Nos últimos anos do século XIX, o poeta, dramaturgo e ensaísta belga Maurice Maeterlinck (1862-1949) concretiza as aspirações teatrais do movimento simbolista com um conjunto de oito peças, escritas entre 1889 e 1894, que são testemunho não apenas de sua concepção dramática, mas também da própria evolução do teatro simbolista. Fundamentando-se nas limitações da comunicação verbal e na premissa de um silêncio eloqüente, Maeterlinck desenvolve um projeto de reformulação da linguagem dramática que, recentemente, tem sido apreciado do ponto de vista de sua contribuição para a formação do teatro moderno. Este trabalho tem como objetivo ilustrar o projeto de Maeterlinck por meio de uma apreciação de suas teorias teatrais e de exemplos selecionados de cada uma das oito peças que compõem sua produção simbolista. / At the end of the 19th century, the Belgian poet and playwright Maurice Maeterlinck (1862-1949) fulfills the dramatic aspirations of the Symbolist movement through a collection of eight plays, written between 1889 and 1894, which are witnesses not only to the author\'s theatrical conception, but to the symbolist theater evolution as well. Departing from the very limitations of verbal communication and from the conception of an eloquent silence, Maeterlinck develops a project that contemplates a thorough review of the dramatic dialogue, a project which has recently been associated to the making of modern drama. This study seeks to illustrate Maeterlinck`s dramatic project through an appreciation of his theories and examples from the plays which represent his Symbolist drama.

As poéticas simbolista e decadentista surgiram no último quarto do século XIX, em Paris, como reação ao movimento naturalista e ao pensamento positivista e cientificista de então; logo se espalharam para outros países, dentre os quais se destacam Bélgica, Portugal e Brasil, cujos autores continuaram a manter intenso diálogo com a produção da capital francesa. As obras escritas nesse contexto costumavam apresentar preocupações quanto ao aspecto metafísico da existência, buscando correspondências entre mundo natural e mundo espiritual, ao mesmo tempo em que propunham uma série de inovações estético-formais, como o verso livre e a prosa poética. No plano temático, voltavam-se a mitos e lendas difundidos no imaginário ocidental, resgatando símbolos antigos para instaurar novas significações e atualizar imagens já desgastadas. Tendo em vista esse contexto e os recentes estudos sobre a representação dos animais na literatura, a presente tese procurou verificar em que medida os animais se fazem presentes e se revelam importantes no imaginário finissecular e de que maneira houve inovação na forma como foram retratados. Paralelamente, pretendeu-se confirmar a existência de um imaginário animal comum aos poetas e prosadores simbolistas e decadentistas, independentemente de seu país de origem, e apesar das particularidades próprias de cada autor ou obra. Para tanto, partindo das imagens da águia, do cisne e do verme, três dos animais mais recorrentes e significativos para o contexto finissecular, em autores de língua francesa e portuguesa, buscou-se interpretá-las em seu próprio contexto e comparálas com as simbologias atribuídas pela tradição de modo a averiguar as inovações propostas pelos simbolistas e decadentistas e as particularidades de seu imaginário animal. / Symbolist and Decadent poetics emerged in the last quarter of the 19th century, in Paris, as a reply to Naturalism and its contemporary positivist and scientistic philosophies. Symbolism and Decadentism soon spread to other countries, among which Belgium, Portugal and Brazil, whose authors much dialogued with its fellow French writers. Works written in such a context used to feature anxieties as to existences metaphysical aspect, seek similarities between natural and spiritual world, as well as propose a series of aesthetical and form innovations, such as the free verse and the poetic prose. When it came to themes, they sought myths and legends that were widespread in the Western imaginary, making use of long-lost ancient symbols so as to bring forth new meanings and modernise outworn imagery. Given this background and recent studies concerning the representation of animals in literature, the present thesis sought to ascertain how present and important animals are to the late 19th-century imaginary and how innovative their portrayal is. Furthermore, it was our intent to establish the existence of a shared imaginary about animals among symbolists and decadents, regardless of their birthplace and despite the particularities of each author and work. In order to reach this goal, eagle, swan and worm images were our starting point, since they proved to be among the most meaningful and recurrent animals, both in French and Portuguese speaking authors. Then, I analysed them in their own context and proceeded to compare them to their traditionally assigned symbology, so as to learn the innovations proposed by symbolists and decadents, as well as the particularities of animals within these movements imaginary.

No description available.

Cette étude examine la lecture des textes de théâtre comme des textes de fiction, visant à faire sortir ce genre de lecture du cadre de l’analyse textuelle au sein duquel on a tendance à l’enfermer. L’examen s’effectue à la lumière de l’interrogation sur le suicide dans le drame français du XIXe siècle : son objectif est de cerner l’effet que le suicide d’un personnage exerce sur le lecteur. Pour ce faire, nous nous servons du concept de lecteur virtuel, destinataire implicite et atemporel des effets du texte selon Vincent Jouve ; ce lecteur immerge au sein du monde possible de fiction soutenu par le dispositif qui se fonde sur la tripartition Réel - Symbolique - Imaginaire de Lacan.La réflexion est structurée en cinq parties : l’introduction théorique est suivie des analyses qui portent, respectivement, sur le mélodrame, le drame romantique, le drame naturaliste et le drame symboliste. En nous penchant sur l’effet du suicide fictionnel sur le lecteur, qui est systématiquement relié au questionnement de la catharsis, nous traitons également de l’évolution des formes et genres théâtraux évoqués dans l’optique de la lecture « virtuelle ». Ainsi, lire le drame français du XIXe siècle, c’est voyager de la certitude optimiste du mélodrame à l’indétermination tragique du drame symboliste, du suicide effectif aux morts probablement volontaires, de la catharsis « larmoyante » à l’anticatharsis... / This study examines the reading of drama texts as the reading of fictional texts, aiming to broaden the current approach according to which the reading of drama texts is mainly limited to text analysis. This question is examined in the light of the issue of suicide in 19th-century French drama. The principal aim of this study is therefore to understand the impact of the character’s suicide on the reader via the detailed analysis of the ins and outs of the suicidal act. The study applies Vincent Jouve’s concept of the virtual reader, who is defined as an implicit and atemporal recipient of the text effects. This reader emerges in a fictional world that is supported by an operative device (dispositif) based on the Lacanian triptych of the Real, the Symbolic and the Imaginary.The dissertation consists of five chapters. The theoretical discussion is followed by four chapters that deal, respectively, with melodrama, romantic drama, naturalist drama, and symbolist drama. In addition to the effect of the fictional suicide on the reader (which is systematically connected to the catharsis), the evolution of theatrical genres and forms is explored from the perspective of “virtual” reading. Thereby, the reading of 19th-century French drama could be viewed as a journey from the optimistic certainty of melodrama to the tragic indeterminacy of symbolist drama, from actual to probable suicides, from “sorrowful” catharsis to anticatharsis.