Les travaux présentés dans ce mémoire s'inscrivent dans le contexte de l'Ingénierie d'un Système Interactif d'Aide à la Conduite (SIAC) d'un procédé industriel. Nous défendons l'intérêt d'améliorer l'interactivité numérique entre un procédé et un agent (opérateur de conduite, rondier) qui applique des procédures de conduite. L'originalité du SIAC consiste à encapsuler le système physique par un canal d'objets logiques afin de mieux équilibrer la distribution des rôles entre l'humain et le système technique qu'il conduit. Ce SIAC fournit aux opérateurs et aux rondiers des services d'aide à la conduite tels que la localisation des équipements, l'autorisation des actions à exécuter et la validation des actions exécutées, de même que la gestion des contraintes d'exclusion et de dépendances entre actions, imposées par la physique du procédé. La spécification de ce système sociotechnique interprète les travaux des « Problem Frames » en génie in-formatique pour proposer un procédé de modélisation itératif dans le cadre d'une Ingénierie Système Ba-sée sur des Modèles (ISBM). Cette ISBM s'appuie sur le langage SysML, dont la syntaxe et la sémantique sont spécialisées pour supporter le procédé de modélisation proposé. Cette spécialisation met en corres-pondance les artéfacts clés extraits à la fois des bonnes pratiques de l'Ingénierie Système et des bonnes pratiques de SysML.

Systems Engineering is catching pace in many segments of product manufacturing industries. Model-Based Systems Engineering (MBSE) is the formalized application of modeling to perform systems engineering activities. In order to effectively utilize the complete potential of MBSE, a methodology consisting of appropriate processes, methods and tools is a key necessity. In the last decade, several MBSE projects have been implemented in industries varying from aerospace and defense to automotive, healthcare and transportation. The Systems Modeling Language (SysML) standard has been a key enabler of these projects at many companies. Although SysML is capable of providing a rich representation of any system through various viewpoints, the journey towards adopting SysML to realize the true potential of MBSE has been a challenge. Among all, one of the common roadblocks faced by systems engineers across industries has been the software engineering-based nature of SysML which leads to difficulties in grasping the modeling concepts for people that do not possess a software engineering background. As a consequence, developing a system (or a system of systems) architecture model using SysML has been a challenging task for many engineers even after a decade of its inception and multiple successive iterations of the language specification. Being a modeling language, SysML is method-agnostic, but its associated limitations outweigh the advantages. ARCADIA (Architecture Analysis and Design Integrated Approach) is a systems and software architecture engineering method based on architecture-centric and model-based engineering activities. If applied properly, ARCADIA allows for a very effective way to model the architecture of multi-domain systems, and overcome many of the limitations faced in traditional SysML implementation. This thesis evaluates the architecture development capabilities of ARCADIA/Capella versus SysML following the Object-Oriented Systems Engineering Method (OOSEM). The study focuses on the key equivalences and differences between the two MBSE solutions from a model development perspective and provides several criteria to evaluate their effectiveness for architecture development using a conceptual case of Adaptive Cruise Control (ACC). The evaluation is based on three perspectives namely, architecture quality, ability to support key process deliverables, and the overall methodology. Towards this end, an industry-wide survey of MBSE practitioners and thought leaders was conducted to identify several concerns in using models but also to validate the results of the study. The case study demonstrates how the ARCADIA/Capella approach addresses several challenges that are currently faced in SysML implementation. From a process point of view, ARCADIA/Capella and SysML equally support the provision of the key deliverable artifacts required in the systems engineering process. However, the candidate architectures developed using the two approaches show a considerable difference in various aspects such as the mapping of the form to function, creating functional architectures, etc. The ARCADIA/Capella approach allows to develop a ‘good’ system architecture representation efficiently and intuitively. The study also provides answers to several useful criteria pertaining to the overall candidate methodologies while serving as a practitioner’s reference in selecting the most suitable approach.

Apesar das novas e efetivas técnicas de engenharia de software, os projetos de desenvolvimento de sistemas estão propensos a ter os mesmos problemas que acometem o software de apoio à gestão. Entrega com atraso, acima do orçamento e não suprindo as reais necessidades dos usuários finais ou da organização que está financiando o desenvolvimento do sistema, são os principais problemas. Esse último problema é o que mais afeta o desenvolvimento de sistemas e é um desafio para que o desenvolvimento personalizado seja uma solução real para várias empresas. Este trabalho apresenta uma proposta de método de gestão que auxilie a comunicação entre as atividades associadas à engenharia de requisitos e as atividades associadas à modelagem dos processos de negócio. Essa abordagem concerne à gestão e tratamento de requisitos de sistemas baseando-se em técnicas de engenharia de processos de negócios e de engenharia de requisitos, no processo unificado de desenvolvimento de software e na utilização de linguagens semi-formais e formais de modelagem, UML e SysML respectivamente. O método pretende mitigar os efeitos dos problemas de comunicação existentes entre os diversos integrantes de um projeto, com especial atenção para a comunicação entre a equipe de requisitos do projeto e os stakeholders responsáveis pela aceitação e aprovação do sistema. A pesquisa, com o apoio da apresentação de dois casos que ilustram o método de gestão proposto, permite concluir que é possível tornar mais efetiva e produtiva a comunicação entre os diversos envolvidos com o projeto, podendo resultar em um processo mais eficiente para a aceitação dos requisitos junto aos stakeholders. / Despite new and effective software engineering techniques, system development projects are likely to have the same problems that affect the management support software. Delivery delay, above budget and not fitting the real needs of end users or the organization that is funding the system development, are the most common problems. The latter problem is the one that most affects the systems development and is a challenge for the custom development to be a real solution to several companies. This work presents a proposal for a management method to help the communication between the activities associated with the engineering requirements and the activities associated with business processes modeling. This approach, concerns to the systems requirements treatment and management, is based on business processes engineering and requirements engineering, in software development unified process and in the use of semi-formal and formal modeling languages as UML and SysML, respectively. The method seeks to mitigate the effects of the communication problems among the project members, with special attention to the communication between the project requirements team and the stakeholders responsible for the system acceptance and adoption. The research, supported by the presentation of two cases which illustrates the proposed management method, has concluded that it is possible to make more effective and productive communication among members related with the project, which may result a more efficient process for the stakeholders requirement acceptance.

La conception des systèmes mécatroniques, vu leur complexité, nécessite d'entreprendre une approche systémique qui implique l'utilisation d'une méthodologie permettant, en premier lieu, de considérer le système avec toutes ces composantes (mécanique, électronique, informatique, etc.), de concevoir et de spécifier ce système par la définition de ces composants et des liens qui existent entre eux. D'autre part, elle doit aussi donner la possibilité de décrire ces composants avec les outils existants des différents domaines technologiques. Nous nous sommes tournés vers des technologies orientées-objet, en l'occurence l'ingénierie guidée par les modèles MDE, pour construire une méthodologie permettant d'entreprendre cette approche systématique supportant les activités d'ingénierie décrites dans le standard ISO/IEC/IEEE 15288. Dans cette thèse, nous proposons une méthodologie qui répond à ces besoins intitulés MISSyM. Dans MISSyM, les activités de conception sont réalisées sur des modèles SysML étendus par des profils supportant le standard IEEE 15288. De plus, MISSyM intègre le support d'éléments de modélisation spécifiques aux systèmes mécatroniques. Nous avons aussi intégrer dans MISSyM une extension à SysML supportant les Bonds Graphs et permettant d'entreprendre une analyse énergétique. Nous avons par la suite enrichi la méthodologie MISSyM par une méthode de vérification de la qualité de l'architecture qui repose sur un algorithme utilisant des métriques et un algorithme de partitionnement de la matrice de dépendances ou DSM. Nous avons en plus ajouté la génération de codes vers le langage de simulation Modelica. Finalement, nous avons décrit le processus global de la méthodologie basé sur l'architecture de modèles MDA et en concordance avec le standard IEEE 15288. Nous avons fourni un exemple d'application pour permettre aux ingénieurs système de mieux utiliser le langage SysML à travers cette méthodologie.

La conception des systèmes mécatroniques, vu leur complexité, nécessite d'entreprendre une approche systémique. Une approche systémique implique l'utilisation d'une méthodologie permettant, en premier lieu, de considérer le système avec toutes ses composantes (mécanique, électronique, informatique, etc.) et de fournir les moyens de concevoir et de spécifier ce système par la définition de ses composants et des liens qui existent entre eux. D'autre part, cette méthodologie doit aussi donner la possibilité de décrire ces composants avec les outils existants dédiés aux domaines technologiques. Nous nous sommes tournés vers des technologies orientées-objet, en l'occurrence l'ingénierie guidée par les modèles MDE, pour construire une méthodologie permettant d'entreprendre cette approche systémique supportant les activités d'ingénierie décrites dans le standard ISO/IEC/IEEE 15288. Dans cette thèse, nous proposons donc une méthodologie qui répond à ces besoins et que nous avons intitulé MISSyM. Dans MISSyM, les activités de conception sont réalisées sur des modèles SysML étendus par des profiles supportant le standard ISO/IEC/IEEE 15288. De plus, MISSyM intègre le support d'éléments de modélisation spécifiques aux systèmes mécatroniques qui sont le composant mécatronique ainsi que des extensions et des design pattern spécifiques. Nous avons aussi intégré dans MISSyM une extension au langage SysML supportant les Bond Graphs et permettant d'entreprendre une analyse énergétique des systèmes hétérogènes. Nous avons par la suite enrichi la méthodologie MISSyM par une méthode de vérification de la qualité de l'architecture qui repose sur un algorithme utilisant des métriques sur les modèles décrivant l'architecture d'un composant donné ou du système puis appliquant un algorithme de partitionnement de la matrice de dépendances ou DSM (existant) pour proposer une amélioration de cette architecture. Nous avons en plus fourni l'ouverture vers le langage de simulation Modelica par la génération de code. Et finalement, nous avons décrit le processus global de la méthodologie basé sur l'architecture de modèles MDA et en concordance avec le standard d'ingénierie système ISO/IEC/IEEE 15288. Nous avons fourni un exemple d'application pour permettre aux ingénieurs système de mieux utiliser le nouveau langage SysML à travers cette méthodologie.

L'introduction des nouvelles technologies de l'information et de la communication dans les systèmes automatisés entraîne un accroissement de la complexité des fonctions qu'ils supportent. Cet accroissement de la complexité a un impact sur la sécurité des systèmes. En effet, leurs propriétés ne sont plus réductibles aux propriétés de leurs constituants pris isolément mais émergent d'un réseau d'interactions entre ces constituants qui peut être à l'origine de comportements néfastes et difficiles à prévoir. <br />Notre conviction est que le développement sûr de ces systèmes doit combiner des approches pragmatiques orientées " système ", qui tiennent compte du facteur d'échelle réel d'une automatisation pour appréhender le fonctionnement global du système et son architecture, avec des approches plus formelles qui permettent de s'assurer que les propriétés intrinsèques des constituants contribuent efficacement au respect des exigences " système " formulées par les utilisateurs. <br />Le travail présenté dans ce mémoire définit donc une approche méthodologique basée sur le formalisme SysML (System Modeling Language) permettant l'identification, la formalisation et la structuration d'exigences globales relatives à un système, puis leur projection, sous forme de propriétés invariantes, sur une architecture de composants. La vérification des exigences de sécurité, repose alors, d'une part, sur un raffinement prouvé (par theroem proving) des exigences " système " permettant d'établir leur équivalence avec un ensemble de propriétés intrinsèques relatives à chacun des composants, et d'autre part, sur la vérification formelle (par model checking) de ces propriétés intrinsèques.

Integrated development environments are essential for efficient realization of complex industrial products, typically consisting of both software and hardware components. Powerful equation-based object-oriented (EOO) languages such as Modelica are successfully used for modeling and virtual prototyping increasingly complex physical systems and components, whereas software modeling approaches like UML, especially in the form of domain specific language subsets, are increasingly used for software systems modeling. A research hypothesis investigated to some extent in this thesis is if EOO languages can be successfully generalized also to support software modeling, thus addressing whole product modeling, and if integrated environments for such a generalized EOO language tool support can be created and effectively used on real-sized applications. However, creating advanced development environments is still a resource-consuming error-prone process that is largely manual. One rather successful approach is to have a general framework kernel, and use meta-modeling and meta-programming techniques to provide tool support for specific languages. Thus, the main goal of this research is the development of a meta-modeling approach and its associated meta-programming methods for the synthesis of model-driven product development environments that includes support for modeling and simulation. Such environments include components like model editors, compilers, debuggers and simulators. This thesis presents several contributions towards this vision in the context of EOO languages, primarily the Modelica language. Existing state-of-the art tools supporting EOO languages typically do not satisfy all user requirements with regards to analysis, management, querying, transformation, and configuration of models. Moreover, tools such as model-compilers tend to become large and monolithic. If instead it would be possible to model desired tool extensions with meta-modeling and meta-programming, within the application models themselves, the kernel tool could be made smaller, and better extensibility, modularity and flexibility could be achieved. We argue that such user requirements could be satisfied if the equation-based object-oriented languages are extended with meta-modeling and meta-programming. This thesis presents a new language that unifies EOO languages with term pattern matching and transformation typically found in functional and logic programming languages. The development, implementation, and performance of the unified language are also presented. The increased ease of use, the high abstraction, and the expressivity of the unified language are very attractive properties. However, these properties come with the drawback that programming and modeling errors are often hard to find. To overcome these issues, several methods and integrated frameworks for run-time debugging of the unified language have been designed, analyzed, implemented, and evaluated on non-trivial industrial applications. To fully support development using the unified language, an integrated model-driven development environment based on the Eclipse platform is proposed, designed, implemented, and used extensively. The development environment integrates advanced textual modeling, code browsing, debugging, etc. Graphical modeling is also supported by the development environment based on a proposed ModelicaML Modelica/UML/SysML profile. Finally, serialization, composition, and transformation operations on models are investigated.

Today s market is driven by the desire for increasingly complex products that perform well from manufacturing to disposal. Designing these products for multiple lifecycle phases requires effective management of engineering knowledge and integration of this knowledge across multiple disciplines. By managing this knowledge, products can be realized faster, perform better and be more complex. However, management techniques are often very costly and managers can easily become bogged down with large quantities of information, slowing the design process and degrading knowledge transfer. Thus, a need exists for effective yet inexpensive knowledge management. One approach for decreasing the costs associated with generating design knowledge is to reuse modules of existing knowledge. In Model-Based Systems Engineering (MBSE), information about a design is stored formally in many knowledge structures, or models, including requirements, stakeholders, and analyses. To support the reuse of the existing knowledge in design, MBSE is used as a basis for integrating engineering analysis models. In this thesis, a framework is presented for model classification that organizes models by components and aspects. This scheme is found to be useful in classifying engineering analysis models for reuse by storing them as a set in containers known as Multi-Aspect Component Models (MAsCoMs). Each model in a MAsCoM is related to the formal structure model of a physical component, and to the many aspects of the component that the model represents. The Systems Modeling Language, OMG SysML, is used to implement MAsCoMs and support MBSE. Validation of the MAsCoM concept is performed with fluid-power design examples, including a log splitter, scissor lift, and hydraulic excavator. In these examples, MAsCoMs improve design value by 1) Classifying modular and composable engineering analysis models for reuse in multiple disciplines, and 2) Providing knowledge modules to computer-automated algorithms for the future automated composition of component models into system models to perform system-level analyses.

Thesis (M. S.)--Mechanical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, 2008. / Committee Chair: Chris Paredis; Committee Member: Dirk Schaefer; Committee Member: Russell Peak.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-12T15:52:45Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 license.txt: 1748 bytes, checksum: 8a4605be74aa9ea9d79846c1fba20a33 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009 / Análise de requisitos é uma tarefa crítica em qualquer projeto de Sistema Embarcado de Tempo-Real (ERTS). Normalmente, esses sistemas possuem restrições severas de tempo que precisam ser satisfeitas para o correto funcionamento, visto que violações podem ser catastróficas, tais como perdas de vidas ou grande quantias de recursos financeiros. Além disso, existem sistemas onde energia é outra restri»c~ao que também precisa ser satisfeita. Assim, a descoberta precoce dos potenciais problemas podem reduzir os riscos da propagação dos erros da especificação para o código final. É importante ressaltar que o custo da detecção de um erro após a entrega do sistema é, no mínimo, 10-100 vezes maior do que ele tivesse sido detectado em tempo de especificação do sistema. Atualmente, a forma mais amplamente usada para modelar requisitos de sistemas críticos é através das linguagens semiformais, tais como SysML (System Modelling Lan- guage) ou UML (Unified Modeling Language), devido principalmente a sua notação amigável e intuitiva. No entanto, os modelos semiformais gerados por essas linguagens, por si só não fornecem suporte para avaliação de desempenho das especificações dos sis- temas, assim, faz-se necessário o mapeamento destes modelos semiformais para modelos formais. Pois, modelos formais são apoiados por fundamentos matemáticos sólidos, que suportam sua semântica precisa, estimulam a avaliação de desempenho e fornecem su- porte para verificações das propriedades qualitativas e análises. Esses modelos formais, no entanto, não são intuitivos e requerem um considerável esforço por parte dos proje- tistas para entenderem a notação usada. Assim, é sensato adotar o uso colaborativo dos modelos semiformais e formais. Portanto, afím de obter a integração dos modelos formais e semiformais, este trabalho propõe o mapeamento dos diagramas comportamentais da SysML em uma Rede de Petri Temporizada. As restrições de tempo e anotações energia são representadas pelo novo profile da UML MARTE (Modeling and Analysis of Real-time and Embedded systems). Além disso, uma metodologia de avaliação de desempenho das especifícas de sistemas críticos é proposta, com o intuito de auxiliar o processo de modelagem e avaliação. Por fim, estudos de caso são apresentados mostrando a aplicabilidade deste trabalho