O cenário de constante transformação do mundo contemporâneo aponta para uma necessidade urgente de novas descrições da realidade, capazes de sintetizar as complexas relações vivenciadas nos sistemas socioeconômicos e direcionar os tomadores de decisão para ações que garantam a sustentabilidade dos mesmos. Uma das propostas para lidar com tal questão no ambiente da estratégia é a hipótese da Dinâmica Simbiótica. Esta tratativa teórica a despeito de já oferecer uma opção consistente em outras áreas do conhecimento, ainda carecia de ampliação conceitual e validação de certas premissas que as legitimassem na área gerencial. Neste sentido, este esforço de pesquisa objetiva validar tais premissas e determinar os princípios que possibilitam a emergência e manutenção de sistemas socioeconômicos sustentáveis. Para tanto, foi desenvolvida uma pesquisa baseada em experimentos de etologia sintética, construídos especificamente com o fim de validar as hipóteses em pauta. Com este procedimento, foi possível constatar que as organizações, como sistemas sociotécnicos, possuem uma dinâmica autopoiética, onde a incorporação de novos componentes e o porte das mesmas, se apresentam como fatores de grande influência em sua sobrevivência. Quando interconectadas com outros agentes, inclusive de mesmo tipo, estas organizações compõem um ambiente socioeconômico sujeito a rupturas que o levam a diferentes patamares qualitativos. Neste contexto, o trabalho destas estruturas em prol da estabilidade do ambiente, buscando estabelecer um equilíbrio adequado entre consumo e regeneração de recursos, se mostrou promissor para aumentar as chances, tanto individuais como do próprio sistema socioeconômico, de se perpetuarem ao longo do tempo. / The constant transformation of the contemporary world points to an urgent need for new descriptions of reality, able to synthesize the complex relationships between direct decision makers in socioeconomic systems and point to actions that ensure their sustainability. One proposal to deal with this issue in a strategic environment is the hypothesis of symbiotic dynamics. This theoretical approach, despite providing consistent option in other areas of knowledge, still lacked conceptual expansion and validation of certain assumptions to legitimize it in management. This research aims to validate this effort and determine the principles that make the emergence and maintenance of sustainable socioeconomic systems. Therefore, a search based on synthetic ethology experiments was built specifically to validate the hypotheses in question. This method found that organizations such as socio-technical systems have autopoietic dynamics, where the incorporation and size of new components are the most influential factors in their survival. When interconnected with other agents, including those of the same type, these organizations make up a socioeconomic environment subject to disruptions that lead to different quality levels. In this context, the work of these frameworks to support the environmental stability, seeking to establish an appropriate balance between consumption and resource regeneration, promises to increase the chances of a socioeconomic system perpetuating it over time.

A combinação de compostos prebióticos e cepas de micro-organismos probiótico denomina-se simbiótico, tem como objetivo melhorar as características funcionais dos alimentos intensificando os benefícios proporcionados ao consumidor. Entretanto nem todas as interações de um ingrediente prebiótico e uma cepa de micro-organismo probiótico resultam em efeitos positivos. Neste contexto, no presente trabalho estudos foram desenvolvidos no sentido de contribuir para um melhor entendimento sobre a relação de ingredientes prebióticos e o desempenho de micro-organismos probióticos, visando à formulação de alimentos simbióticos. Assim 5 cepas de Lactobacillus: L.plantarum ATCC 8014, L. acidophilus ATCC 4356, L. delbrueckii UFV H2B20, L. fermentum ATCC 9338, L. casei ATCC 7469 foram avaliadas quanto ao desempenho em meio contendo diferentes ingredientes prebióticos, com ênfase para inulina, fruto-oligossacarídeo, estévia, polidextrose, goma arábica e lactitol. O crescimento das cepas foi mensurado por meio da determinação de densidade óptica após 24 horas de incubação a 37°C em caldo MRS contendo os respectivos prebióticos em substituição a glicose. Os resultados mostraram que o melhor desempenho, por parte das cepas avaliadas, foi observado em meio MRS contendo 2% de inulina seguido de fructooligossacarídeo e polidextrose. Observou-se um baixo crescimento em meio contendo 2% de goma arábica, estévia e lactitol. Posteriormente diferentes concentrações de inulina, FOS e polidextrose foram avaliadas, de acordo com um Planejamento Composto Central. Verificou-se a existência de uma interação negativa significativa (p<0.05) entre FOS e inulina sobre o crescimento das cinco cepas estudadas. Observou-se que o crescimento máximo estimado para as cepas L. casei ATCC 7469 e L. fermentum ATCC 9338 correspondeu ao meio MRS contendo 3,5% de inulina, e para as cepas L.plantarum ATCC 8014, L. acidophilus ATCC 4356, L. delbrueckii UFV H2B20 em meio MRS contendo 3% de inulina. Verificou-se também que a combinação de 3,5% de FOS com 2% de polidextrose proporcionou crescimento máximo estimado para as cepas avaliadas exceto para L. acidophilus ATCC 4356. Assim, a partir dos resultados obtidos conclui-se que a presença de inulina no meio MRS promoveu melhor desempenho das cepas de Lactobacillus estudadas. / The combination of prebiotic compounds and strains of probiotic microorganisms is called symbiotic, aiming to improve the functional characteristics of foods by enhancing the benefits provided to the consumer. However, not all interactions of a prebiotic ingredient and a probiotic microorganism result in positive effects. In this context, in the present work studies were developed in order to contribute to a better understanding on the relationship of prebiotic ingredients and the performance of probiotic microorganisms, aiming at the formulation of symbiotic foods. Therefore, in this study it was evaluated the ability of 5 Lactobacillus strains L.plantarum ATCC 8014, L. acidophilus ATCC 4356, L. delbrueckii UFV H2B20, L. fermentum ATCC 9338, L. casei ATCC 7469 to grow on media containing potential prebiotics, namely inulin, fructooligosaccharides (FOS), gum arabic, stevia and lactitol. Strain growth was measured by optical density determination after 24 hours of incubation at 37 ° C in MRS broth containing the respective prebiotics. The results showed that the best performance by the evaluated strains was observed in MRS medium containing 2% inulin followed by fructooligosaccharide and polydextrose. Low growth was observed in medium containing 2% gum arabic, stevia and lacitol. Subsequently different concentrations of inulin, FOS and polydextrose were evaluated, according to a Central Composite Planning. There was a significant negative interaction (p <0.05) between FOS and inulin for the five strains studied. It was observed that the maximum estimated growth for the strains L. casei ATCC 7469 and L. fermentum ATCC 9338 would be in MRS medium containing 3.5% inulin, and for L.plantarum strains ATCC 8014, L. acidophilus ATCC 4356, L. delbrueckii UFV H2B20 would be in MRS medium containing 3% inulin. It was also found that the combination of 3.5% FOS with 2% polydextrose provided maximum estimated growth for the strains evaluated except for L. acidophilus ATCC 4356. The presence of inulin in MRS medium promote the best performance of the Lactobacillus strains evaluated in this study.

Nas últimas décadas, a incidência de infecções hospitalares causadas por bactérias Gram-negativas multirresistentes vem crescendo de maneira vertiginosa em todo o mundo, de modo que a Organização Mundial de Saúde (OMS) recentemente reconheceu essas infecções como uma preocupação mundial devido ao seu impacto negativo sobre as taxas de mortalidade intra-hospitalar e dos custos da assistência à saúde, afetando tanto os países desenvolvidos quanto os em desenvolvimento. Atualmente considera-se que o uso racional de antimicrobianos, a higienização das mãos e o isolamento de contato são as principais medidas disponíveis para contenção desse avanço. Porém, elas são apenas parcialmente efetivas e de implementação trabalhosa e onerosa. Assim, considera-se necessário o desenvolvimento de formas mais simples e eficientes para lidar com esse problema. No presente estudo, nos propusemos a avaliar o impacto da administração de um produto simbiótico a pacientes colonizados e/ou infectados por bactérias Gram-negativas multirresistentes sobre a incidência subsequente de infecções hospitalares relacionadas ao trato respiratório e urinário. Trata-se de um ensaio clínico randomizado, duplamente cego, controlado com placebo, cuja intervenção consistiu na administração oral ou enteral diária de 1010 unidades de Lactobacillus bulgaricus e 1010 unidades de Lactobacillus rhamnosus associados a fruto-oligosacarídeos durante 7 dias, a pacientes internados em um hospital terciário, com colonização prévia por bactérias Gram-negativas multirresistentes, demonstrada por meio de cultura seletiva de swab retal. O desfecho primário do estudo foi a incidência de infecção hospitalar posterior à intervenção, que, na análise do tipo intenção de tratar foi 18/48 (37,50%) no grupo experimental e 12/53 (22,64%) no grupo controle (odds ratio ajustado=1,95, IC95%=0,69-5,50, p=0,21). Os desfechos secundários principais, também de acordo com a análise intenção de tratar, foram: o tempo de internação hospitalar; sendo a mediana de 17 dias no grupo controle e 31 dias no grupo experimental (p= 0,07), taxas de óbito; com valores de 3,77% no grupo placebo e 8,33% no grupo simbiótico (odds ratio ajustado = 1,34, IC95%= 0,454,00, p= 0,61) e ocorrência de eventos adversos; 7,55% no grupo que utilizou placebo e 6,25% no grupo sob intervenção (p= 1,00). Os dados obtidos pelo estudo nos levam à conclusão de que o simbiótico estudado demonstrou-se inefetivo na prevenção de infecções hospitalares do trato respiratório e urinário em pacientes colonizados e/ou infectados por bactérias Gram-negativas multirresistentes. / In recent decades the incidence of multidrug resistant Gram-negative nosocomial infections has been dramatically raising in the whole world. The World Health Organization (WHO) recently recognized nosocomial infections as a global concern due to its negative impact on patients, health care workers and health care institutions, affecting developed countries as well as developing ones. They negatively impact in-hospital mortality and healthcare related costs. Antibiotic stewardship, hand hygiene promotion and contact precautions are the main available measures to control such multidrug resistant Gram-negative organisms in hospitals. However, they are only partially effective as well as difficult to be implemented and expensive. Therefore, simpler and more effective actions are thought to be helpful and urgent. In the main study, we propose to analyze the impact of the administration of a symbiotic product on patients colonized and/or infected by Gram-negative multidrug resistant bacteria upon the subsequent incidence of respiratory and urinary tract nosocomial infections. A randomized, double- blinded, placebo controlled, clinical trial was proposed in order to provide oral or enteral daily administration of 1010 units of Lactobacillus bulgaricus and 1010 units of L. rhamnosus associated with fructo-oligosacharide (FOS) during 7 days, to previously colonized patients with multi-resistant Gram-negative bacteria, identified through selective culture of rectal swab, hospitalized in a tertiary-care hospital. The primary outcome was the incidence of nosocomial infections after the intervention, which in the intention to treat analysis was 18/48 (37,50%) in the experimental group versus 12/53 (22,64%) in the control group (adjusted odds ratio= 1,95, IC95%= 0,69-5,50, p=0,21). Secondary outcomes, according to intention to treat analysis, were hospital length of stay: median of 17 days in the control group and 31 days in the symbiotic group (p= 0,07), mortality rates: 3,77% in the placebo group versus 8,33% in the experimental group (adjusted odds ratio = 1,34, IC95%= 0,45 4,00, p= 0,61) and adverse effects: 7,55% in the control group and 6,25% in the intervention group (p= 1,00). The results of this study leads to the conclusion that the studied symbiotic proved to be ineffective to prevent nosocomial respiratory and urinary tract infections in patients colonized and/or infected by Gram-negative multi-resistant bacteria.

A combinação de compostos prebióticos e cepas de micro-organismos probiótico denomina-se simbiótico, tem como objetivo melhorar as características funcionais dos alimentos intensificando os benefícios proporcionados ao consumidor. Entretanto nem todas as interações de um ingrediente prebiótico e uma cepa de micro-organismo probiótico resultam em efeitos positivos. Neste contexto, no presente trabalho estudos foram desenvolvidos no sentido de contribuir para um melhor entendimento sobre a relação de ingredientes prebióticos e o desempenho de micro-organismos probióticos, visando à formulação de alimentos simbióticos. Assim 5 cepas de Lactobacillus: L.plantarum ATCC 8014, L. acidophilus ATCC 4356, L. delbrueckii UFV H2B20, L. fermentum ATCC 9338, L. casei ATCC 7469 foram avaliadas quanto ao desempenho em meio contendo diferentes ingredientes prebióticos, com ênfase para inulina, fruto-oligossacarídeo, estévia, polidextrose, goma arábica e lactitol. O crescimento das cepas foi mensurado por meio da determinação de densidade óptica após 24 horas de incubação a 37°C em caldo MRS contendo os respectivos prebióticos em substituição a glicose. Os resultados mostraram que o melhor desempenho, por parte das cepas avaliadas, foi observado em meio MRS contendo 2% de inulina seguido de fructooligossacarídeo e polidextrose. Observou-se um baixo crescimento em meio contendo 2% de goma arábica, estévia e lactitol. Posteriormente diferentes concentrações de inulina, FOS e polidextrose foram avaliadas, de acordo com um Planejamento Composto Central. Verificou-se a existência de uma interação negativa significativa (p<0.05) entre FOS e inulina sobre o crescimento das cinco cepas estudadas. Observou-se que o crescimento máximo estimado para as cepas L. casei ATCC 7469 e L. fermentum ATCC 9338 correspondeu ao meio MRS contendo 3,5% de inulina, e para as cepas L.plantarum ATCC 8014, L. acidophilus ATCC 4356, L. delbrueckii UFV H2B20 em meio MRS contendo 3% de inulina. Verificou-se também que a combinação de 3,5% de FOS com 2% de polidextrose proporcionou crescimento máximo estimado para as cepas avaliadas exceto para L. acidophilus ATCC 4356. Assim, a partir dos resultados obtidos conclui-se que a presença de inulina no meio MRS promoveu melhor desempenho das cepas de Lactobacillus estudadas. / The combination of prebiotic compounds and strains of probiotic microorganisms is called symbiotic, aiming to improve the functional characteristics of foods by enhancing the benefits provided to the consumer. However, not all interactions of a prebiotic ingredient and a probiotic microorganism result in positive effects. In this context, in the present work studies were developed in order to contribute to a better understanding on the relationship of prebiotic ingredients and the performance of probiotic microorganisms, aiming at the formulation of symbiotic foods. Therefore, in this study it was evaluated the ability of 5 Lactobacillus strains L.plantarum ATCC 8014, L. acidophilus ATCC 4356, L. delbrueckii UFV H2B20, L. fermentum ATCC 9338, L. casei ATCC 7469 to grow on media containing potential prebiotics, namely inulin, fructooligosaccharides (FOS), gum arabic, stevia and lactitol. Strain growth was measured by optical density determination after 24 hours of incubation at 37 ° C in MRS broth containing the respective prebiotics. The results showed that the best performance by the evaluated strains was observed in MRS medium containing 2% inulin followed by fructooligosaccharide and polydextrose. Low growth was observed in medium containing 2% gum arabic, stevia and lacitol. Subsequently different concentrations of inulin, FOS and polydextrose were evaluated, according to a Central Composite Planning. There was a significant negative interaction (p <0.05) between FOS and inulin for the five strains studied. It was observed that the maximum estimated growth for the strains L. casei ATCC 7469 and L. fermentum ATCC 9338 would be in MRS medium containing 3.5% inulin, and for L.plantarum strains ATCC 8014, L. acidophilus ATCC 4356, L. delbrueckii UFV H2B20 would be in MRS medium containing 3% inulin. It was also found that the combination of 3.5% FOS with 2% polydextrose provided maximum estimated growth for the strains evaluated except for L. acidophilus ATCC 4356. The presence of inulin in MRS medium promote the best performance of the Lactobacillus strains evaluated in this study.

Com o presente trabalho contribuiu-se para o estudo das composições químicas das estrelas simbióticas do hemisfério sul, muito pouco exploradas na literatura. Apresenta-se um conjunto completo de simbióticas amarelas austrais extraído do catálogo de Belczynski [Belczynski]. Alguns dos objetos analisados não possuem nem sequer dados espectroscópicos na literatura. Obtém-se os dados deste trabalho com o telescópio de 1.6 m do LNA e da base de dados do satélite I.U.E. Calcula-se o avermelhamento a partir das linhas de recombinação do H, aplicando os valores de extinção interestelar obtidos dos espectros no visível aos do U.V. A partir das razões entre as linhas do [OIII] e [NII] e supondo uma temperatura eletrônica de 12 000 K (Nussbaumer [NussbuamerNP]) encontra-se as densidade eletrônicas presentes nas nebulosas dos sistemas simbióticos. Com estes dados, mais os os fluxos das linhas derivam-se as abundâncias químicas das nebulosas dos sistemas simbióticos; C, N, O no U.V. e He, Ar, S, O e N no visível. Comparam-se as abundâncias no visível com as das simbióticas na direção do bojo (Luna [Luna]) e com nebulosas planetárias (Escudero [Escudero]). Nota-se que em geral as simbióticas são mais enriquecidas em N e He do que as planetárias isto ocorre provavelmente porque as progenitoras das estrelas simbióticas são mais massivas do que a das planetárias. No entanto, para elementos como O, Ar e S encontram-se abundâncias muito próximas entre simbióticas e planetárias. Comparam-se também, as abundâncias das simbióticas amarelas desta amostra com a de planetárias do disco extraídas do trabalho de Pottasch [Pottasch84] , cefeidas de Luck e Lambert [Luck], abundâncias das gigantes G,K e M obtidas a partir de Lambert e Ries[Lambert], as anãs G e K de Reddy et al [Reddy], as gigantes M de Smith e Lambert[Smith90], abundâncias das estrelas Ba extraídas de Smith [Smith84], as estrelas mild Ba dos tipos espectrais G8 a K3 de Berdyugina [Berdyugina] , as early R de Dominy [Dominy], estrelas C de Lambert et al [Lambert86] e por fim as estrelas M e S (MS) de Smith & Lambert [Smith90]. Pode-se distinguir dois grupos de simbióticas amarelas a partir dos diagramas C/N-O/N. Um grupo apresenta produtos do ciclo CN e situa-se próximo à curva de baixa metalicidade e metalicidade solar. O outro grupo, encontra-se próximo da curva C/O=1, que consiste de objetos enriquecidos em carbono (Schmid & Nussbaumer[Nussbaumer01]). As estrelas simbióticas amarelas enriquecidas em C não estão univocamente associadas as estrelas Ba ou early R. Estes dois grupos representam as simbióticas amarelas tipo s e d' respectivamente. Por fim, conclui-se que os sistemas simbióticos amarelos analisados neste trabalho confirmam o modelo de que seriam estrelas AGBs iluminadas por alguma fonte quente de radiação. / The present work is a contribution to the study of chemical composition of southern symbiotic stars, scarcely studied in literature. We present a complete set of yellow southern symbiotic stars extracted from Belczynski. Some of the objects analyzed had no spectroscopic data in literature. The data were obtained using 1.6m telescope in LNA, Brazil and the IUE satelite database. The reddening was calculated from Hydrogen recombination lines. From the ratio fluxes of the lines of [OIII] and [NII] and a hypothetical electronic temperature of 12 000K (Nussbaumer) we estimated the eletronic density of the nebulae present in the symbiotic system. With this data plus the fluxes of lines observed we obtained the chemical abundances in symbiotic nebulae; C,N,O in U.V. and He, Ar, S, O and N in visible. The abundances of the yellow symbiotic stars were compared to planetary disc nebulae extracted from Pottasch, cefeids form Luck & Lambert, G, K and M giant abundances from Lambert & Ries, G and K dwarfs from Reddy et. al., M giants from Smith & Lambert, Ba star abundances from Smith, mild Ba stars type G8 and K3 from Berdygina, early R from Dominy, C stars form Lambert et. al. and M and S (MS)stars from Smith & Lambert. We can distinguish two types of yellow symbiotic groups. One group presents CN cycle products and is situated near the low metalicity and solar metalicity curve. The other group is found near the C/O=1 curve that is made of rich carbon objects (Schmid & Nussbaumer).The yellow symbiotic stars enriched in carbon are not univically asociated with Ba or early R stars. These two groups represent respectively the yellow s and d' symbiotics. The yellow symbiotic stars analyzed in this work confirm the model in which they would be AGB stars iluminated by some hot source radiation.

Human culture has recognized the damage being caused to our environment and is in the process of transitioning toward sustainable systems. Design disciplines and environmental studies are engaging in alternative ways to support a sustainable world and, to a large extent, on resolving the disconnection between humans and nature. The conceptualization of <i>Symbiotic Design</i> proposed in this research, facilitates theoretical-practical reflections and recognizes that learning through closer association with the natural world can trigger innate responses and enhance human creativity. Designers need to have an understanding of these concepts to allow them to design in an ecologically conscious way. Using biophilia, biomimicry and resilience thinking as core eco-techniques, the research develops a series of teaching/learning practices that aim to enhance the embodiment of design with-in nature. This <i>Symbiotic Design</i> Practice process was developed, tested and evaluated across a sample of undergraduate and postgraduate design students. Text, visuals and workshop activities evolved through a method of action-based cycles. In essence, the research proposes a new eco-pedagogical strategy that facilitates nature-based experiences and behavior change toward an ecologically conscious design culture.

Nas últimas décadas, a incidência de infecções hospitalares causadas por bactérias Gram-negativas multirresistentes vem crescendo de maneira vertiginosa em todo o mundo, de modo que a Organização Mundial de Saúde (OMS) recentemente reconheceu essas infecções como uma preocupação mundial devido ao seu impacto negativo sobre as taxas de mortalidade intra-hospitalar e dos custos da assistência à saúde, afetando tanto os países desenvolvidos quanto os em desenvolvimento. Atualmente considera-se que o uso racional de antimicrobianos, a higienização das mãos e o isolamento de contato são as principais medidas disponíveis para contenção desse avanço. Porém, elas são apenas parcialmente efetivas e de implementação trabalhosa e onerosa. Assim, considera-se necessário o desenvolvimento de formas mais simples e eficientes para lidar com esse problema. No presente estudo, nos propusemos a avaliar o impacto da administração de um produto simbiótico a pacientes colonizados e/ou infectados por bactérias Gram-negativas multirresistentes sobre a incidência subsequente de infecções hospitalares relacionadas ao trato respiratório e urinário. Trata-se de um ensaio clínico randomizado, duplamente cego, controlado com placebo, cuja intervenção consistiu na administração oral ou enteral diária de 1010 unidades de Lactobacillus bulgaricus e 1010 unidades de Lactobacillus rhamnosus associados a fruto-oligosacarídeos durante 7 dias, a pacientes internados em um hospital terciário, com colonização prévia por bactérias Gram-negativas multirresistentes, demonstrada por meio de cultura seletiva de swab retal. O desfecho primário do estudo foi a incidência de infecção hospitalar posterior à intervenção, que, na análise do tipo intenção de tratar foi 18/48 (37,50%) no grupo experimental e 12/53 (22,64%) no grupo controle (odds ratio ajustado=1,95, IC95%=0,69-5,50, p=0,21). Os desfechos secundários principais, também de acordo com a análise intenção de tratar, foram: o tempo de internação hospitalar; sendo a mediana de 17 dias no grupo controle e 31 dias no grupo experimental (p= 0,07), taxas de óbito; com valores de 3,77% no grupo placebo e 8,33% no grupo simbiótico (odds ratio ajustado = 1,34, IC95%= 0,454,00, p= 0,61) e ocorrência de eventos adversos; 7,55% no grupo que utilizou placebo e 6,25% no grupo sob intervenção (p= 1,00). Os dados obtidos pelo estudo nos levam à conclusão de que o simbiótico estudado demonstrou-se inefetivo na prevenção de infecções hospitalares do trato respiratório e urinário em pacientes colonizados e/ou infectados por bactérias Gram-negativas multirresistentes. / In recent decades the incidence of multidrug resistant Gram-negative nosocomial infections has been dramatically raising in the whole world. The World Health Organization (WHO) recently recognized nosocomial infections as a global concern due to its negative impact on patients, health care workers and health care institutions, affecting developed countries as well as developing ones. They negatively impact in-hospital mortality and healthcare related costs. Antibiotic stewardship, hand hygiene promotion and contact precautions are the main available measures to control such multidrug resistant Gram-negative organisms in hospitals. However, they are only partially effective as well as difficult to be implemented and expensive. Therefore, simpler and more effective actions are thought to be helpful and urgent. In the main study, we propose to analyze the impact of the administration of a symbiotic product on patients colonized and/or infected by Gram-negative multidrug resistant bacteria upon the subsequent incidence of respiratory and urinary tract nosocomial infections. A randomized, double- blinded, placebo controlled, clinical trial was proposed in order to provide oral or enteral daily administration of 1010 units of Lactobacillus bulgaricus and 1010 units of L. rhamnosus associated with fructo-oligosacharide (FOS) during 7 days, to previously colonized patients with multi-resistant Gram-negative bacteria, identified through selective culture of rectal swab, hospitalized in a tertiary-care hospital. The primary outcome was the incidence of nosocomial infections after the intervention, which in the intention to treat analysis was 18/48 (37,50%) in the experimental group versus 12/53 (22,64%) in the control group (adjusted odds ratio= 1,95, IC95%= 0,69-5,50, p=0,21). Secondary outcomes, according to intention to treat analysis, were hospital length of stay: median of 17 days in the control group and 31 days in the symbiotic group (p= 0,07), mortality rates: 3,77% in the placebo group versus 8,33% in the experimental group (adjusted odds ratio = 1,34, IC95%= 0,45 4,00, p= 0,61) and adverse effects: 7,55% in the control group and 6,25% in the intervention group (p= 1,00). The results of this study leads to the conclusion that the studied symbiotic proved to be ineffective to prevent nosocomial respiratory and urinary tract infections in patients colonized and/or infected by Gram-negative multi-resistant bacteria.

The specificity of fungal isolates from endemic Western Australian orchid species and hybrids in the tribe Diurideae was investigated using symbiotic seed germination and analysis of the fungal DNA by amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP). The distribution of the fungal isolates in the field was also assessed using two different seed baiting techniques. The information from these investigations is essential for developing protocols for reintroduction and translocation of orchid species. Two groups of orchids in the tribe Diurideae were studied. Firstly, a number of Caladenia species, their natural hybrids and close relatives from the southwest of Western Australia were selected because orchid species from the genus Caladenia are considered to have among the most specific mycorrhizal relationships known in the orchid family – an ideal situation for the investigation of mycorrhizal specificity. Secondly, species of Drakaea and close relatives, from the southwest of Western Australia and elsewhere in Australia, which are never common in nature and occur in highly specialised habitats, were selected to investigate the influence of habitat on specificity. Seed from the common species Caladenia arenicola germinated on fungal isolates from adult plants of both C. arenicola and its rare and endangered relative C. huegelii, while seed from C. huegelii only germinated on its own fungal isolates. The AFLP analysis grouped the fungal isolates into three categories: nonefficaceous fungi, C. huegelii type fungi, and C. arenicola type fungi. The group of C. huegelii type fungi included some fungal isolates from C. arenicola. An analysis of the AFLP fingerprints of C. arenicola fungal isolates from different collection locations showed that some, but not all, populations were genetically distinct, and that one population in particular was very variable. Despite being thought to have very specific mycorrhizal relationships, Caladenia species hybridise frequently and prolifically in nature, often forming self-perpetuating hybrid lineages. Five natural hybrids within Caladenia and its closest relatives were investigated. Symbiotic cross-germination studies of parental and hybrid seed on fungi from the species and the naturally occurring hybrids were compared with AFLP analyses of the fungal isolates to answer the question of which fungi the hybrids use. The germination study found that, while hybrid seeds can utilise the fungi from either parental species under laboratory conditions, it is likely that the natural hybrids in situ utilise the fungus of only one parental species. Supporting these observations, the AFLP analyses indicated that while the parental species always possessed genetically distinct fungal strains, the hybrids may share the mycorrhizal fungus of one parental species or possess a genetically distinct fungal strain which is more closely related to the fungus of one parental species than the other. The work on Caladenia hybrids revealed that C. falcata has a broadly compatible fungus that germinated seeds of C. falcata, the hybrid C. falcata x longicauda, and species with different degrees of taxonomic affinity to C. falcata. In general, germination was greater from species that were more closely related to C. falcata: seeds from Caladenia species generally germinated well on most C. falcata isolates; species from same subtribe (Caladeniinae) germinated well to the stage of trichome development on only some of the fungal isolates and rarely developed further; and seeds from species from different subtribes (Diuridinae, Prasophyllinae, Thelymitrinae) or tribes (Orchideae, Cranichideae) either germinated well to the stage of trichome development but did not develop further, or did not germinate at all. The AFLP analysis of the fungal isolates revealed that the fungi from each location were genetically distinct. In situ seed baiting was used to study the introduction, growth and persistence of orchid mycorrhizal fungi. A mycorrhizal fungus from Caladenia arenicola was introduced to sites within an area from which the orchid and fungus were absent, adjacent to a natural population of C. arenicola. In the first growing season, the fungus grew up to 50 cm from its introduction point, usually persisted over the summer drought into the second season and even into the third season, stimulating germination and growth to tuber formation of the seeds in the baits. Watering the inoculated areas significantly increased seed germination. Mycorrhizal relationships in Drakaeinae were less specific than in Caladeniinae. A study of the species Spiculaea ciliata revealed that this species, when germinated symbiotically, develops very rapidly and has photosynthetic protocorms, unlike all other members of the Drakaeinae. An AFLP analysis of the fungal isolates of this species grouped the isolates according to whether they had been isolated from adult plants or reisolated from protocorms produced in vitro. Isolates were genetically distinct when compared before germination and after reisolation. A cross-species symbiotic germination study of seeds of three Drakaea species and one Paracaleana species against fungal isolates from the same species and several other Drakaeinae species revealed lower specificity in this group than previously thought. A number of fungal isolates from Drakaea and Paracaleana species germinated two or more seed types, while all seed types germinated on fungal isolates from other species and the seed of Drakaea thynniphila germinated to some extent on every fungal isolate tested. An AFLP analysis of the Drakaeinae fungal isolates supported this information, revealing little genetic differentiation between the fungi of different orchid species. An ex situ seed baiting technique was used to examine the role of mycorrhizal fungi in microniche specialisation in the narrow endemic Drakaea. Soil samples from within and outside two Drakaea populations were tested for germination of the relevant seed types. In both cases, germination was significantly higher on soil samples from within than outside the populations, suggesting that the relevant mycorrhizal fungi may be restricted to the same microniches as the Drakaea species. The presence of similar fungi at distant, disjunct locations may be related to the extreme age and geological stabilityof the Western Australian landscape. The information from these investigations is essential for developing protocols for reintroduction and translocation of orchid species. It appears that the mycorrhizal relationships in these groups of orchids are not as specific as was previously thought. For reintroduction work, a broad sampling strategy is necessary, as it cannot be assumed that the same orchid species has the same fungus at different locations. A broadly compatible fungus may be of considerable utility in conservation work, such as in situations where a specific fungus appears to have poor saprophytic competence or where soil conditions have been altered. Seed baiting studies provide additional data on fungal distribution in situ. In general, molecular data do not provide information about efficacy or fungal distribution, so research programs that combine symbiotic germination studies with seed baiting investigations and genetic analyses of the fungi will provide the maximum benefit for designing more effective conservation programs.

At its core, this book represents an attempt to outline and clarify a concept of ‘wisdom’. Building upon an established tradition of ‘philosophy as a way of life’ the discussion focuses on an understanding of a model of philosophy which sets a union of the virtues as its ultimate goal (finding models of non-ethical and primarily academic philosophy to be lacking). Aristotle’s practical wisdom and Plato’s humble, human wisdom are found to be complimentary in certain key respects and useful (in conjunction) in describing the nature of this ‘wisdom’ as a state of moral expertise and broad insight (an understanding of, and action according to, that which is most important). An account is given of the kind of moderate moral realism which is able to account for the ‘moral facts’ which are necessary to render this sort of moral knowledge viable. This moderate realism is founded upon a similarly moderate or compromising epistemology which will itself constitute a recurring theme of this ‘wisdom’. Moving from this metaethical and epistemological fuondation, some account is given of the sort of practical means by which this moral knowledge might be arrived at with the suggestion that traditional analytic and cogitative practices must be combined with far more anthropological ‘living-with’ practices in order that this moral learning can be plausible. Further to this suggestion of an amalgam of philosophy and anthropology, an effort is made to describe the sense in which aesthetic and ethical insight converge in this process of recognising moral knowledge and that, as such, ‘true philosophy’ must also allow for artistic (particularly narrative and poetic) methods. Having made a case for the practice of philosophy to move substantially away from its conventional means, the latter half of the book sets out a specific model of ‘living-with philosophy’ in an attempt to demonstrate this novel model of philosophy and the more detailed nature of wisdom. This ‘case study’ takes the shape of living-with other living things and the stories and lessons which have unfolded through the author’s own life with the non-human world. Due to the fundamental (practically, emotionally and conceptually fundamental) and particularly varied nature of living with (by and through) non-human life, organic vegetable gardening is taken as a good (if not the best) means of realising this process of moral learning. This discussion focuses upon the way in which close living with non-human life can and should highlight the manner in which various virtues which are fundamental to a union of virtue can appear to be in conflict (particularly what might be called ‘compassion’ and ‘prudence’). Ultimately an attempt is made to describe the way in which these conflicts can and should be found to be complimentary to the realisation of wisdom through a subtle, complex but intuitive process of balancing. The book concludes with an examination of this act of balancing, particularly ‘in the face of death’, and the way in which it is commensurate with moods and attitudes of quietness, poignancy and good humour. It is found that wisdom, the union of virtues, is more than the sum of its parts, that it is characterised particularly by these kinds of attitude (echoing the moderation and humility explored at the outset).

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Devido à liberação de substâncias tóxicas, os cnidários apresentam poucas associações com outras espécies, entretanto as associações mais conhecidas são frequentemente descritas como obrigatórias ou comensais facultativas. Um dos grupos deste filo, Ceriantharia, é representando por membros genericamente conhecidos por ceriantários ou anêmonas-de-tubo cuja característica mais marcante é a presença de uma secreção celular única (pticocisto) que auxilia na construção de um tubo, sintetizado pelo próprio animal, que fica inserido no substrato e abriga o animal. Embora existam estudos quanto ao histórico, taxonomia e posição sistemática, análises moleculares e morfológicas e ciclo de vida, estudos a respeito de associações interespecíficas ocorrendo em tubos de ceriantários são escassos. Logo, pouco se conhece sobre essas associações bem como os métodos que as espécies utilizam para se ancorarem aos tubos desses animais. Sendo assim, esse estudo elencou espécies que ocorrem em tubos de Ceriantharia, abordando principalmente os métodos de ancoragem e hábitos alimentares envolvidos nas relações observadas. Os tubos de 8 espécies de ceriantários foram analisados, fornecendo dados quanto a associações de Annelida, Crustacea e Mollusca aos tubos. / The phylum Cnidaria is characterized by animals that carry stinging cells named cnidocytes in their tissues. Due to the release of toxic substances, cnidarians have few associations with other species, however mostly known associations are often described as mandatory or optional commensalism. One of the groups in this phylum, Ceriantharia, is represented by members generally known as ceriantharians or tube-dwelling anemones whose most remarkable feature is the presence of a peculiar cell secretion (ptychocyst) that supports the construction of a tube, synthetized by the animal itself, and inserted into the substrate, lodging the animal. Although there are some studies concerning the history, taxonomy and systematic position, molecular and morphological analyzes and life-cycle, studies regarding interspecific associations occurring with ceriantharian tubes are scarce. Thus, little is known about these associations as well as the methods that the species use in order to anchor on these tubes. Thereby, this study listed species occurring in ceriantharian tubes mainly discussing the anchoring methods and feeding habits involved in the associations observed. The tubes of 8 Ceriantharia species were analyzed, yielding data about interactions with Annelida, Crustacea and Mollusca to the tubes. / 2016/00689-7 / 2017/07870-1