There is a growing body of literature which discusses the importance of systems of innovation (SOI) to modern economies. Systems which are innovative are characterised by organisations and institutions which identify weaknesses in current technologies, pursue new ideas through research and development, develop and produce technological innovations, and apply or distribute these for the collective benefit of the system. The literature suggests a number of structures which contribute to fostering systems of innovation. Efficiency in the production and exchange of knowledge is one of these.Tourism has been described as an economic system and recent public policy has recognised the importance of the production and exchange of knowledge for innovation in tourism. The distribution (or presentation) of secondary information resources (also referred to as “commodities”) has received particular attention from policy makers. The totality of information resources which is presented to information marketplaces at a point in time can be described as the information stock. Past commentary on the stock of tourism information in Australia indicates that inefficiencies may exist in the presentation and exchange of these resources in the marketplace.This research proposes a model of the marketplace for the exchange of tourism information commodities, the Tourism Information Commodity Marketplace (TICM). The model is applied to testing and identifying weakness in current production and exchange processes in Australia. In the research, the stock which is presented to the market is located, identified, catalogued and tested against the model to identify whether there are marketplace inefficiencies in the form of leakages. Leakages are the costs which tourism firms and organisations face as they try to address information needs by procuring and applying secondary information commodities.The research shows that a proportion of the presented stock can be moved efficiently from suppliers to consumers and is capable of meeting information needs of consumers at a point in time. However, a range of presentation and demand-side issues are identified which reduce the potential for knowledge-based innovation in tourism systems. These relate to language, access, availability, reliability, validity and coverage aspects which are associated with the stock and demand-side characteristics.The implications of this research for policy makers and suppliers of tourism information commodities are that dissemination weaknesses, in particular, must be addressed for the contribution of secondary information resources to innovation in tourism to be fully realised. For informatics researchers, the TICM is a valuable and adaptable tool for depicting and assessing marketplace dynamics where information is the commodity for exchange. It augments the understanding of the innovative potential of tourism stocks for systems of innovation as well as identifying potential barriers.

There is a growing body of literature which discusses the importance of systems of innovation (SOI) to modern economies. Systems which are innovative are characterised by organisations and institutions which identify weaknesses in current technologies, pursue new ideas through research and development, develop and produce technological innovations, and apply or distribute these for the collective benefit of the system. The literature suggests a number of structures which contribute to fostering systems of innovation. Efficiency in the production and exchange of knowledge is one of these.Tourism has been described as an economic system and recent public policy has recognised the importance of the production and exchange of knowledge for innovation in tourism. The distribution (or presentation) of secondary information resources (also referred to as “commodities”) has received particular attention from policy makers. The totality of information resources which is presented to information marketplaces at a point in time can be described as the information stock. Past commentary on the stock of tourism information in Australia indicates that inefficiencies may exist in the presentation and exchange of these resources in the marketplace.This research proposes a model of the marketplace for the exchange of tourism information commodities, the Tourism Information Commodity Marketplace (TICM). The model is applied to testing and identifying weakness in current production and exchange processes in Australia. In the research, the stock which is presented to the market is located, identified, catalogued and tested against the model to identify whether there are marketplace inefficiencies in the form of leakages. Leakages are the costs which tourism firms and organisations face as they try to address information needs by procuring and applying secondary information commodities.The research shows that a proportion of the presented stock can be moved efficiently from suppliers to consumers and is capable of meeting information needs of consumers at a point in time. However, a range of presentation and demand-side issues are identified which reduce the potential for knowledge-based innovation in tourism systems. These relate to language, access, availability, reliability, validity and coverage aspects which are associated with the stock and demand-side characteristics.The implications of this research for policy makers and suppliers of tourism information commodities are that dissemination weaknesses, in particular, must be addressed for the contribution of secondary information resources to innovation in tourism to be fully realised. For informatics researchers, the TICM is a valuable and adaptable tool for depicting and assessing marketplace dynamics where information is the commodity for exchange. It augments the understanding of the innovative potential of tourism stocks for systems of innovation as well as identifying potential barriers.

In this paper, we analyze, estimate and compare five prototypic models of innovation, from a simple learning-by-doing model to an elaborated model that includes financial, organizational and technological determinants of innovation. From the comparison of the five models we conclude that institutions - in particular the national system of innovation - and organizations matter. The importance of networks and the importance of information flows from different economic actors add to the explanatory power and gives the best model fit among all models specified. / Series: Department of Economics Working Paper Series

The main goal of this work is to develop an innovation framework for companies, with application on an existing company, that needs to pass through a process of innovation. In this document a new methodology is created by merging two theories into one. The first theory is a new created creative theory called "The Theory of Ten" (Teorie Deseti), in this case used for finding the initial conditions for innovation. The second theory is Systems Theory, more concretely Soft Systems Methodology. Both of the theories were partially adapted and merged to an unified unique methodology.

L'émergence défie la hiérarchie économique mondiale. C'est particulièrement la capacité des pays émergents à s'imposer sur des segments à forte valeur ajoutée de la chaîne globale de valeur qui renouvelle les enjeux de l'économie du développement. Nous optons de ce fait pour une lecture technologique de l'émergence. L'émergence par la technologie s'est appuyée sur des systèmes institutionnels divers. Nous cherchons dans cette thèse à caractériser la diversité des modèles socio-économiques de remontée technologique des pays émergents. En adaptant le cadre des systèmes sociaux de production et d'innovation (SSIP) de Amable, Barré et Boyer (1997) aux spécificités de ces pays, nous analysons les arrangements institutionnels observables dans 27 pays émergents en 2005 (science et technologie, éducation, insertion internationale, marchés des biens, du travail et financier) et mettons au jour la diversité des modèles d'émergence. Cinq architectures institutionnelles sont révélées : les SSIP cocktail, dirigiste, dé-centralisé, mené par la finance et libéralisé. Les complémentarités institutionnelles variables les soutenant expliquent qu'aucune homogénéisation ne se soit produite malgré les forces de la mondialisation. Il n'existe ainsi pas de structure optimale à mettre en place pour s'engager dans l'émergence. Au contraire nous montrons que, puisque ces cinq modèles créent des avantages comparatifs institutionnels divers, les stratégies de remontée technologique privilégiées doivent être adaptées. De cette façon, les facteurs de croissance majeurs à soutenir sont dépendants non pas de la distance à la frontière mais de l'architecture institutionnelle nationale. / Emerging countries challenge the world economic hierarchy. It is above all their capabilities to upgrade within the global value chain which offers new insights and poses new questions to development economists. For this reason, we choose to study emergence into the technological prism.Different institutional systems have sustained technological emergence. In this thesis, we want to characterize the diversity of socio-economic models of technological upgrading in emerging countries. By adapting the Social Systems of Innovation and Production (SSIP) framework of Amable, Barré & Boyer (1997) for the study of 27 emerging countries in 2005, we analyse their institutional arrangements through six key domains (science and technology, education, international insertion, products, labour and financial markets) in order to observe the diversity of emerging models. We reveal the existence of five institutional architectures: cocktail, directed, de-centralised, finance-led and liberalised models. There is no world homogenisation even in an intense globalisation period because various institutional complementarities sustain these models. No optimal structure has to be adopted to enter into emergence. On the contrary, we show that, as institutional comparative advantages differ among this five emerging models, technological upgrading strategies have to be suitable. In this way, growth enhancing factors depend on national institutional architecture rather than on proximity to world technological frontier.

Este trabalho visa investigar as demandas do setor empresarial voltadas às políticas de Ciência, Tecnologia e Inovação no Brasil a partir de 1990. São o foco central deste estudo entender como se processa a relação entre os principais atores do Sistema Nacional de Inovação (SNI) brasileiro e evidenciar como a Anpei, Anprotec e Abipti articulam às demandas empresariais e às políticas públicas para inovação. Questiona-se neste trabalho se as demandas do setor empresarial privado brasileiro têm sido contempladas pelas políticas de CT&I a partir dos anos 1990. Em um primeiro momento foram coletados dados e informações da Anpei, Anprotec e Abipti acerca do tema inovação tecnológica e das demandas empresariais em CT&I. Na seqüência, foram realizadas entrevistas com representantes de cada uma das três instituições. Além disso, foram reunidos dados e informações de outras associações como CNI, Fiesp, Firjan e IEDI. Da investigação realizada pode-se concluir que a partir dos anos 1990 tem aumentado a participação do setor empresarial na discussão de temas ligados à inovação. Todavia, os resultados dessa interface com o governo ainda mostram-se pouco efetivos em termos de atendimento de suas demandas. Verifica-se que falta uma cultura de inovação do setor empresarial bem como planejamento estratégico tanto por parte de governo e empresas para a formulação e implementação de políticas de inovação eficazes no país. / This study seeks to investigate the Science, Technology and Innovation (ST&I) demands of the private sector in Brazil since the 1990s by advancing understanding on how the relationship between the key National Systems of Innovation (NSI) actors operates. It also outlines how the Anpei, Anprotec and Abipti articulate private sector demands and public polices for innovation. The dissertation seeks to explore the extent to which the demands of the Brazilian private sector have been contemplated in the formulation of ST&I policies since the 1990s. In a first stage, data and information related to technology innovation and the ST&I demands of the private sector were collected from the Anpei, Anprotec and Abipti. Following these efforts, interviews with representatives of each institution were carried out. In addition, data from other business associations like CNI, Fiesp, Firjan and IEDI were also collected. Based on the analysis of this data, I conclude that there has been an increase in the participation of the private sector with respect to discussions on topics related to innovation. However, the results from the interface of this sector with the public sector have had limited effectiveness as the demands of private firms remain unmet. I also find that there is a lack of culture of innovation in the private sector, as well as strategic planning on the part of both the public and private sectors, and that these factors impede the formulation and implementation of more effective innovation policies.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-12-23T14:00:40Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Sergio Antonio Ribeiro Campos.pdf: 493154 bytes, checksum: 160d673adcd3031be8fd4b5cdb2acaaa (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-06-28 / O presente trabalho dedica-se à avaliação de como um projeto de cooperação para a produção de conhecimentos (o projeto Genolyptus) representa uma articulação entre os elementos do sistema de inovação do setor de papel e celulose brasileiro. Buscou-se o entendimento do projeto sob a perspectiva de um de seus participantes, a Aracruz Celulose, analisando como a empresa se insere no sistema setorial e verificando o impacto gerado pela inserção da empresa no SSI na evolução da Aracruz. Para isso, estabeleceu-se um entendimento dos principais determinantes da inovação, segundo a tradição Freeman-Aalborg da abordagem dos sistemas de inovação. Tal tradição fundamenta-se em três pilares básicos: o conhecimento, os processos de aprendizado e as interações entre os diversos atores dos SI. O foco principal de análise desta tradição refere-se ao âmbito espacial, mais especificamente ao nível nacional, com interesse no confronto de estratégias de política econômica e padrões econômicos. Porém, outros níveis de análise derivam da referida tradição a exemplo do caso aqui analisado. A abordagem dos SI utilizada neste trabalho é aquela que se dedica especificamente ao nível setorial. Nessa, o interesse está em entender como tecnologias e produtos se desenvolvem em setores específicos, quais são seus elementos básicos e qual a influência de cada um dos elementos na evolução destas tecnologias e produtos. Esta dissertação ressalta que a articulação dos elementos dos sistemas setoriais de inovação, tanto no projeto Genolyptus quanto na evolução da Aracruz, tem grande impacto no desenvolvimento de inovações. Ressalta-se, também, o importante papel desempenhado pelo Estado e a importância da base de conhecimento acumulada, dos processos de aprendizado e dos relacionamentos e interações entre diferentes atores do sistema no desenvolvimento de inovações / Twitter is a online microblogging, launched in 2006, with updates (tweets) limited to 140 characters, allowing its use also on mobile devices like phones. The objective of this study was to characterize the relationships present in Twitter, including interpersonal relationships between individuals and groups and between the individual and society, from the contents of the updates posted and interviews with users of the platform. We used as reference the work of Robert Hinde, which emphasizes the study of basic descriptive relationships, considering its internal aspects and different levels of complexity, namely, interactions, relationships, groups and society. Also referenced theories from the analysis of social networks, such as the theory of small worlds, of weak ties and networks without scale. A qualitative research study consisted of two phases, the first documentary in nature, in which the posts were analyzed (n = 2000) of 200 users taking as criteria capixabas dialogue, theme and functionality in order to establish categories of relationship. The second phase consisted of interviews of users (n = 10) dealing with topics concerning the use of Twitter and its role in social relations of the participants, including their interpersonal relationships with groups and with society more broadly seeking to identify changes brought by Twitter for relationships. Data analysis led to the conclusion that settle on the platform two types of relationship. A first, in which Twitter is used as a device of external relationships social media reproducing its aspects and demands. A second, where relationships are based on the information exchange, in which the traded value in relationships is the quality of the content of the messages from subjective criteria of interest, preference and characteristics. In this relationship, the attraction is linked to users who have power over certain type of information that is valued by its influence leading to the notion of social capital. This value is user perceived second personal qualities, your network location and type of interactions that produces it must be capable of producing transfer actions and responses. Furthermore, it was found that the desired values in the network influence the production of interaction

[pt] A partir de meados do século XX, os avanços científicos e tecnológicos desencadearam uma onda de transformações que vem atingindo as sociedades em seus aspectos: cultural, social, político, comportamental e econômico. Neste contexto, empresas intensivas em conhecimento ou de base tecnológica, como as do setor de software, vêm ganhando espaço no cenário econômico e galgando importantes posições nos mercados. Há um resgate da dimensão local na atividade produtiva e a discussão sobre temas como desenvolvimento regional sustentável, Arranjos Produtivos Locais - APLs e PLOLHX de inovação tem sido cada vez mais constante. O presente trabalho buscou analisar, sob o ponto de vista dos atores locais, os fatores de atração e fixação de empresas de software na região do município de Juiz de Fora, Zona da Mata de Minas Gerais. Para tanto, foram levantados alguns dados e realizadas entrevistas com diferentes atores, cuja análise permitiu entender melhor as possibilidades e dificuldades da região em relação ao processo de atração e manutenção das empresas deste setor e sugerir caminhos, que possam levar a forma mais adequada para realização dos dois processos supracitados. Este estudo pretende fornecer subsídios para futuras políticas de atração de investimentos para a região e para a busca de alternativas de desenvolvimento regional sustentado. / [en] From the late 20th century on all the scientific and technological advances occurred have brought a wave of changing`s on several aspects of our society such as cultural, political, behaviorism and economical which have made intensive knowledge enterprises or those based in technologies like software production ones to win more space in the economic scenario and reach important positions in the markets. There has been a rescue of the local dimension in the productive activities and the discussions around subjects as sustainable developing in particular regions, Local Productive Arrangements - APL, new ways of innovation, among others, have been getting more importance each day. This work has the intention of analyzing the factors of attraction and establishment of software enterprises in the Juiz de Fora, Minas Gerais surroundings, under the local actors` point of view. Therefore some data were obtained from interviews with different actors and their analysis is going to make it better to understand both the possibilities and difficulties in the processes of attracting and maintaining these kind of enterprises in the considered region and it`s going to suggest actions to bring the most suitable ways to make sure the two of the processes already mentioned happen. This study is also going to present sources for future investment policies to the region and alternatives for sustainable developing.

Este trabalho visa investigar as demandas do setor empresarial voltadas às políticas de Ciência, Tecnologia e Inovação no Brasil a partir de 1990. São o foco central deste estudo entender como se processa a relação entre os principais atores do Sistema Nacional de Inovação (SNI) brasileiro e evidenciar como a Anpei, Anprotec e Abipti articulam às demandas empresariais e às políticas públicas para inovação. Questiona-se neste trabalho se as demandas do setor empresarial privado brasileiro têm sido contempladas pelas políticas de CT&I a partir dos anos 1990. Em um primeiro momento foram coletados dados e informações da Anpei, Anprotec e Abipti acerca do tema inovação tecnológica e das demandas empresariais em CT&I. Na seqüência, foram realizadas entrevistas com representantes de cada uma das três instituições. Além disso, foram reunidos dados e informações de outras associações como CNI, Fiesp, Firjan e IEDI. Da investigação realizada pode-se concluir que a partir dos anos 1990 tem aumentado a participação do setor empresarial na discussão de temas ligados à inovação. Todavia, os resultados dessa interface com o governo ainda mostram-se pouco efetivos em termos de atendimento de suas demandas. Verifica-se que falta uma cultura de inovação do setor empresarial bem como planejamento estratégico tanto por parte de governo e empresas para a formulação e implementação de políticas de inovação eficazes no país. / This study seeks to investigate the Science, Technology and Innovation (ST&I) demands of the private sector in Brazil since the 1990s by advancing understanding on how the relationship between the key National Systems of Innovation (NSI) actors operates. It also outlines how the Anpei, Anprotec and Abipti articulate private sector demands and public polices for innovation. The dissertation seeks to explore the extent to which the demands of the Brazilian private sector have been contemplated in the formulation of ST&I policies since the 1990s. In a first stage, data and information related to technology innovation and the ST&I demands of the private sector were collected from the Anpei, Anprotec and Abipti. Following these efforts, interviews with representatives of each institution were carried out. In addition, data from other business associations like CNI, Fiesp, Firjan and IEDI were also collected. Based on the analysis of this data, I conclude that there has been an increase in the participation of the private sector with respect to discussions on topics related to innovation. However, the results from the interface of this sector with the public sector have had limited effectiveness as the demands of private firms remain unmet. I also find that there is a lack of culture of innovation in the private sector, as well as strategic planning on the part of both the public and private sectors, and that these factors impede the formulation and implementation of more effective innovation policies.

This dissertation presents a multilevel model of national-level factors and their impact on the organizational-level characteristics of social enterprises and their innovations. This study builds on the foundations of two theoretical frameworks: the national systems of innovation, which recognizes economic competitiveness to be a product of several interrelated institutions (e.g. financial, educational, cultural, historical) and where organizational-level innovation drives country level competitiveness; and the comparative social enterprise framework, which contends that national-level institutions (e.g., economic competitiveness, models of civil society) drive the size and shape of the social enterprise sector of a country. Data for this study were collected from multiple secondary global datasets representing 54 countries across seven world regions. Research questions and hypotheses are examined using ordinal and logistic hierarchical generalized linear modeling, two analytical techniques capable of explaining variation at one level (i.e., organizations) as a consequence of factors at another level of analysis (i.e., countries) for non-normally distributed dependent variables. Findings indicate that economic competitiveness, welfare spending, culture and quality of life significantly impact the odds of a business being a social enterprise. Fewer significant relationships were found social enterprise innovations. Conclusions and policy implications are discussed in light of data limitations and the current state of the field.