A teoria tradicional sobre o poder identifica a violência do Estado como sendo a manifestação última do poder político, chegando mesmo a encontrar na demonstração de força física a essência do poder. Esta relação repercute na teoria do Estado definindo-o, não sem bases históricas, como monopólio dos instrumentos de violência. Já para o direito, a identificação entre poder e violência leva a uma sobrevaloração da sanção na atribuição de juridicidade à norma. Ainda que não de modo pioneiro, Hannah Arendt e Niklas Luhmann definiram o poder em oposição à violência, ainda que a ela relacionado. Esta similaritude na descrição do poder como oposto à violência leva a indagações acerca da compatibilidade entre as reflexões políticas de Arendt e as observações sociológicas de Luhmann. Este trabalho realiza uma comparação entre as obras dos dois autores no que diz respeito à relação entre poder e violência dentro do Estado de Direito. Para tanto, o estudo parte da premissa de que é possível a uma teoria do Estado aplicar tanto Arendt, quanto Luhmann a seus próprios conceitos. A distinção de posições, se interna ou externa à política, permite que uma assimetria entre as obras seja estabelecida e, deste modo, viabiliza a comparação. O trabalho conclui pela compatibilidade dos autores devido à semelhança entre os conceitos de ação e comunicação, entretanto, reconhece que o conceito de poder de Arendt é muito mais amplo do que aquele de Luhmann. Por fim, este trabalho propõe possíveis pontos de partida para novas abordagens da política e do direito que reúnam características dos dois autores analisados. / The traditional theory of power identifies State violence as the ultimate expression of political power, to the point of perceiving in the demonstration of physical strength the essence of power. The liaison between political commands and violent attitudes reaches the definition of State itself, establishing it, not without any Historical grounds, as the monopoly of instruments of force. In Law the relation between power and violence leads to overestimating the role of sanction in define a norm as lawful. Even though not as pioneers, Hannah Arendt and Niklas Luhmann defined power as opposite to violence, yet connected. Such similarities induce the question of the possibility of combining both theoretical approaches. This essay compares the works of the authors regarding the bearing of power and violence under the rule of law. As premise, this essay adopts the assumption that it is indeed possible for a theory of State to develop both Arendts and Luhmanns concepts as its own. Different theoretical positions inside and outside polity allow the creation of an asymmetry, which enables the comparison. This essay reaches the conclusion favorable to the compatibility of the authors, due to the similarity of both the concept of action and that of communication. Nonetheless, it recognizes that Arendts concept of power is much broader than Luhmanns. Finally, this essay suggests new approaches to political and legal theories that may pursuit the theoretical path of any or both the authors in comparison.

A Universidade de São Paulo é a principal instituição de ensino e pesquisa do Brasil e está entre as principais na América Latina. A USP é responsável por cerca de 23% de toda a produção científica brasileira (USP, 2014). É a instituição brasileira com melhores colocações e uma das líderes na América Latina nos rankings internacionais de universidades. A partir de 2014, a USP passou a registrar um desequilíbrio orçamentário, dispendendo mais de 100% dos repasses do Tesouro do Estado de São Paulo apenas para o pagamento de salários de seus servidores, prejudicando os investimentos e gastos com custeio, e obrigando a Universidade a utilizar reservas financeiras. O presente trabalho tem por objetivo identificar as causas e efeitos desse desequilíbrio financeiro da USP no período de 2010 a 2014. O referencial teórico se respalda nos estudos de governança universitária, compliance e teoria de sistemas. A coleta de dados foi realizada a partir de documentos oficiais e públicos disponibilizados pela USP: atas das reuniões do Conselho Universitário (CO), Comissão de Orçamento e Patrimônio (COP) e Comissão de Legislação e Recursos (CLR); relatórios apresentados pela Coordenadoria de Administração Geral (CODAGE); informes da Reitoria e Anuário Estatístico. Além destes documentos foram visitadas fontes secundárias com ênfase no noticiário e artigos publicados em periódicos como o diário Folha de São Paulo. A análise de dados revelou que: (i) o desequilíbrio financeiro foi causado pela ampliação de gastos promovida no período de 2010 a 2013, especialmente relativos a pagamento de folha de pagamento e benefícios; (ii) foram promovidas mudanças com forte impacto financeiro plurianual e de difícil reversão - especialmente a implantação do plano de carreiras dos servidores técnico-administrativos e duas movimentações de carreira; (iii) foi ampliada a base de beneficiários do auxílio alimentação e vale refeição, além de corrigir os valores dos benefícios acima da inflação acumulada do período. Com isso, observou-se que o desequilíbrio financeiro foi causado pela implantação combinada das ampliações de gastos em curto período de tempo, sem a devida avaliação dos impactos cruzados das decisões e sem os devidos estudos dos efeitos financeiros das decisões a médio e longo prazos. O trabalho, além de registrar uma análise de um período crítico para a Universidade de São Paulo, também apresenta, a partir das conclusões da pesquisa e do referencial teórico, um conjunto de sugestões e recomendações no sentido de aperfeiçoar os processos de governança universitária. / The University of São Paulo is the leading teaching and research institution in Brazil and is among the best in Latin America. USP is responsible for about 23% of all Brazilian scientific production (USP, 2014). It is the Brazilian institution with the best positions and one of the leaders in Latin America in the international rankings of universities. From 2014, USP started to record a budget imbalance, spending more than 100% of its annual income from the São Paulo State Treasury for the payment of the salaries of its employees alone, harming investments and compelling the University to deplete its financial reserves. This study aims to identify the causes and effects of the USP\'s financial imbalance in the period from 2010 to 2014. The theoretical framework is supported in university governance, compliance and systems theory studies. Data collection was conducted from official and public documents provided by the USP: minutes of meetings of the University Council (CO), the Budget and Assets Committee (COP) and the Legislation and Rules Committee (CLR); reports submitted by the General Administration Coordination Office (CODAGE); reports from the Rector´s Office and the Statistical Yearbook. In addition to these documents, secondary sources were visited with emphasis on the news and articles published in periodicals such as the daily newspaper, Folha de São Paulo. The analysis of data revealed that: (i) the financial imbalance was caused by expenses expanded promoted in the period from 2010 to 2013, especially concerning the payroll and benefits; (ii) changes were prompted with a high multi-annual financial impact and which are difficult to reverse - especially the implementation of the technical and administrative staff career plan and two career upgrades; (iii) the base of beneficiaries of food aid and food stamps was vastly expanded, in addition to increasing the amount of the benefits above of accumulated inflation for the same period. Thus, the financial imbalance was caused by a combined implementation of increase in spending within a short period of time, without proper assessment of the cross-impact of those decisions and without risk analysis assessment of the financial effects of these decisions in the medium and long term. The present study in addition to recording an analysis of a critical period for the University of São Paulo, includes in the conclusions of the research and the theoretical framework, a set of suggestions and recommendations to improve the processes of university governance.

The affinity between the work of the Austrian economist Friedrich A. Hayek and the approach of Complexity Economics is widely recognized by the literature. In spite of this, there still is a lack of studies that seek to analyze in depth the relationship between Hayek and complexity. This dissertation is a contribution to the filling of this large gap in the literature. In the first part of the work, we analyze the various periods in the development of Hayek\'s vision of complexity, showing that this vision is strongly present in his works on knowledge, competition, methodology, evolution, and spontaneous order. In the second part, we explore how Hayek was influenced by two of the main precursors of modern complexity theory - cybernetics and general system theory - from the time he was working on his book on theoretical psychology, The Sensory Order (1952), until the end of his intellectual career. / A afinidade entre a obra do economista austríaco Friedrich A. Hayek e a abordagem da Economia e Complexidade é amplamente reconhecida pela literatura. Apesar disso, ainda há grande carência de estudos que busquem analisar de forma aprofundada a relação entre Hayek e a complexidade. Esta dissertação é uma contribuição para o preenchimento dessa grande lacuna na literatura. Na primeira parte do trabalho, os diversos períodos no desenvolvimento da visão de complexidade de Hayek são analisados, evidenciando-se como tal visão está fortemente presente em seus trabalhos sobre conhecimento, competição, metodologia, evolução e ordem espontânea. Na segunda parte, exploramos como Hayek foi influenciado por dois dos principais precursores da moderna teoria da complexidade - a cibernética e a teoria geral do sistema - desde o período em que estava trabalhando no seu livro sobre psicologia teórica, The Sensory Order (1952), até o final de sua carreira intelectual.

Thesis. 1976. Ph.D.--Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Dept. of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science. / Microfiche copy available in Archives and Engineering. / Bibliography: p.173-174. / Ph.D.

The construction industry is a complex, multi-level system that includes a large collection of independent, heterogeneous organizations and institutions and is associated with several economic sectors and markets. Because of its unique characteristics, the construction industry as one of the major economic sectors and contributors to the economic development of the nation needs its own specific and dedicated economics. The shortcomings of the existing methodologies call for the use of more sophisticated modeling tools that can capture more important aspects of the real world and its complexity in particular the interconnections among elements of the system, their idiosyncrasies, and emergent behavior. As a pioneer attempt in the exploration of a new theory of construction economics, this study aims to found the first building blocks of the comprehensive economic model of the construction industry. In this dissertation, an agent-based approach is applied to model the low-bid lump-sum construction competitive bidding by which most construction works are allocated. This model has several advantages over the previous analytical and empirical models including the capability of observing the bidding process dynamics, the interaction between the heterogeneous and learning agents, and the emergent bidding patterns arising from multiple scenarios of market conditions and contractors’ attributes. Then the model is used as a virtual laboratory for conducting a variety of experiments to answer several important research questions in the field of construction economics. The main research objectives of this study are to: (1) analyze the effectiveness of major quantitative methods in the bidding environment under a variety of market conditions (2) study the effect of contractors’ risk behavior, cost estimating and project management skills, and complexity of projects on contractors’ choice of optimal markup, long-term financial growth and market share (3) investigate the impact of risk behavior and need for work on contractors’ performance. The results presented in this dissertation offer new understandings and insights on the construction bidding environment and recommendations for both owners and contractors’ competitive success, which are not available using conventional approaches. In particular, results suggest that (1) using Friedman model can result in considerably higher market share whereas using Gates model can result in higher profit per project, (2) the optimal policy for contractors is moderation in both dimensions of risk attitude and need for work, (3) the comparative performance of slightly and extremely risk averse contractors are depending on level of cost estimating accuracy and project execution skills of contractors as well as the level of project complexities.

Thesis. 1978. Ph.D.--Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Dept. of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science. / MICROFICHE COPY AVAILABLE IN ARCHIVES AND ENGINEERING. / Vita. / Includes bibliographical references. / by Joseph Edward Wall, Jr. / Ph.D.

A teoria tradicional sobre o poder identifica a violência do Estado como sendo a manifestação última do poder político, chegando mesmo a encontrar na demonstração de força física a essência do poder. Esta relação repercute na teoria do Estado definindo-o, não sem bases históricas, como monopólio dos instrumentos de violência. Já para o direito, a identificação entre poder e violência leva a uma sobrevaloração da sanção na atribuição de juridicidade à norma. Ainda que não de modo pioneiro, Hannah Arendt e Niklas Luhmann definiram o poder em oposição à violência, ainda que a ela relacionado. Esta similaritude na descrição do poder como oposto à violência leva a indagações acerca da compatibilidade entre as reflexões políticas de Arendt e as observações sociológicas de Luhmann. Este trabalho realiza uma comparação entre as obras dos dois autores no que diz respeito à relação entre poder e violência dentro do Estado de Direito. Para tanto, o estudo parte da premissa de que é possível a uma teoria do Estado aplicar tanto Arendt, quanto Luhmann a seus próprios conceitos. A distinção de posições, se interna ou externa à política, permite que uma assimetria entre as obras seja estabelecida e, deste modo, viabiliza a comparação. O trabalho conclui pela compatibilidade dos autores devido à semelhança entre os conceitos de ação e comunicação, entretanto, reconhece que o conceito de poder de Arendt é muito mais amplo do que aquele de Luhmann. Por fim, este trabalho propõe possíveis pontos de partida para novas abordagens da política e do direito que reúnam características dos dois autores analisados. / The traditional theory of power identifies State violence as the ultimate expression of political power, to the point of perceiving in the demonstration of physical strength the essence of power. The liaison between political commands and violent attitudes reaches the definition of State itself, establishing it, not without any Historical grounds, as the monopoly of instruments of force. In Law the relation between power and violence leads to overestimating the role of sanction in define a norm as lawful. Even though not as pioneers, Hannah Arendt and Niklas Luhmann defined power as opposite to violence, yet connected. Such similarities induce the question of the possibility of combining both theoretical approaches. This essay compares the works of the authors regarding the bearing of power and violence under the rule of law. As premise, this essay adopts the assumption that it is indeed possible for a theory of State to develop both Arendts and Luhmanns concepts as its own. Different theoretical positions inside and outside polity allow the creation of an asymmetry, which enables the comparison. This essay reaches the conclusion favorable to the compatibility of the authors, due to the similarity of both the concept of action and that of communication. Nonetheless, it recognizes that Arendts concept of power is much broader than Luhmanns. Finally, this essay suggests new approaches to political and legal theories that may pursuit the theoretical path of any or both the authors in comparison.

Economic and climate changes, combined with changing government regulations, are altering the strategic business model for small farm operators and necessitating their reliance on multiple income sources to maintain financial viability. The purpose of this multiple case study was to explore the strategies of 3 small farming businesses in California's San Joaquin Valley that successfully implemented value-added products which contributed to their financial sustainability. Data from semistructured interviews and relevant documents were analyzed through the lens of system theory, utilizing in vivo coding to identify patterns and themes. Three high-level themes emerged: knowledge, marketing, and networking. The theme of knowledge reflects the value of pre-existing and new knowledge. The theme of marketing reflects 3 key areas including differentiation of value-added products, customer experience, and the value of word of mouth and social media marketing. The networking theme reflects the value of professional and community networking and connecting with family and friends. The findings of this case study may have implications for positive social and economic change. Farmers who sustain their operations and remain financially viable contribute to the local economy, provide continuing knowledge of agricultural practices to future generations, and contribute to the stability of available food. Providing information on successful value-added strategies used by a group of small farm operators may assist other owners of small farms looking to add value-added products and increase farm income. Doing so could lead to increased employment and a stronger local tax base.

With the onset of the independence of the Pacific Island States, the role of the mass media and their developmental processes began to be examined. This was of particular interest due to the obvious lack of a sufficient native media infrastructure to meet the demands of an indigenous population who were being introduced to a new world sphere and system. The main problem of mass media development in the Pacific lies in the fact that the nations in this area are still relatively behind in the basic structures of media participation. They lack technological knowledge of the various forms of media, the basic training and skills, and, moreover, the monetary means to address such deficiencies in the media. The outcome of this circumstance has been that Pacific media have become increasingly dependent upon the Western, industrialized nations such as the USA, Australia and New Zealand. Such dependence on these foreign nations has given rise to the question of 'cultural imperialism'. The aforementioned countries have a large influence in the Pacific through the unequal relaying of communication and cultural products and in the ownership of mass media agencies. This history of foreign based, imported culture has manifested itself in increased urbanization, social disruption, and greater commodity dependence and consumerism in the Pacific. This study will therefore be an attempt to analyse the media development processes of the Pacific by using Fiji as a case study. The critical analysis will come from Wallerstein's World System perspective. Further, it will be shown how Fiji's historical, involvement in the 'capitalist world economy', and her history of racism in the political and communication aspects of her society have helped shape her present media system. The underlying premise of the argument, will be that these factors have not been beneficial to achieving mass media development based on self-sufficiency, nor on harmony between the ethnic groups of Fiji.

<p>Syftet med vår uppsats är att ur ett sociologiskt samhällsteoretiskt perspektiv, ge både oss själva och läsaren en ökad förståelse för och synliggöra flickor från vissa etniska grupper och deras intim- och familjerelationer i Sverige. För att kunna förstå flickornas eventuella problem och konflikter i familjen tar vi hjälp av Niklas Luhmanns systemteori och hans analys av intima relationer och familjen i det moderna samhället. De frågeställningar som besvaras är:</p><p>• Vilka skillnader mellan det förmoderna och moderna samhällets syn på intim- och familjerelationer ställs flickorna i vårt material inför?</p><p>• Hur kan dessa skillnader tolkas och förstås utifrån Luhmanns systemteoretiska analys av den moderna familjen?</p><p>Vår studie är ett teoretiskt arbete och grundar sig på litteraturstudier. För att kunna besvara våra frågeställningar har vi inspirerats av och löst anknutit oss till en abduktiv metod. Undersökningen tar sin utgångspunkt dels i en nyligen gjord studie av Åsa Andersson, Inte samma lika (2003), och dels i den internationellt erkände sociologen Niklas Luhmanns systemteori och hans analys av intima relationer och familjen.</p><p>För att kunna få en sociologisk samhällsteoretisk förståelse för och kunna placera in familjen i det moderna samhällets kontext presenterar vi de delar av Luhmanns teori och begreppsapparat som vi ansåg relevanta för ämnet. Det gör vi för att kunna förstå hur familjen fungerar i det moderna samhället.</p><p>Sammanfattningsvis kan vi konstatera att de skillnader i synen på intim- och familjerelationer som flickorna har att förhålla sig till finns i såväl den offentliga som den privata sfären. Skillnaderna är flera under respektive sfär men de mest framträdande skillnaderna handlar om moral och förnuft där familjen och den egna etniska gruppen använder mekanismer som skam och skuld för att reducera en ökad kontingens och komplexitet som råder i det moderna samhället. Utifrån flickornas beskrivningar kan vi förstå att deras förväntningar i hög grad skiljer sig från föräldrarnas såväl i valet av äktenskapspartner, hemarbete, mer frihet och ökad jämställdhet i form av utbildning och ekonomiskt oberoende. Utifrån en systemteoretisk synvinkel kan vi även se skillnader på såväl generell som specifik nivå, förändringar av intima relationer kan alltså kopplas till samhällsutvecklingen och dess semantiska koder knutna till familjen som system.</p>