There are hints coming from some scenarios of modern String and Quantum Gravity theories that Lorentz invariance may not be an exact symmetry of Nature. The study of Lorentz violating theories therefore provides an insight into ultraviolet physics. We employ the Effective Field Theory technique to study the most general extension of the Standard Model and its Supersymmetric modifications with Lorentz-violating interactions of mass dimension five. We provide a complete classification of the interactions in these theories and determine a typical experimental sensitivity to the size of Lorentz violation. A detailed study of the operators that induce CPT-odd Electric Dipole Moments is performed and it is shown that they yield an independent constraint on Lorentz violating physics. We provide an application of Lorentz violating physics to the problem of generation of baryon asymmetry of the universe. A scenario of Leptogenesis driven by CPT-odd interactions is considered and confronted with experimental constraints on Lorentz-violating physics.

The minimal renormalizable SO(10) Higgs model with the unified gauge sym- metry broken down by the adjoint representation 45S is known to suffer from tachyonic instabilities along all potentially realistic symmetry breaking chains. Few years ago, this issue has been identified as a mere relic of the tree-level cal- culations and the radiative corrections to the masses of the pair of the "most dangerous" pseudo-Goldstone scalars transforming as (8, 1, 0) and (1, 3, 0) with respect to the SU(3)c × SU(2)L × U(1)Y Standard model gauge group were com- puted. Remarkably enough, it turns out that in the minimal potentially realistic renormalizable realization of the model - consisting of 45S ⊕ 126S scalar and 45G gauge fields - there is third pseudo-Goldstone scalar, a full singlet with respect to the Standard model gauge group that, until recently, happened to escape the community's attention. In this thesis we computed the one-loop corrections to its mass employing two different methods within the effective potential approach. In both cases we reduced the complexity of our calculations by decomposition into the Standard model irreducible representations. In the end, we cross-checked the resulting formulae in four distinct symmetry breaking limits in which the pseudo- Goldstone mass was degenerated with those of...

Bien qu’ayant vu le jour dans un cadre dit relativiste avec l’avènement de la théorie de la relativité générale, le lien intime existant entre géométrie de l’espace-temps d’une part, et gravitation d’autre part, peut se voir étendu aux théories dites nonrelativistes, l’exemple paradigmatique en étant la reformulation géométrique de la gravitation Newtonienne initiée par E. Cartan. De tels espace-temps nonrelativistes diffèrent structurellement de leurs homologues relativistes, ces disparités étant le plus naturellement expliquées en réinterprétant ces premiers comme réduction dimensionnelle d’espace-temps relativistes privilégiés. L’ambition de cette thèse est double : Dans une première partie, nous nous intéressons à une généralisation de la classe d’espace-temps relativistes permettant le formalisme ambiant, étudions leur interprétation géométrique ainsi que la classe élargie de structures nonrelativistes pouvant y être plongées. La seconde partie de ce manuscrit concerne le point de vue, informé par la théorie des groupes, que porte E. Cartan sur la géométrie différentielle et plus précisément l’éclairage que projettent les géométries de Cartan sur les structures nonrelativistes, à la fois dans leur définition intrinsèque et dans leur relation avec des structures relativistes au travers du formalisme ambiant. / With the advent of general relativity, the profound interaction between the geometry of spacetime and gravitational phenomena became a truism of modern physics. However, the intimate relationship between spacetime geometry and gravitation is by no means restricted to relativistic physics but can in fact be successfully applied to nonrelativistic physics, the paradigmatic example being E. Cartan geometrisation of Newtonian gravity. This geometrisation of nonrelativistic gravitation involves some nonrelativistic structures whose discrepancies in comparison with their relativistic peers are better understood when embedded inside specific classes of relativistic gravitational waves. The ambition of this Doctoral Thesis is twofold: In a first part, we discuss a generalisation of the class of gravitational waves allowing the embedding of nonrelativistic features, explore their geometric properties and the new nonrelativistic structures emerging from this study. In a second part, we advocate how the group-theoretically oriented approach of Cartan to differential geometry can shed new light on nonrelativistic structures, both in an intrinsic and ambient fashion.

Submitted by Claudio Henrique Cerqueira Costa Basquerotto (cbasquerotto@ymail.com) on 2018-05-25T15:27:47Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Tese_Basquerotto.pdf: 7598699 bytes, checksum: 5f0c350de78925517e7db6045e9c3749 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Cristina Alexandra de Godoy null (cristina@adm.feis.unesp.br) on 2018-05-25T17:35:47Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 basquerotto_chc_dr_ilha.pdf: 7598699 bytes, checksum: 5f0c350de78925517e7db6045e9c3749 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-05-25T17:35:47Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 basquerotto_chc_dr_ilha.pdf: 7598699 bytes, checksum: 5f0c350de78925517e7db6045e9c3749 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-04-20 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / Os métodos envolvendo simetria têm grande importância para o estudo das equações diferenciais decorrentes de áreas como a matemática, física, engenharia entre muitas outras. A existência de simetrias em equações diferenciais pode gerar transformações em variáveis dependentes e independentes que podem facilitar a integração. Em especial, Sophus Lie desenvolveu no século XIX uma forma de extração de simetrias que podem ser usadas efetivamente para revelar as integrais primeiras, ou seja, as constantes de movimento, que muitas vezes podem estar escondidas. Estes invariantes podem em algumas situações ser identificados pelo teorema de Noether ou a partir de manipulações das próprias equações com transformações de Lie. Assim, nesta tese foi proposto utilizar as simetrias de Lie para aplicação em problemas da dinâmica de sistemas mecânicos. As simetrias de Lie são aplicadas em dois problemas clássicos, primeiro em um pêndulo oscilando em um aro rotativo e em seguida em um pião simétrico com movimento de precessão estacionária com um ponto fixo. No primeiro problema foi realizada uma redução de ordem para solução por quadraturas da equação de movimento. Já no segundo foram mostradas as relações entre os invariantes e as leis de conservação extraídas das simetrias de Lie. Uma outra análise foi realizada através da teoria de referencial móvel, mostrando a possibilidade de outras aplicações das simetrias de Lie. Uma das aplicações desta teoria, também é a redução de ordem das equações diferenciais resultantes. Com isso os referenciais móveis foram calculados para os problemas do pêndulo oscilando em um aro rotativo, pião simétrico e apresentando uma aplicação em um problema de vínculo não-holonomo. A partir disto foi possível reduzir a ordem das equações e obter a solução analítica das mesmas. Com isto, esta tese buscou mostrar a aplicação das simetrias de Lie em problemas de dinâmica de sistemas mecânicos através de uma linguagem acessível e que motive a outros engenheiros a se interessarem pelo tema. / The methods involving symmetry are of great importance for the study of the di erential equations arising from areas such as mathematics, physics, engineering among many others. The existence of symmetries in di erential equations can generate transformations in dependent and independent variables that may be easier to integrate. In particular, Sophus Lie developed in the nineteenth century a form of extraction of symmetries that can be used e ectively to reveal the rst integrals, that is, the motion constants, which can often be hidden. These invariants can in some situations be identi ed by the Noether theorem or from manipulations of the equations themselves with Lie transformations. Thus, in this thesis it was proposed to use the Lie symmetries for application in problems of the dynamics of mechanical systems. The Lie symmetries are applied in two classic problems, rst in a bead on a rotating wire hoop and then in a symmetric top with stationary precession with a xed point. In the rst problem, a reduction of order of the equation of motion was performed by quadratures. In the second one, the relations between the invariants and the conservation laws extracted from the Lie symmetries were shown. Another analysis was performed through the theory of moving frames, showing the possibility of other applications of Lie symmetries. One of the applications of this theory is also the order reduction of the resulting di erential equations. Thus, moving frames were calculated for the bead on a rotating wire hoop, symmetric top and showing an application in a nonholonomic problem. From this it was possible to reduce the order of the equations and to obtain the analytical solution of the same ones. So, this thesis sought to show the application of Lie symmetries in problems of dynamics of mechanical systems through an accessible language and that motivate other engineers to take an interest in the subject.

Gaze tracking means to detect and follow the direction in which a person looks. This can be used in for instance human-computer interaction. Most existing systems illuminate the eye with IR-light, possibly damaging the eye. The motivation of this thesis is to develop a truly non-intrusive gaze tracking system, using only a digital camera, e.g. a web camera. The approach is to detect and track different facial features, using varying image analysis techniques. These features will serve as inputs to a neural net, which will be trained with a set of predetermined gaze tracking series. The output is coordinates on the screen. The evaluation is done with a measure of accuracy and the result is an average angular deviation of two to four degrees, depending on the quality of the image sequence. To get better and more robust results, a higher image quality from the digital camera is needed.

This paper aims to present an methodology of teaching of algebra associated to the geometry, based on the theory of symmetry groups D4 with emphasis on the Klein group, as perceive that the game structure "peg solitare"has the same principles governing the Klein theory associated with symmetry group D4; so we explored the teaching resources offered by this popular game to introduce basics of groups and the relationship between their algebraic and geometric aspects, making them accessible to high school students. / Este trabalho tem como objetivo apresentar uma metodologia de ensino da algebra associada a geometria, fundamentada na teoria de grupos de simetria D4 com ^enfase no grupo de Klein, pois percebe-se que a estrutura do jogo resta um tem os mesmosprinc pios que regem a teoria de Klein associado ao grupo de simetria D4; por isso, exploramos os recursos did aticos oferecidos por este jogo popular para apresentar no c~oes b asicas de grupos e a rela c~ao entre seus aspectos alg ebricos e geom etricos, tornando-os acess veis a alunos do ensino m edio.

Submitted by Renata Lopes (renatasil82@gmail.com) on 2017-04-26T17:48:21Z No. of bitstreams: 1 brunoferreirarizzuti.pdf: 507162 bytes, checksum: 6ccfc7f9025a41c3c8bc647f63d413ea (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Adriana Oliveira (adriana.oliveira@ufjf.edu.br) on 2017-05-13T12:04:02Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 brunoferreirarizzuti.pdf: 507162 bytes, checksum: 6ccfc7f9025a41c3c8bc647f63d413ea (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-05-13T12:04:02Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 brunoferreirarizzuti.pdf: 507162 bytes, checksum: 6ccfc7f9025a41c3c8bc647f63d413ea (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-02-29 / Passados mais de 60 anos da sua formulação inicial, o método de Dirac-Bergmann para hamiltonização de sistemas lagrangianos singulares continua sendo uma ferramenta poderosa para análise e investigação de modelos atuais de física teórica. Como motivação, apresentaremos vários exemplos onde o método é utilizado e o descreveremos em detalhes em uma sequência de passos. O objetivo central deste trabalho será então apresentar uma série de aplicações distintas do método de Dirac, incluindo a busca de simetrias locais para teorias singulares, a construção da proposta de relatividade especial dupla de Magueijo-Smolin, a formulação da mecânica clássica com invariância de reparametrizações e sua quantização e por fim, discutiremos um modelo semiclássico mecânico que, quando quantizado, reproduz a equação de Dirac. / After more than 60 years of its initial development, the Dirac-Bergmann method for hamiltonization of constrained systems is still a powerful tool for analysis and investigation of modern theoretical models. As a motivation, we shall present several models where the method is applied, then we will describe it in details, with a sequence of steps. The main objective of this work is to provide distinct applications of the Dirac method, including the search for local symmetries of singular theories, the construction of the Magueijo-Smolin doubly special relativity proposal, the formulation of classical mechanics with reparametrization invariance and its quantization and finally, we discuss a semiclassical mechanical model that produces the Dirac equation through quantization.

Orientador: Igor Leite Freire / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Matemática Estatística e Computação Científica / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-27T16:11:39Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Sampaio_JulioCesarSantos_D.pdf: 2598760 bytes, checksum: b1332349b50fc600ddddb7596fd4b5a4 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015 / Resumo: Neste trabalho estudamos simetrias de Lie e a teoria de leis de conservação desenvolvida por Ibragimov nos últimos 10 anos. Leis de conservação para várias equações sem Lagrangeanas clássicas foram estabelecidas / Abstract: In this work we study Lie point symmetries and the theory on conservation laws developed by Ibragimov in the last 10 years. Conservation laws for several equations without classical Lagrangians were established / Doutorado / Matematica Aplicada / Doutor em Matemática Aplicada

Relação de dispersão é outro nome para a função Hamiltoniana, cujo conhecimento especica completamente a dinâmica de um sistema no formalismo da mecânica classica. Sua escolha está intimamente vinculada às simetrias do sistema e, no contexto cosmologico aqui apresentado, com as simetrias locais obedecidas pelas leis fsicas. Mais ainda, a contribuição da materia na dinâmica cosmologica reflete a escolha do grupo local de simetrias das leis fsicas. Por outro lado, o problema fundamental da cosmologia pode ser definido como a construção de um modelo de evolução temporal de estados que, sob as hipoteses mais simples sobre estados iniciais (digamos, que demande a menor quantidade de informação possível para serem enunciadas), prediga o estado atual observado. O paradigma inacionario é atualmente a ideia que melhor cumpre esta denição, uma vez que prediz que uma grande variedade de condições iniciais leva a aspectos fundamentais do universo observado. Contudo, os mecanismos usuais de realização da inflação sofrem de problemas conceituais. O ponto de vista deste trabalho e que a realização convencional da inflação, isto é, atraves dos campos escalares minimamente acoplados, é a formulação localmente relativisticamente invariante da inflação. A maneira de incluir quebras e deformações da estrutura de simetrias locais na cosmologia é não única e está associado ao chamado problema trans Planckiano da inflação. Analogamente, a motivação conceitual para incluir esse tipo de modicação tampouco é unica. Dependendo do esquema de realização, a versão localmente não relativstica da mesma pode apresentar graves diculdades de conciliação com observações atuais, ou apresentar vantagens conceituais em relacão ao modelo padrão de inflacão, enquanto em conformidade com observações cosmológicas. Da maneira como foi posto o problema fundamental da cosmologia, a escolha das simetrias locais influi na regra de evolução dos estados. O conceito de simetrias encontra sua formulação independente de teorias físicas no formalismo da teoria de grupos, mas consideraremos uma extensão da ideia, de aplicabilidade mais geral, a teoria das algebras de Hopf que, de certo modo, trata das simetrias de estruturas algebricas. Esta extensão é útil inclusive no trato de simetrias dos espacos não comutativos, uma das principais propostas fsicas que em última analise afeta a estrutura de simetrias locais do espaco-tempo. A expressão simetrias locais, por si só, não diz muito sem a consideração de regras de realização. Essas regras dependem da estrutura matematica das observaveis da teoria. Sob hipoteses muito gerais, que não especicam uma teoria em particular, é possível mostrar, não como um teorema matematico formal, mas como uma hipotese tecnicamente bem motivada, que existem apenas dois tipos de teorias fsicas: as classicas e as quânticas. Trabalharemos sob essas hipoteses, as quais se formulam algebricamente assumindo a estrutura de C*-álgebra para as observaveis físicas, outra motivação para o uso das álgebras de Hopf para descrição das simetrias da natureza. / Dispersion relation is another name for the Hamiltonian function whose knowledge completely specifies the dynamics in the formalism of classical mechanics. Its choice is intimately related to the symmetries of the system, and, in the cosmological context here exposed, with the local space-time symmetries obeyed by physical laws. For the other side, the fundamental problem of cosmology can be defined as a construction of a time evolution model of states which, under simplest possible hypothesis concerning initial conditions (say, which demands the minimal amount of information to be specified), predicts the present observed state. The inflationary paradigm is currently the idea which better accomplishes this definition, since it predicts that a great variety of initial conditions lead to essential aspects of observed universe. The usual mechanisms of inflation suffer, however, with conceptual problems. The point of view of this work is that the usual realization of inflation based on weakly coupled scalar fields is the local relativistic invariant realization. The way of including breaks and deformations of the local space-time symmetries is not unique and it is associated to the so called Trans-Planckian problem of inflation. Analogously, the motivation to include this kind of modification is neither unique. Depending of the scheme of realization, the locally non-relativistic version may lead to serious difficulties in conciliation with observations, or to conceptual advantages over standard formulations while in accordance with observational data. In the way that was proposed the fundamental problem of cosmology, the choice of local symmetries affects the rule of evolution of states. The concept of symmetry finds its formulation independently of physical theories in the group theory formalism, but we will consider an extension of the idea, with wider applicability, the theory of Hopf algebras, which is about symmetries of algebraic structures. That extension is also useful to deal with symmetries of non-commutative spaces, one of the main physical proposals that affects the structure of space-time symmetries. The expression, local symmetries, by itself, does not say too much without considering realization rules. Those rules depend on mathematical structure of observables in the theory. Under very general hypothesis that do not specify a particular theory, it is possible to show, not as a formal mathematical theorem, but as a technically well motivated hypothesis, that only two types of physical theories do exist: The classical ones and the quantum ones. We are going to work under those hypothesis, which can be algebraically formulated assuming a C*-algebra structure for physical observables, another motivation for the use of algebraic structures like Hopf algebras for the description of nature\'s symmetries

Dans cette thèse, nous développons un modèle collectif de la structure du noyau préservant les symétries, basé sur la théorie des fonctionnelles de la densité relativistes. Les états de référence à déformation quadrupole/octupole et à symétrie axiale sont générés en résolvant les équations de Hartree-Bogoliubov relativistes. Nous employons la fonctionnelle avec couplage ponctuel covariant DD-PC1 dans le canal particule-trou de l'interaction effective, tandis que la force d'appariement non-relativiste séparable dans l'espace des impulsions est utilisée dans le canal particule-particule. Les corrélations collectives relatives à la restauration des symétries brisées sont prises en compte en projetant les états de référence à la fois sur les bonnes valeurs du moment angulaire, de la parité et du nombre de particules. L'étape suivante consiste à combiner les états à symétries restaurées à l'aide du formalisme de la méthode de la coordonnée génératrice. Ceci nous permet d'obtenir des prédictions spectroscopiques détaillées, incluant les énergies d'excitation, les moments multipolaires électromagnétiques et les taux de transition, ainsi que les facteurs de forme élastique et inélastique. La méthode décrite est globale et peut être employée pour l'étude de la structure de nucléides très divers. Comme première application de ce modèle, nous étudierons la formation de clusters dans les noyaux légers. Le clustering nucléaire peut être considéré comme étant un phénomène de transition entre les phases liquide quantique et solide des noyaux finis. En contraste avec l'image conventionnelle du liquide quantique homogène, la localisation spatiale des particules alpha donne une image du noyau atomique similaire à une molécule. Nous réalisons en particulier une analyse complète de la collectivité quadrupole-octupole et des structures de cluster dans les isotopes du néon. Une attention particulière est accordée au cas de l'isotope ²⁰Ne, dans lequel il semble que les structures de cluster apparaissent dès l'état fondamental. Nous étudions également la structure à basse énergie de l'isotope ¹²C. Nous concentrons notre analyse sur la structure en bandes construite à partir d'états 0⁺ qui manifestent une grande variété de formes, notamment les configurations triangulaires de la bande de Hoyle ainsi que des chaînes linéaires 3-alpha dans des états de plus haute énergie. / In this thesis we develop a symmetry-conserving collective model for nuclear structure studies based on the relativistic energy density functional framework. Axially-symmetric quadrupole- and octupole-deformed reference states are generated by solving the relativistic Hartree-Bogoliubov equations. In the particle-hole channel of the effective interaction we employ the covariant point-coupling DD-PC1 functional, while the non-relativistic pairing force separable in momentum space is used in the particle-particle channel. Collective correlations related to restoration of broken symmetries are accounted for by simultaneously projecting reference states on good values of angular momenta, parity, and particle numbers. In the next step, symmetry-restored states are mixed within the generator coordinate method formalism. This enables us to obtain detailed spectroscopic predictions, including excitation energies, electromagnetic multipole moments and transition rates, as well as both the elastic and inelastic form factors. The described framework is global and it can be employed in various nuclear structure studies across the entire nuclide chart. As a first application, we will study formation of clusters in light nuclei. Nuclear clustering is considered to be a transitional phenomenon between quantum-liquid and solid phases in nuclei. In contrast to the conventional homogeneous quantum-liquid picture, spatial localization of alpha-particles gives rise to a molecule-like picture of atomic nuclei. In particular, we carry out a comprehensive analysis of quadrupole-octupole collectivity and cluster structures in neon isotopes. A special attention is paid to the case of self-conjugate ²⁰Ne isotope, where cluster structures are thought to form already in the ground state. Finally, we study the low-lying structure of ¹²C isotope. We focus on the structure of bands built on 0⁺ states that are known to manifest a rich variety of shapes, including the triangular configurations of the Hoyle band and 3-alpha linear chains in higher states.