and Sanitary Analysis (SSA), integrada ao sistema AutoCAD Civil 3D. Além da verificação da adequabilidade do modelo à representação dos sistemas hidrológico e hidráulico na bacia, foram desenvolvidos estudos para dois cenários como medidas de controle de enchentes: cenário 1, envolvendo implantação de um reservatório de detenção e, cenário 2, considerando a implantação de reservatórios de águas pluviais nos lotes. Os hidrogramas resultantes foram comparados ao hidrograma resultante da simulação nas condições atuais. Além disso, foram avaliados os custos associados a cada um dos cenários usando o sistema de orçamento da Empresa Rio Águas da PCRJ. Nas simulações foram adotadas a base cartográfica, e os dados climatológicos e hidrológicos previamente observados no contexto do projeto HIDROCIDADES, Rede de Pesquisa BRUM/FINEP, na qual este estudo se insere. Foram representados os processos de geração e propagação do escoamento superficial e de base. Durante o processo de calibração, realizou-se a análise de sensibilidade dos parâmetros, resultando como parâmetros mais sensíveis os relativos às áreas impermeáveis, especialmente o percentual de área impermeável da bacia (Ai). A calibração foi realizada através do ajuste manual de sete parâmetros do escoamento superficial e cinco do escoamento de base para três eventos. Foram obtidos coeficientes de determinação entre 0,52 e 0,64, e a diferença entre os volumes escoados e observados entre 0,60% e 4,96%. Para a validação do modelo foi adotado um evento pluviométrico excepcional observado na cidade em abril de 2010, que à época causou enchentes e grandes transtornos na cidade. Neste caso, o coeficiente de determinação foi igual a 0,78 e a diferença entre volumes foi de 15%. As principais distorções entre hidrogramas observados e simulados foram verificados para as vazões máximas. Em ambos os cenários as enchentes foram controladas. A partir destes estudos, pôde-se concluir que o melhor custo-benefício foi o cenário 2. Para este cenário, foi observado maiores amortecimento e retardo da vazão de pico do hidrograma, igual a 21,51% da vazão simulada para as condições atuais da bacia. Os custos de implantação orçados para os reservatórios de lote ficaram 52% a menos do que o do reservatório de detenção. / Population and urban occupation growth during 20th century, mainly in underdeveloped countries, contributed for increasing impermeable surfaces in drainage basins, leading to important impacts on urban drainage systems and associated floods. Floods cause material losses, healthy and social problems, apart of great disruptions in large citys mobility. Recently, a number of, non-conventional, conservative practices and compensatory measurements have been proposed seeking urban flood control, by lengthening hydrographs time lag and promoting shallow rising limb. Hydrologic-hydraulic mathematical models allow the simulation of these flood control measurements, demonstrating and optimizing their location, maximizing the benefits of their application. This dissertation presents the results of the application of the Storm Water Management Model (SWMM) to the representative and under study catchment of Morto River, with 9,41 km2 of area, located in a peri urban area, in Jacarepaguá, city of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Storm and Sanitary Analysis (SSA) tool integrated to AutoCAD Civil 3D System supported the model processing. Apart of verifying the representativeness of the hydrologic-hydraulic modelling system to the physical processes in the Morto river catchment, two different scenarios were studied as means of flood control: scenario 1, involving the simulation of one retention reservoir and, scenario 2, involving the use of multiple distributed rainwater reservoirs in the lots. The resulting hydrographs were compared to the one for catchments actual conditions. Additionally, the associated costs for each scenario were evaluated applying the official budget system of Rio Águas of Rio de Janeiro Council. It was applied the cartographic data base, climatological and hydrological data obtained in the HIDROCIDADES Project, FINEP BRUM Research Network, under which this work has been developed. The processes of generation and propagation of runoff and baseflow were modelled. During the calibration process, was performed a sensitivity analysis of the parameters, resulting as the most sensitive parameters those related to impervious areas, especially the percentage of impervious area in the basin (Ai). Manually calibration was performed, seven parameters for runoff simulation and five for baseflow were adjusted, for three events, presenting values for the coefficient of determination between 0.52 and 0.64. The difference between simulated and observed volumes varied from 0.60% to 4.96 %. Model validation was performed for an exceptional rainfall event in April 2010, which caused floods in many places in the city. In this case, the coefficient of determination was equal to 0.78 and difference in runoff volumes equal to 15 %, being identified that the main differences are in peak flows discharges. In both scenarios floods were totally controlled. It was concluded that the best cost-benefit was for scenario 2. For this scenario it was observed the best result, considering both reduction on hydrographs peak flow discharge and increasing on time to peak. Peak flow discharge was reduced by 21,51% when compared to the simulated hydrograph for catchments current stage. It was found a much lower cost for scenario 2, the budget was 52% less than the budget for scenario 1.

Municipalities are experiencing a growing water management challenge as a result of population growth in water-dependent communities. The rising cost of potable water, in addition to limits placed on stormwater discharges, provide opportunities for the wide-scale implementation of stormwater reuse. This thesis presents a feasibility analysis of a novel site-level stormwater reuse concept for commercial developments in Canada. Historical rainfall data and SWMM 5.0 were used to evaluate the hydrologic potential of the reuse system to replace potable water for end-use demands of toilet flushing and garden irrigation on single- and multi-tenant commercial sites. Performance criteria were used to evaluate: (i) the volume and percent potable water replaced with reclaimed stormwater, (ii) the volume and frequency of potable water ‘top-ups’ to the reclaimed stormwater storage facility, and (iii) the volume and frequency of overflows in the reclaimed stormwater storage facility. A discounted payback method was used to determine the length of time (in years) required for annual water savings to equal the initial capital investment of the stormwater reuse system. The analysis was performed from the perspective of the private landowner in six Canadian locations, including Vancouver, Edmonton, Regina, Saskatoon, Toronto, and Quebec City. The methodology and results presented is intended to provide insight to landowners and municipal bodies on the potential of site-level stormwater reuse to aid large-scale adaption and implementation. The results suggest that regions with high average annual rainfall depths produce high potable water replacement rates ranging from 64% to 99% while cities that experience seasonal arid conditions and lower average annual rainfall depths achieve lower potable water replacement rates in the range of 30% and 83%. The test locations of Vancouver and Quebec achieved longer payback periods of 10 years to 26 years due to the relative low cost of potable water. The Saskatoon and Regina locations produced shorter payback periods ranging from 3 to 6 years due to the higher potable water prices. Toronto was found to have relatively short payback periods ranging from 4 to 5 years on account of its high potable water replacement rates and high potable water prices. / Thesis (Master, Civil Engineering) -- Queen's University, 2013-08-19 14:44:23.024