En utilisant des modèles sigma non-linéaires de fonctions d'un espace-temps D-dimensionnel à un espace symétrique G/H, nous discutons de solutions de type trou noir et membrane noire dans diverses théories de gravité supersymétriques. Un espace symétrique est une variété, riemannienne ou pseudo-riemannienne, pour laquelle le tenseur de Riemann est covariantement constant. L'utilisation du dictionnaire Kac-Moody/supergravité et les techniques de réduction dimensionnelles nous permettent de décrire des trous noirs de cohomogénéité un comme des géodésiques sur G/H. Un espace-temps M, potentiellement agrémenté d'un trou noir, est de cohomogénéité un s'il existe un groupe d'isométries Iso qui agit sur M et dont le quotient M/Iso est uni-dimensionnel. L'utilisation d'algèbres de Kac-Moody dans les théories de gravité a été développé dans l'espoir de décourvrir la symétrie sous-jacente de la théorie des cordes, aussi appelée théorie M. Les techniques de réduction dimensionnelle ont depuis longtemps été utilisées pour dévoiler les symétries cachées des théories de gravité. Dans la description du modèle sigma, les trous noirs extrémaux ou branes noires sont des géodésiques nulles et correspondent à un élément nilpotent de l'algèbre de Lie g de G. Un élément X nilpotent est caractérisé par la propriété X^n = 0. En utilisant le formalisme mathématique decrivant les orbites nilpotentes, nous classifions tous les trous noirs extrémaux dans la supergravité N=2 minimale à quatre dimensions, N=2 S^3 supergravité en quatre dimensions et la supergravité minimale en cinq dimensions. De la même manière, quand G est un sous-groupe d'un groupe Kac-Moody, très-étendu ou sur-étendu, on envoie l'orbite nilpotente minimale, en utilisant le plus haut poids de g, sur des solutions supersymétriques et non-supersymétriques de type brane dans les théories de supergravité à dix et onze dimensions. Nos résultats montrent que les symétries du groupe de Lie sont très utiles de ces solutions pour classer et trouver de nouvelles solutions de type trou noir. Afin de prouver l'unicité et plusieurs autres résultats formels, nous avons développé des méthodes préliminaires dans l'espoir qu'elles puissent être utilisées à l'avenir pour l'étude des trous noirs. / Doctorat en Sciences / info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

Cette thèse en trois parties regroupe des travaux de recherches sous la thématiques des symétries sous-jacentes aux systèmes intégrables et des structures algébriques qui les encodent. Une première partie illustre comment les fonctions spéciales que sont les polynômes orthogonaux apparaissent dans la théorie de la représentation des diverses structures algébriques associées à des symétries. La seconde partie se concentre sur une généralisation algébrique de l'opérateur de Heun classique menant à de nouvelles structures algébriques qui trouvent des applications en traitement de signal et dans l'étude des systèmes intégrables. La dernière partie concerne l'élaboration d'un cadre théorique dans le langage de la théorie de l'information algorithmique permettant de poser une définition mathématique de la notion d'émergence. / This thesis in three parts groups research work under the theme of the symmetries underlying integrable systems and the algebraic structures that encodes them. A first part illustrates how orthogonal polynomials, a type of special function, appear in the representation theory of various algebraic structures associated to symmetries. The second part focuses on an algebraic generalization of the classical Heun operator that leads to new algebraic structures with applications in signal processing and in the study of integrable systems. The last part concerns the formulation of a framework in the language of algorithmic information theory the enables a mathematical definition for the notion of emergence.

In recent years, a new field of study has arisen around theapplication of the so-called higher symmetries to structures that werealready thought to be completely studied and with no room forimprovement in terms of benefits.There are two types of higher symmetries, named glide and twistsymmetries. The objective of this Master thesis is the study of theeffects coming from the application of the glide symmetry on aprinted filter in microstrip technology and its comparison with afilter with conventional reflective symmetry.The filter was adapted to the glide characteristics and we provide itsbehavior from different points of view with the purpose of reachinga better understanding of the consequences of applying the glidesymmetry on this type of printed filters.Three prototypes were manufactured and measured to validate thesimulated results. / Under senare år har ett nytt forskningsfält uppkommit genom applikationen av högre symmetrier till strukturer som redan studerats extensivt. Det finns två typer av högre symmetrier och dessa kallas glid- och vridsymmetrier. Målet med detta masterexamensarbete är att studera effekten som kommer från applikationen av glidsymmetri på ett filter, implementerat i mikrostripsteknik. Jämförelse med filtret med enbart reflektionssymmetri görs också. Glidsymmetri har introducerats i filtret och vi undersöker filtrets beteende från en rad olika synvinklar för att uppnå en bättre förståelse för konsekvenserna av glidsymmetri för den här typen av tryckta (”printed”) filter. Flera prototyper har tillverkats och mätts för att validera de simulerade resultaten.

Mémoire numérisé par la Direction des bibliothèques de l’Université de Montréal / Ce mémoire se présente comme étant une poursuite de l'étude de la superintégrabilité classique et quantique dans un espace euclidien en deux dimensions avec une intégrale d'ordre trois. La classification de tous les Hamiltoniens séparables en coordonnées carté­siennes qui admettent une constante du mouvement d'ordre trois en les impulsions ayant déjà été complétée, nous proposons une poursuite de ces recherches dans le cas où le système se sépare en coordonnées polaires. Premièrement, nous dérivons les équations qui déterminent complètement le potentiel en ces coordonnées et tentons ensuite de les solutionner selon les différentes simplifications que nous pouvons accomplir sur l'inté­grale par l'action du groupe eulidien E(2). Finalement, nous présentons les équations qui caractérisent entièrement l'intégrabilité euclidienne cubique en coordonnées parabo­liques. / This thesis is a contribution to the study of classical and quantum superintegrabi­lity in a two-dimensional Euclidean space involving a third order integral of motion. A classification of Hamiltonian systems separable in cartesian coordinates that allow a third order invariant in the momenta has already been performed. We propose an ex­tension of this work and investigate Hamiltonians that admit separation of variables in polar coordinates and allow the existence of a third order constant of motion. We deter­mine the equations that characterize the potential in these coordinates and then attempt to solve them while simplifying the integral through the action of Euclidean group E(2). Futhermore, the equations which describe the classical and quantum cubic Euclidean in­tegrability are established in parabolic coordinates.

<p>In this work, we consider the addition of a single neutral massive vector boson to the Standard Model (SM). This boson, which we refer to as N⁰, induces dipolar transitions between electrons and muons. We obtain bounds on the strength of its coupling and its mass: from the scattering process e+e- to mu+mu-; from its contribution to muonium-antimuonium oscillations; and from its possible contribution to the rare muon decay mu- to e+e-e-. In particular, we examine the two cases where the mediator is both heavy and light compared with the scattering energies for, and place constraints on the relevant parameters based on their contributions to the cross section and the forward-backward asymmetry. For muonium-antimuonium oscillations, we consider only the case where the mediator is heavy compared to all other scales, reducing its effect to an effective contact interaction. Finally, we consider an SU(2) invariant theory from which the N⁰ interaction emerges, and find that flavour diagonal interactions also emerge, giving a tree-level path for the decay mu- to e+e-e-. We find that the heavy N⁰ is not strongly constrained by this contribution, while the light N⁰ is very strongly constrained by it. Very generally, we find that the heavy N⁰ is much less constrained than other lepton flavour violating processes, while the constraints on the light N0 vary in strength between processes.</p> / Master of Science (MSc)

This companion of short essays, images and drawings are parts to a whole: a series of independent studies in search of architectural understandings. While this "project" has been underway for several years, until recently the thread of relevance between studies has been untethered. Now at the end, I come to the beginning of this book to suggest the emerging relevance to these studies: architectural harmony. And because the process of understanding is one of sorting things out, this compilation should be appreciated as such. Thus, it is by no means comprehensive or conclusive, despite its presence as a completed work. Indeed, the writing of this book is itself a sorting activity. It is not a report of absolute findings, supported by irrefutable references or statistical data points. Readers should therefore enter the book as a student, engaged in question making, discoursing with another also searching in these pages. Herein lies emerging positions, built up from root questions. Because of this, these positions will likely change with time and may never find absolute resolution. If forced to side with one position at this time, it must be the acknowledgement that there are many. Indeed, many valid positions exist and perhaps, more importantly, coexist. This is the nature of harmony as well. Harmony in architecture is less about notions of something specific, final or pleasing and is more about the poise of phenomenal states: where relationships of part to part and parts to whole form entireties whose identities are appreciable for more than their singularity or their totality. Because harmony is a ex post facto backdrop for these studies, it is not persistent theme throughout the book. Part 1 is dedicated to positions best described as taking stock; for example, taking stock of subjects, such as knots or the square; taking stock of situations and roles, such as modes of inquiry and the responsibility of design; taking stock of one's own dispositions, so to set out a consistent relationship between the players and the field of play. Part 2 describes the thesis project with demonstrations and words. Words are inevitable in discussing the work. They help articulate observations and defend design decisions and sensibilities. Some of these observations are described as if the project exists. But because an architectural thesis often uses demonstrations to provide examples in lieu of final constructions, it is hard to gauge the extent to which these speculations are imagined or drawn out by demonstration. The book concludes with Part 3. The thesis defense lecture is one distillation of harmony that closely examines a fragment of the project as an example of part and whole. Alas, it is in the very nature of using words to understand architecture, especially if the author of text and line are one in the same, that an author's a priori intentions and their a posteriori evaluations of the work are susceptible to mix. Further, such an author is faced with a paradox; on the one hand, he is the expert, on the other, he is in no position to claim ultimate authority. Compatibility between work and word exists partially in the mind and partially in the eyes. It is indeed difficult (perhaps impossible) to step outside the self enough to accurately compare and contrast word and work. With this point established, the work is not only subject to critique, but so is this evaluation of it. To conclude these preparatory remarks, as the direct benefactor of these studies, my appreciation of harmony in architecture is reaching that elusive position where, with each layer of understanding made clear, additional layers of opacity are encountered. In other words, questions are answered with yet more questions. For example, should harmony be understood as cause or effect? Does harmony exist out of time or completely in it? Thus, standard definitions are quite inadequate for architectural understandings of harmony. And while it might be helpful to break harmony down into digestible parts, this reductive inventory does not render a harmonic assembly. Furthermore, even the most lucid of explanations do not translate well into examples such to instruct. It seems the type of thing, perhaps like color, is best known through repetitive and thoughtful experience. This is just the start where even assumptions brought to the table must be checked. Despite these quandaries, my challenge for this book is to reveal something fundamental, albeit modest, to readers, and in the end, for architecture. / Master of Architecture

The rapid neutron-capture process, known as the r-process, is responsible for the origin of about half the stable nuclei heavier than iron observed in nature. Though the r-process is believed to take place in explosive stellar environments and to involve a large number (few thousands) of exotic nuclei, this nucleosynthesis process remains poorly understood from the astrophysics as well as nuclear physics points of view. On the nuclear physics side, the nuclei are too exotic to be studied in the laboratory, even though great efforts are constantly made to extend the experimental limits away from the eta-$stability region. Therefore, theoretical models are indispensable to estimate the nuclear properties of interest in the r-process nucleosynthesis modelling. So far, models used to predict the properties of the exotic nuclei were based on parametrized macroscopic-type approaches the reliability of which is questionable when extrapolating far away from the experimentally known region. This work is devoted to the improvement of nuclear predictions, such as the nuclear ground- and excited-state properties, needed as input data to model the r-process. In order to give the predictions a reliable character, we rely on the microscopic mean-field Hartree-Fock theory based on the Skyrme-type interaction. Pairing correlations play an important role in the description of nuclei, and become essential for nuclei located near the drip lines, since the scattering of pairs of quasi-particles into the continuum increases significantly. In this work, we brought to the Hartree-Fock model the self-consistent treatment of the pairing correlations within the Hartree-Fock-Bogoliubov (HFB) theory. Further improvements are made in the restoration of symmetries broken by correlations added in the form of additional degrees of freedom in the wave function. These include the translational invariance restored by calculating the recoil energy, the particle-number symmetry by an exact projection after variation, the rotational symmetry by an approximate cranking correction and the parity symmetry for reflection asymmetric shapes. In addition, the renormalization of the HFB equations has been studied as well and allows to eliminate the dependence of the total energy with respect to the cutoff energy. The effective nucleon-nucleon interaction is determined by adjusting its parameters on all available experimental masses, with some constraints derived from fundamental nuclear matter properties. A systematic study of the influence on mass predictions for each of the above cited improvements as well as of some uncertainties affecting the particle-hole and particle-particle interactions has been conducted. In spite of quite important differences in the input physics, we find a great stability in the mass predictions for exotic neutron-rich nuclei, though local mass differences can be significant. Each of the Skyrme force derived in the present work has been tested on the predictions of basic ground-state properties (including charge radii, quadrupole moments, single-particle levels), fission barriers and electric dipole $gamma-$ray strengths. The HFB predictions globally reproduce experimental data with a level of accuracy comparable with the widely-used droplet-like models. The microscopic character of the approach followed in the present work makes however the predictions for exotic neutron-rich nuclei involved in the r-process more reliable. The influence of such improved nuclear mass predictions on the r-process abundance distribution is studied in the specific scenario of the prompt supernova explosion mechanism.

Dans ce travail, nous adaptons la méthode des symétries conditionnelles afin de construire des solutions exprimées en termes des invariants de Riemann. Dans ce contexte, nous considérons des systèmes non elliptiques quasilinéaires homogènes (de type hydrodynamique) du premier ordre d'équations aux dérivées partielles multidimensionnelles. Nous décrivons en détail les conditions nécessaires et suffisantes pour garantir l'existence locale de ce type de solution. Nous étudions les relations entre la structure des éléments intégraux et la possibilité de construire certaines classes de solutions de rang k. Ces classes de solutions incluent les superpositions non linéaires d'ondes de Riemann ainsi que les solutions multisolitoniques. Nous généralisons cette méthode aux systèmes non homogènes quasilinéaires et non elliptiques du premier ordre. Ces méthodes sont appliquées aux équations de la dynamique des fluides en (3+1) dimensions modélisant le flot d'un fluide isentropique. De nouvelles classes de solutions de rang 2 et 3 sont construites et elles incluent des solutions double- et triple-solitoniques. De nouveaux phénomènes non linéaires et linéaires sont établis pour la superposition des ondes de Riemann. Finalement, nous discutons de certains aspects concernant la construction de solutions de rang 2 pour l'équation de Kadomtsev-Petviashvili sans dispersion. / In this work, the conditional symmetry method is adapted in order to construct solutions expressed in terms of Riemann invariants. Nonelliptic quasilinear homogeneous systems of multidimensional partial differential equations of hydrodynamic type are considered. A detailed description of the necessary and sufficient conditions for the local existence of these types of solutions is given. The relationship between the structure of integral elements and the possibility of constructing certain classes of rank-k solutions is discussed. These classes of solutions include nonlinear superpositions of Riemann waves and multisolitonic solutions. This approach is generalized to first-order inhomogeneous hyperbolic quasilinear systems. These methods are applied to the equations describing an isentropic fluid flow in (3+1) dimensions. Several new classes of rank-2 and rank-3 solutions are obtained which contain double and triple solitonic solutions. New nonlinear and linear superpositions of Riemann waves are described. Finally, certain aspects of the construction of rank-2 solutions through an application to the dispersionless Kadomtsev-Petviashvili equation are discussed.

Usando uma transformação de dualidade generalizada, considerações de simetria e supondo que as superfície críticas sejam contínuas, obtivemos o dia grama de fase para sistemas de spins Z (N) bidimensionais e sistemas com invariança de calibre Z (N) a quatro dimensões. Caracterizamos as diversas fases dos sistemas de spins pelo valor esperado das potências dos operadores de ordem e desordem. No sistema com invariança de calibre, por outro lado, estas fases caracterizadas pelo comportamento do valor esperado das potências das alças de Wilson e de \'t Hooft. Obtivemos para ambos os sistemas fases moles em que no caso de spins 2D (calibre 4D) todas as potências dos parâmetros de ordem e desordem ( todas as potências das alças de Wilson e \'t Hooft) são nulas (exibem decaimento com o perímetro da alça). Enquanto no sistema com invariança de calibre todas as combinações de decaimento (área ou perímetro) das alças de Wilson e \'t Hooft são permitidas, as relações de comutação no sistema de spins proíbe a existência de fases em que tanto o parâmetro de ordem como o de desordem são não nulos (exceto quando estes operadores comutam). Apresentamos por completeza as relações de dualidade para sistemas de calibre Z (N) com campos de Higgs a três dimensões. / Using a generalized duality transformation, symetry considerations and assuming that criticality is continuous in the system?s parameters, we obtain the phase diagram for two-dimensional Z (N) spins system?s and four-dimensional gauge Z (N) system\'s. For spins system we characterize the various phases by the expectation value of powers of the order and disorder operators. For gauge systems, on the other hand, the characterization is via decay law of powers of Wilson and \'t Hooft loops. We obtain soft phases for both systems, with the folowing, behaviour: for spins system all powers of order and disorder parameters vanish, whereas for gauge systems all powers of Wilson and \'t Hooft loops decay like the perimeter. Whereas all combinations of area and perimeter decay are allowed for Wilson\'s and \'t Hooft\'s loops, the Z (N) commutation relations for spin systems forbid the simultaneous non-vanishing of order and disorder parameters (except when these operators commute). For completeness we include the duality relations for three-dimensional gauge plus Higgs Z(N) systems.

Nous entendons confronter pratique des mathématiques et réflexions sur les mathématiques dans l'œuvre de Weyl. Nous étudierons : (a) ses monographies en analyse complexe, en relativité générale et en mécanique quantique, (b) les articles en lien avec ces ouvrages, (c) certains de ses cours, (d) sa correspondance avec divers scientifiques, principalement A. Einstein, E. Cartan, J. von Neumann. Nous voulons savoir si les théories mathématiques qu'il investit conditionnent ses positions sur les fondements des mathématiques. Inversement, nous montrerons que les philosophies auxquelles il se réfère – essentiellement le criticisme kantien, l'idéalisme fichtéen et la phénoménologie de Husserl – conditionnent ses recherches. Tout d'abord, nous reviendrons sur Die Idee der Riemannschen Fläche (première éd. 1913). Nous montrerons qu'il opte alors pour un formalisme mitigé. Il se revendique de deux traditions incarnées par Klein et par Hilbert. Ensuite, nous étudierons les éditions successives de Raum, Zeit, Materie (1918-1923). Nous aborderons le projet d'une géométrie purement infinitésimale qui permet à Weyl de proposer une théorie unifiée des champs, cette dernière étant réfutée par Einstein, Pauli, Reichenbach, Hilbert and Eddington. Nous décrirons aussi la construction et la résolution de son « problème de l'espace » (1921-1923). Nous indiquerons comment la référence aux philosophies de Fichte et de Husserl permet d'éclairer ces deux projets. Enfin, nous commenterons l'article de Weyl sur les groupes de Lie (1925-1926) ainsi que son ouvrage Gruppentheorie und Quantenmechanik (1928, 1931). Son article sur les groupes de Lie manifeste la voie moyenne entre formalisme et intuitionnisme qu'il adopte en 1924. Son ouvrage en mécanique quantique incarne quant à lui un « tournant empirique » dans son épistémologie qu'il conviendra de comparer \`a l'« empirisme logique ». / Our purpose consists in comparing Weyl's mathematical practice with his philosophical reflections on mathematics. We will study (a) his monographs on complex analysis, general relativity and quantum mechanics, (b) the articles which are linked to these books, (c) some of his lecture courses, (d) his correspondence with different scientists, mainly A. Einstein, E. Cartan, J. von Neumann. We will show that his mathematical research has a strong influence on the different stands he successively takes regarding the foundations of mathematics. Conversely, we will show that the philosophical systems he refers to (mainly kantian criticism, fichtean idealism and husserlian phenomenology) have a real impact on his investigations in mathematics. We will first analyse Die Idee der Riemannschen Fläche (first edition 1913). In this book, Weyl seems to take up a formalist point of view, but this is partly true. In fact, he is influenced by two traditions respectively embodied by Hilbert and Klein. Then, we will study the successive editions of Raum, Zeit, Materie (1918-1923). We will describe Weyl's project of a “purely infinitesimal geometry”. Thanks to this geometrical framework, he builds a unified fields theory, which will be disproved by Einstein, Pauli, Reichenbach, Hilbert and Eddington. During this short period, Weyl also constructs and solves the so-called space problem (1921-1923). Weyl's references to Fichte and Husserl have a significant impact on these two projects. Finally, we will comment Weyl's main article on Lie groups (1925-1926) and his monograph on quantum mechanics, i.e. Gruppentheorie und Quantenmechanik (1rst ed. 1928, 2nd ed. 1931). Weyl's article on Lie groups is in accordance with his compromise between intuitionism and formalism (1924). On the other hand, Weyl's book on quantum mechanics encapsulates an “empirical turn” in his epistemology, which will be compared with the so-called empirical logicism.