La France, comme d’autres pays, cherche à valoriser son excellence scientifique et à augmenter la compétitivité de ses petites et moyennes entreprises (PME) pour tirer plein profit de l’innovation et soutenir la croissance économique et l’emploi. Il n’y a pas, ni en France ni ailleurs, une politique spécifique de soutien à l’innovation dans les PME mais des politiques scientifiques et de la recherche industrielle, en particulier en faveur des petites entreprises, et des politiques d’innovation, dans lesquelles peuvent être identifiées des mesures spécifiques visant à promouvoir le développement technologique et l’innovation dans les PME. Cette étude s’intéresse à la façon dont en France, à travers les différentes époques, ces politiques publiques sont définies et organisées et s’interroge sur l’efficacité et l’impact des interventions publiques dans le développement de capacité d’innovation des PME françaises. Elle se déroule en trois parties, en respectant une chronologie historique correspondant aux grandes étapes de l’évolution des politiques depuis les années 1960-1970 jusqu’à présent. Ces trois parties analytiques sont enrichies par l’analyse du cas de l’Agence nationale de valorisation de la recherche (Anvar). A la fin de ce travail, nous suggérons que la France entre dans une phase critique où des réformes structurelles doivent être menées pour assurer le développement de la compétitivité des PME et de l’innovation. / France, like other countries, seeks to promote its scientific excellence and to increase the competitiveness of its small and medium enterprises (SMEs) by taking full advantage of innovation to sustain economic growth and employment. In France as in other countries, there is no specific policy to support innovation in SMEs but both science and industrial research policies, especially for small businesses, and innovation policies, in which can be identified specific measures to promote technological development and innovation in SMEs. This study focuses on "how", in France, such public policies are defined and organized through different periods and it questions the effectiveness and impact of public interventions aimed at developing French SMEs’ innovation capacity. The study is divided in three parts, following a historical chronology corresponding to major stages of political evolution from the years 1960-1970 till now. These three analytical parts are enriched by a case analysis of the French National Agency for Valorisation of the Research (Anvar). At the end of this study, we suggest that France is now entering a critical phase in which structural reforms have to be undertaken in order to ensure French SMEs’ innovation and competitiveness.

Submitted by Felipe Gomes (ffaffg@gmail.com) on 2017-12-18T19:52:26Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Felipe Gomes - MEX 2016 - FINAL-2_Completo.pdf: 1295396 bytes, checksum: 3da133e451de05e15275b0770b2d702b (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Janete de Oliveira Feitosa (janete.feitosa@fgv.br) on 2017-12-19T15:39:38Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Felipe Gomes - MEX 2016 - FINAL-2_Completo.pdf: 1295396 bytes, checksum: 3da133e451de05e15275b0770b2d702b (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-12-26T16:46:28Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Felipe Gomes - MEX 2016 - FINAL-2_Completo.pdf: 1295396 bytes, checksum: 3da133e451de05e15275b0770b2d702b (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-12-04 / This research addresses the theme of innovation management, seeking to identify the main obstacles to the generation of innovations in the electricity sector companies operating in Brazil, studying its intrinsic market and regulatory characteristics, employing the Sectoral Systems of Innovation approach.A qualitative research strategy and an exploratory methodology were adopted through multiple case studies in five electric sector companies, including a documental survey and interviewing of multiple agents.It was verified that the regulatory pressure prevails over the desire to innovate, leading companies to develop ineffective strategies for generating innovations. On the other hand, in an evolutionary process, , it was possible to observe that some companies are starting to differentiate themselves from others by seeking a more active role in the generation of innovations. Also in a process of evolution, it was possible to observe the strengthening of the Sectoral Systems of Innovation, potentially promoting research and development and the consequent generation of innovations.A lack of objective indicators capable of measuring the impact of innovations on the competitive performance of companies present in the Brazilian electricity sector, was a limitation for analyzing them comparatively.The results of this research point to the need of more effective management of innovation for it to induct real competitive advantages for these companies.A more effective management of innovation, and the consequential rise in the generation of innovations, will be a relevant factor in achieving a more diversified energy matrix, with lower environmental impacts and, mainly, lower electricity costs for consumers, thus increasing the country's competitiveness. / A pesquisa aborda a gestão da inovação, buscando identificar os principais entraves à geração de inovações nas empresas do setor elétrico atuantes no Brasil, estudando as características intrínsecas a este setor, tanto mercadológicas quanto regulatórias, por meio da abordagem do sistema setorial de inovação.Adotou-se uma estratégia de pesquisa qualitativa e uma metodologia exploratória por meio de estudos de casos múltiplos em cinco empresas do setor, incluindo levantamento documental e entrevistas a múltiplos agentes.Verificou-se que a pressão regulatória se sobrepõe ao desejo de inovar, fazendo com que as empresas desenvolvam estratégias pouco efetivas para a geração de inovações. Por outro lado, em um processo evolutivo, constatou-se que algumas empresas começam a se diferenciar das demais, ao buscar um papel mais ativo na geração de inovações. Também em um processo de evolução, se constatou o fortalecimento do sistema setorial de inovação, podendo favorecer a pesquisa e desenvolvimento e a consequente geração de inovações.A falta de indicadores objetivos que meçam o impacto de inovações sobre o desempenho competitivo das empresas atuantes no setor, tornou-se uma limitação para a avaliação comparativa entre as empresas. Os resultados encontrados indicam a necessidade de uma gestão mais efetiva da inovação para que ela venha a ser indutora de vantagem competitiva para as empresas. A melhoria da gestão da inovação no setor, e o consequente aumento na geração de inovações, pode ser um fator relevante para se alcançar uma matriz energética mais diversificada, com menor impacto ambiental e, especialmente, com custos de eletricidade mais baixos para os consumidores, aumentando assim a competitividade do país.

Native potatoes are an important element of food security both as a direct food source and as a cash crop for peasant producers in the Andes of Peru. Production is basically for self-consumption and the shift to commercialization is a challenge. As a response, the Papa Andina Initiative (COGEPAN) was initiated to promote market innovation and pro-vide relative advantage to producers to respond to emerging markets. Research is limited on the integration, information and communication in relation to social relations. Old and new nonreciprocal relations and roles among stakeholders, consequences of customary practices, undermine the ability of female peasant producers. Any process requires an un-derstanding of culture, traditions and the gendered practices of agricultural production. As the research was premised on a feminist perspective, a sequential explanatory and mixed design was utilized for obtaining background and contextual data in a way that coupled collecting sex-disaggregated data with iterative planning activities readjusting the research to sharpen its focus on women. The situation of Andean peasant women within modern-day agricultural innovation systems is influenced by traditions and cus-tomary laws embedded in the specific lifeworlds of peasant communities. In COGEPAN, gender relations and roles are changing from the macro to the individual levels. Each change opens up new opportunities to shape innovation and benefit women. The partici-patory nature of market chains unfolds spaces for women to reveal leadership abilities. Gender relations and innovation have shifted in their own areas of interest or spheres. However, other gender issues are still embedded in peasant farming systems and the na-tive market chain. Results allow the researcher to recommend further policy analysis. The full range of women’s and men’s activities, resources, and benefits has to be reflected in the assessment of the innovation system and continuing activities. Gendered socio-economic factors affecting the adoption of proposed technological or institutional innova-tions need to be considered. Structural obstacles have to be addressed by implementing policies that facilitate peasant women’s advancement. The design and implementation of policy and legislation have to acknowledge that communities are not homogeneous and mechanisms have to be context-specific to achieve equitable representation of women and men. / Government of Ontario, IDRC/AUCC - LACREG, University of Guelph