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No. of bitstreams: 1 PDF - Nathália Alexandra de Oliveira Cartaxo.pdf: 1587194 bytes, checksum: 60766da222502f8476607dd32500b432 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-04-22 / The aim of this study was to characterize the vegetable raw material, as well as analyze the phytochemical profile, cytotoxicity and antimicrobial activity of the leaf extract of Syzygium cumini (L.) Skeel on microorganisms associated with dental biofilm. The characterization was performed by the determination of physicochemical properties: particle size, apparent uncompressed density, pH, ash content and loss on drying powder of Syzygium cumini plant drug L. Skeels and application of analytical techniques (electron microscopy scanning, thermal analysis - Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and Termogravimetry (TG), X-ray diffraction and infrared spectroscopy) to characterize and implement a quality control of the lyophilized extract of leaves jambolan, which has antimicrobial property. In addition, was determined the antimicrobial activity of the extract of Syzygium cumini (L.) Skeel on microorganisms associated with dental plaque, as well as the phytochemical profile and cytotoxicity. The antimicrobial activity was performed by microdilution broth. Was determined Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC), Minimum Bactericidal Concentration (MBC) and Minimum Fungicidal Concentration (MFC) of the lyophilized extract against Streptococcus mutans (ATCC 25175), Streptococcus parasanguis (ATCC 903), Streptococcus oralis (ATCC 10557), Streptococcus salivarius (ATCC 7073) and Candida albicans (ATCC 10231). Phytochemical analysis was performed by spectroscopy in the visible region and was quantified polyphenols, flavonoids, condensed tannins and total saponins. Cytotoxicity was measured by the hemolysis method. The results demonstrate that particle size of the powder leaves of S. cumini is thick, the pH is acidic and has good density. The ash content and loss on drying were within the parameters recommended by the Pharmacopoeia. The analysis of the extract showed a typical feature of plant extracts, in other words, the particles showed amorphous property. Furthermore, such particles could be observed in the microscopy irregularly shaped, forming agglomerates of different sizes and morphology. In thermal characterization of the extract, five events of decomposition, presented by TG and DSC curves occurred; this had endothermic characteristic. The IR spectrum suggested various functional groups of compounds present in the lyophilized extract in different absorption bands.For Streptococcus, S. cumini was only active against S. mutans and S. oralis (MIC 1mg/mL).The extract showed potential antifungal activity against C. albicans, demonstrating strong fungistatic and fungicidal activity. The quantification of secondary metabolites obtained satisfactory results, especially with high concentrations of total polyphenols and saponins. The extract showed low cytotoxicity. Therefore, the profile of leaves of S. cumini was drawn, showing up in general good physico-chemical, chemical and thermal characteristics. S. cumini has a good antimicrobial potential, with acceptable levels of phytochemicals and compounds with low cytotoxicity and is therefore recommended for use with safety and efficacy in the prevention and treatment of diseases resulting biofilm. / O objetivo desse estudo foi caracterizar a matéria prima vegetal, bem como analisar o perfil fitoquímico, a citotoxicidade e a atividade antimicrobiana do extrato de folhas de Syzygium cumini (L.) Skeel sobre microrganismos associados ao biofilme dental. A caracterização foi realizada por meio da determinação de propriedades físicoquímicas: granulometria, densidade aparente não compactada, pH, teor de cinzas e teor de água do pó da droga vegetal de Syzygium cumini L. Skeels e aplicação de técnicas analíticas (microscopia eletrônica de varredura, análise térmica– Calorimetria Exploratória Diferencial (DSC) e Termogravimetria (TG), difração de raio-X e espectroscopia de infravermelho - IV) para caracterizar e verificar a autenticidade do extrato liofilizado de folhas de jambolão, que possui propriedade antimicrobiana. Além disso, determinou-se a atividade antimicrobiana do extrato de Syzygium cumini(L.) Skeel sobre microrganismos associados ao biofilme dental, assim como o perfil fitoquímico e a citotoxicidade. A atividade antimicrobiana foi realizada através da técnica de microdiluição em caldo. Determinou-se a Concentração Inibitória Mínima (CIM), Concentração Bactericida Mínima (CBM) e Concentração Fungicida Mínima (CFM) do extrato liofilizado frente a Streptococcus mutans (ATCC 25175), Streptococcus parasanguis (ATCC 903), Streptococcus oralis (ATCC 10557), Streptococcus salivarius (ATCC 7073) e Candida albicans (ATCC 10231). A análise fitoquímica foi realizada por espectroscopia na região visível e quantificou-se polifenóis, flavonóides, taninos condensados e saponinas totais. A citotoxicidade foi realizada pelo método de hemólise. Os resultados de granulometria demonstram que o pó de folhas de S. cumini é grosso, apresenta boa densidade e o pH é ácido. O teor de cinzas e o teor de água estiveram dentro dos parâmetros preconizados pela Farmacopeia. A análise do extrato mostrou uma característica típica de extratos vegetais, ou seja, as partículas apresentaram propriedade amorfa. Além disso, essas partículas puderam ser observadas nas microscopias com formatos irregulares, formando aglomerados de diferentes tamanhos e morfologia. Na caracterização térmica do extrato, ocorreram cinco eventos térmicos, apresentados por curvas de DSC e TG, de caráter endotérmico. O espectro de IV sugeriu diversos grupos funcionais dos compostos presentes no extrato liofilizado, em distintas bandas de absorção. Para Streptococcus, Syzygium cumini só foi ativo frente a Streptococcus mutans e aStreptococcus oralis(CIM de 1mg/mL). O extrato apresentou grande potencial antifúngico sobre C. albicans, demonstrando forte atividade fungistática e fungicida. A quantificação de metabólitos secundários obteve resultados satisfatórios, especialmente com altas concentrações de saponinas e polifenóis totais. O extrato apresentou baixa citotoxicidade. Portanto, o perfil de folhas de S. cumini foi traçado, mostrando-se no geral com boas características físico-químicas, químicas e térmicas. S. cumini é uma planta com bom potencial antimicrobiano, com aceitáveis concentrações de compostos fitoquímicos e com baixa citotoxicidade, sendo por isso recomendada a sua utilização com segurança e eficácia na prevenção e tratamento de doenças decorrentes do biofilme dental.

Publicación a texto completo no autorizada por el autor / Manifiesta que las propiedades antioxidantes del extracto acuoso del epicarpio de Syzygium malaccense (L.), “Poma Rosa”, fueron investigadas al emplear pruebas in vivo a través de un modelo farmacológico que tuvo por agente pro-oxidante al tetracloruro de carbono (CCl4). El hígado de los animales de prueba intoxicados con CCl4 exhibió una disminución significativa de los niveles de superóxido dismutasa (SOD), catalasa (CAT) y glutatión peroxidasa (GPx). Adicionalmente, este órgano exhibió un incremento significativo en el nivel de malondialdehído (MDA). Estos cambios fueron revertidos significativamente luego del tratamiento con el extracto acuoso de poma rosa y el tratamiento estándar de vitamina C. De esa manera, pudo ser concluido que la muestra posee propiedades antioxidantes, y como una fuente natural de antioxidantes con posibles aplicaciones en la industria médica y de los alimentos. Dentro del extracto acuoso fueron encontradas antocianinas y flavonoles, a los cuales posiblemente puede atribuírseles el potencial antioxidante. / Tesis

Submitted by Automa??o e Estat?stica (sst@bczm.ufrn.br) on 2015-11-06T14:33:38Z No. of bitstreams: 1 GabrielaMedeirosAraujo_DISSERT.pdf: 6196726 bytes, checksum: bb286b387ac4454fac5063e624581413 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Elisangela Moura (lilaalves@gmail.com) on 2015-11-06T14:49:38Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 GabrielaMedeirosAraujo_DISSERT.pdf: 6196726 bytes, checksum: bb286b387ac4454fac5063e624581413 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2015-11-06T14:49:38Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 GabrielaMedeirosAraujo_DISSERT.pdf: 6196726 bytes, checksum: bb286b387ac4454fac5063e624581413 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-03-26 / A Helicobacter pylori ? uma bact?ria espiralada, Gram negativa, m?vel emicroaer?bia reconhecida como uma das principais causas de gastrite, ?lcera, c?ncerg?strico e do linfoma de c?lulas B de baixo grau de tecido linfoide associado ? mucosa(MALT), se constituindo um microrganismo em destaque na ?rea da microbiologiam?dica. Sua import?ncia se deve ? dificuldade de tratamento, devido ? necessidade douso concomitante de v?rios medicamentos al?m do crescente surgimento de cepasresistentes e multirresistentes aos antibi?ticos empregados na cl?nica. Com o intuito deampliar a gama de op??es terap?uticas eficazes e seguras, ultimamente, vem sendointensificados estudos qu?micos sobre plantas medicinais, seja atrav?s da obten??o deextratos, fra??es, compostos isolados ou ?leos essenciais que apresentem algum tipode atividade biol?gica. Diante do exposto, objetivouseavaliar a atividade inibit?ria deextratos vegetais oriundos do Syzygium cumini e Encholirium spectabile, plantas comhist?rico de a??o anti?lceras, e do ?leo essencial obtido do S. cumini frente a H. pylori(ATCC 43504) utilizando a t?cnica de difus?o em disco, para avalia??o qualitativa, e adetermina??o da concentra??o inibit?ria m?nima (CIM), atrav?s da t?cnica demicrodilui??o em caldo, para an?lise quantitativa. Tamb?m foi avaliada a toxicidade invitro dos extratos a partir de ensaio hemol?tico, utilizando eritr?citos de carneiro, e emcultura de c?lulas HeLa e VERO, pelo ensaio colorim?trico de viabilidade celularutilizando o MTT. Os extratos de ambos vegetais empregados nos ensaiosantimicrobianos n?o inibiram o crescimento bacteriano, em contrapartida o ?leoessencial do S. cumini (SCFO) mostrouseeficaz, exibindo CIM de 205 ?g/mL (dilui??oequivalente a 0,024% do ?leo bruto). Quanto ao ensaio hemol?tico, o mesmo ?leo aindaexibiu toxicidade intermedi?ria ao promover 25% de hem?lise a 1000 ?g/mL. Em rela??o? citotoxicidade em cultura de c?lulas, o SCFO, a 260 ?g/mL, comprometeu a viabilidadecelular de cerca de 80% das c?lulas HeLa e 50% das c?lulas VERO. Portanto o ?leoobtido das folhas do S. cumini apresenta potencial antibacteriano frente a H. pylori epotencial citot?xico, sugerindoseuma fonte de novas mol?culas candidatas a f?rmacos,desde que novas etapas de toxicidade in vitro e in vivo assim como caracteriza??oqu?mica sejam avaliadas. Al?m disso, o desenvolvimento de um sistema de libera??o def?rmacos pode resultar em um prot?tipo a ser utilizado em testes pr?cl?nicos. / Helicobacter pylori is a spiral, Gram negative, mobile, and microaerophilic bacteria recognized as a major cause of gastritis, ulcer, gastric cancer, and gastric low grade, B cell, mucosa ? associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) lymphoma, constituting an important microorganism in medical microbiology. Its importance comes from the difficulty of treatment because the requirement of multiple drugs use, besides the increasing emergence of resistant and multiresistant strains to antibiotics used in th e clinic. In order to expand safe and effective therapeutic options , chemical studies on medicinal plants by obtaining extracts, fractions, isolated compounds or essential oils with some biological activity has been intensified . Given the above, the objective was to evaluate the inhi bitory activity of organic extracts derived from Syzygium cumini and Encholirium spectabile, with antiulcer history, and the essential oil, obtained from S. cumini, against H. pylori (ATCC 43504) by the disk diffusion method, for qualitative evaluation, an d determination of minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) using the broth microdilution method, for quantitative analysis. Also was evaluated the extracts in vitro toxicity by a hemolytic assay using sheep red blood cells, and VERO and HeLa cells using the MTT assay to analyze cell viability. The extracts of both plant used in antimicrobial assays did not inhibit bacterial growth, however the essential oil of S. cumini (SCFO) proved effective, showing MIC value of 205 ?g/mL (0.024 % dilution of the original oil). In the hemolytic assay, the same oil shows moderate toxicity, by promote 25% hemolysis at 1000 ?g/mL. Regarding the cytotoxicity in cell culture, the SCFO, at 260 ?g/mL, affected the cell viability around 80% of HeLa and 50% of VERO cells. So the oi l obtained from S. cumini leaves has antimicrobial activity against H. pylori and cytotoxicity potential, suggesting a source of new molecule drug candidates, since new stages of toxicity in vitro and in vivo, as well, chemical characterization be evaluate d. Moreover, the development of a prospective drug delivery system can result in a prototype to be used in preclinical tests.

Magister Pharmaceuticae - MPharm / Syzygium cordatum is a medicinal plant indigenous to South Africa and Mozambique, commonly used to treat stomach aches, diabetes, respiratory problems and tuberculosis. In spite of the folklore use, adequate scientific data to credit its widespread traditional use is lacking. The objectives of this study were: to evaluate and validate scientifically the successful therapeutic claims by traditional medicine practitioners that Syzygium cordatum is effective in treating diarrhoea and diabetes; to determine the effects of the plant extract on gastrointestinal transit of a charcoal meal in mice; to determine the effects on castor oilinduced intestinal fluid accumulation; to determine the safety profile of the plant by carrying out acute toxicology study and to carry out preliminary screening of the active compounds present in the plant using standard phytochemical analytical procedures. The aqueous leaf extract of Syzygium cordatum (3.125 -50mg/kg, p.o) significantly reduced the faecal output caused by castor oil (0.7ml). All the doses used, reduced faecal output from 100% produced by castor oil to between 40 and 61%. S.cordatum (6.25 – 50mg/kg, p.o) significantly and in a dose dependent manner, delayed the onset of castor oil-induced diarrhoea. / South Africa

The South African commercial forest industry is almost exclusively reliant on plantations of exotic trees, of which Eucalyptus spp. make up almost 50 %. Botryosphaeria spp. are important canker pathogens in these Eucalyptus plantations in South Africa. However, exotic plantations and their pathogens cannot be viewed separately from the related native flora. This study showed the importance of extending our knowledge on pathogens that occur on related native and exotic hosts, and which can pose a threat by cross infection between these host groups. In Chapter 1, a review of the literature concerning Botryosphaeria spp. that occur on Eucalyptus in its native range and exotic plantations is presented. It is clearly shown that Botryosphaeria spp. are important pathogens on Eucalyptus in exotic plantations worldwide, causing various symptoms on this host. Botryosphaeria spp. are also important canker pathogens in Eucalyptus plantations in South Africa. Traditional identification of this group of fungi, based on morphological characteristics, led to much confusion about their identity. However, in recent studies morphological characteristics were combined with DNA sequence data to distinguish and identify these fungi. Based on these data a few revisions have been done and new Botryosphaeria spp. were described on Eucalyptus. Botryosphaeria spp. recognised as pathogens on Eucalyptus in South Africa include B. dothidea, B. parva and B. eucalyptorum. Future studies should be focused on correct identification of Botryosphaeria spp. that occur on Eucalyptus, which is the first step towards preventing the spread of this group of pathogens and developing management strategies to control disease outbreaks. During the study on Botryosphaeria spp. on Syzygium cordatum, isolates of two Botryosphaeria spp. appeared to be undescribed. One of the undescribed species was represented by only one isolate and it was not named. The other species was described as the new Botryosphaeria anamorph within Lasiodiplodia, namely L. gonubiensis. This species grows endophytically on native S. cordatum in South Africa and is the first species in Lasiodiplodia to be found on native trees in the country. Identification of the new species was based on conidial and cultural morphology and DNA sequence data of the rDNA internal transcribed spacers, ITS1 and ITS2. Identification and description of L. gonubiensis is presented and discussed in Chapter 2. In total nine Botryosphaeria spp. were isolated from native Syzygium cordatum in South Africa. These include B. parva, B. ribis, B. lutea, B. australis, B. rhodina, B. dothidea, Fusicoccum mangiferum, Lasiodiplodia gonubiensis and an unknown Botryosphaeria sp. The isolates related to B. ribis, B. parva and F. mangiferum were the most abundant, while only one isolate represented B. dothidea. Species were identified based on morphological characteristics of their anamorphs combined with ITS rDNA sequence data. Some species, such as B. parva and B. ribis, could not be distinguished based on morphology or ITS rDNA data. A PCR-RFLP fingerprinting technique was, therefore, used to distinguish isolates of these two species. Once again this technique has proven useful and reliable in identification of Botryosphaeria isolates, including cryptic species. However, isolates of closely related B. lutea and B. australis could not be distinguished using this technique. It could be of interest to develop PCR-RFLP identification system that could be used in identification of the latter species. Identification and characterization of Botryosphaeria spp. are presented in Chapter 3. Isolates of all Botryosphaeria spp., obtained from native Syzygium cordatum in this study, caused lesions on the stems of Eucalyptus camaldulensis and S. cordatum in trials conducted under greenhouse conditions. Except for Fusicoccum mangiferum, all the other Botryosphaeria spp. were more pathogenic on Eucalyptus than on S. cordatum. The most pathogenic species on Eucalyptus were B. rhodina, B. ribis and B. lutea, whileF. mangiferum and B. ribis were the most pathogenic on S. cordatum. Botryosphaeria dothidea and L. gonubiensis were the least pathogenic on both hosts. The results obtained from this trial clearly show that Botryosphaeria spp. on S. cordatum pose a potential threat to exotic Eucalyptus plantations. Future study should be conducted under field conditions to evaluate data obtained in greenhouse trials. These results were presented and discussed in Chapter 4. The results presented in this study provide the first detailed information on Botryosphaeria spp. on the native Myrtaceae in South Africa. Most of the species isolated from Syzygium cordatum are not known on Eucalyptus in the country. All of the Botryosphaeria spp. obtained in this study are pathogenic to Eucalyptus, and thus pose a threat to this host. Large number of B. ribis, B. parva and F. mangiferum isolates obtained from the native S. cordatum could imply their origin in this region. Further sampling is needed on myrtaceous trees native to the Southern African region, as well as on Eucalyptus. Population studies on the most abundant and most pathogenic Botryosphaeria spp., should provide more information on the movement and origin of these pathogens. The results from this study also highlights the need for quarantine measures to avoid the introduction of new Botryosphaeria spp. or new strains that can be more pathogenic to either native or cultivated plants. Please cite as follows Pavlic, D 2004, Botryosphaeria species on native South African Syzygium cordatum and their potential threat to Eucalyptus , MSc dissertation, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, viewed yymmdd < http://upetd.up.ac.za/thesis/available/etd-02062006-112938/ > / Dissertation (MSc)--University of Pretoria, 2007. / Microbiology and Plant Pathology / MSc / Unrestricted

Submitted in partial compliance with the requirements of the Master’s Degree in Technology: Homoeopathy, Durban University of Technology, Durban, South Africa, 2016, / Background Diabetes mellitus is a metabolic disorder with various aetiologies, characterised by hyperglycaemia, resulting from defects of carbohydrate, fat and protein metabolism due to the deficient action of insulin on target tissues caused by insensitivity to or lack of insulin or both. The long term effects of diabetes mellitus frequently include retinopathy, nephropathy and neuropathy and an increased risk of other diseases such as cardiac, peripheral arterial and cerebrovascular disease. According to the International Diabetes Federation (IDF) 387 million people have diabetes mellitus and this number is predicted to rise to 592 million worldwide by 2035. In 2014 diabetes mellitus caused 4.9 million deaths worldwide and every 7 seconds a person dies from diabetes mellitus. The growing incidence of diabetes mellitus is a worldwide concern because of the increase of economic costs and burden of disease that is due to the cardiovascular complications and the co-morbidities. Objective The aim of this double-blind, randomised clinical trial was to determine the efficacy of Syzygium jambolanum (Java plum) 6CH and Syzygium jambolanum (Java plum) homoeopathic mother tincture on daily fasting blood glucose and glycosylated haemoglobin levels in type 2 diabetes mellitus patients on Metformin® in the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus. Material and Method A sample consisted of 24 volunteers selected on the basis of inclusion and exclusion criteria. These participants were then randomly divided into two groups, 13 in the group receiving the homoeopathic potency and 11 in the group receiving the homoeopathic mother tincture. Each participant attended a total of five consultations with the researcher over a period of 14 weeks that included a 2 week baseline period followed by a 12 week treatment period, at the Durban University of Technology (DUT) or Kenneth Gardens Homoeopathic Day Clinic. At each consultation a detailed and comprehensive homoeopathic case history (Appendix D) was taken and a physical examination (Appendix E) was performed by the researcher. Participants were required to fill in a log sheet (Appendix C1 and C2) with their fasting blood glucose readings daily for 14 weeks, which included a 2 week baseline period followed by a 12 week treatment period. Participants were also required to have their glycosylated haemoglobin measurements tested pre- and post-treatment. Results Both groups reflected a statistically significant reduction in fasting blood glucose levels as compared to the baseline. The mean fasting blood glucose level in week 1 was 11.8802 whereas in week 13 the mean blood glucose level was 8.6590 with a p value ≤ 0.05 for the Syzygium jambolanum 6CH group and the mean blood glucose level in week 1 was 9.0338 with a standard whereas in week 13 the mean blood glucose level was 6.8591 with a p value ≤ 0.05 in the Syzygium jambolanum homoeopathic mother tincture. However there was no significant differences between the two groups (Syzygium jambolanum 6CH and Syzygium jambolanum homoeopathic mother tincture), the significance score was 0.623 when comparing reduction in fasting blood glucose levels. Both groups reflected a statistically non-significant reduction in the glycosylated haemoglobin (HbA1C) and there were no significant differences between the two groups when comparing reduction in HbA1C levels. Conclusion Both homoeopathic preparations of Syzygium jambolanum (mother tincture and 6CH) significantly reduce fasting blood glucose levels in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. This result suggests that Syzygium jambolanum has beneficial anti-diabetic effects and warrants further investigation. / M

Submitted by Marcos Anselmo (marcos.anselmo@unipampa.edu.br) on 2016-04-07T20:44:18Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Jefferson Soares.pdf: 7799264 bytes, checksum: fc04d0379c90920ac308a760382c61a7 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-07T20:44:18Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Jefferson Soares.pdf: 7799264 bytes, checksum: fc04d0379c90920ac308a760382c61a7 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-04-25 / Syzygium cumini (L.) Skeels, known as jambolan, is one of the most medicinal plants used in folk medicine. Although it origin in the India, this species is cultivated in many countries, including Brazil. All parts of the species (leaves, seeds, fruit and bark) have a long history of medicinal use in several popular cultures. Leaves of Syzygium cumini (L.) Skeels are used for the treatment of fever, stomachalgia, gastropathy and mainly diabetes. The present study evaluated the antioxidant activity both in vitro and in vivo of three different extracts prepared from the leaves of Syzygium cumini (L.) Skeels. Antioxidant activity in vitro of the extracts was assessed by different methodologies such as scavenger of the DPPH radical, total antioxidant capacity and reducing power of the iron (III). As an in vivo model, we used Saccharomyces cerevisiae strains proficient and deficient in superoxide dismutase (SOD). Growth of the strains and lipid peroxidation were assessed after 24 hours exposure concomitantly to paraquat (pro-oxidant) and different concentrations of the extracts. The extracts showed to have antioxidant activity in vitro through the ability to donate electrons and hydrogen. In the in vivo assays, paraquat inhibited the growth and increased lipid peroxidation in strains treated only with paraquat. The three extracts were able to assist the growth of strains and reduce lipid peroxidation even in the presence of paraquat. The contents of phenolic compounds and flavonoids could be correlated with the antioxidant activity observed in the extracts. The results indicate that leaves of Syzygium cumini (L.) Skeels possess antioxidant activity which may contribute to their traditional use in treatment of many diseases. / A Syzygium cumini (L.) Skeels, conhecida como jambolão, é uma das plantas medicinais mais utilizadas na medicina popular. Apesar de ter origem na Índia, essa espécie é cultivada em diversos países, inclusive no Brasil. Todas as partes da espécie (folhas, sementes, frutos e casca) tem uma longa história de uso medicinal em várias culturas populares. As folhas são utilizadas para o tratamento de febre, estomalgia, gastropatia e principalmente diabetes. O presente estudo avaliou a atividade antioxidante tanto in vitro como in vivo de três diferentes extratos preparados a partir das folhas de Syzygium cumini (L.) Skeels. A atividade antioxidante in vitro dos extratos foi avaliada por diferentes metodologias como a captura do radical DPPH, capacidade antioxidante total e poder de redução do ferro (III). Como modelo in vivo, utilizou-se linhagens de Saccharomyces cerevisiae deficientes e proficientes em superóxido dismutase (SOD). O crescimento e a peroxidação lipídica das linhagens foram avaliadas após 24 horas de exposição simultânea ao paraquat (pró-oxidante) e a diferentes concentrações dos extratos. Os extratos mostraram ter atividade antioxidante in vitro através da habilidade de doação de elétrons e hidrogênio. Nos ensaios in vivo, o paraquat inibiu o crescimento e aumentou a peroxidação lipídica nas linhagens tratadas somente com paraquat. Os três extratos foram capazes de auxiliar o crescimento das linhagens e reduzir a peroxidação lipídica mesmo na presença do paraquat. O conteúdo de compostos fenólicos e flavonóides podem estar correlacionados com a atividade antioxidante dos extratos. Os resultados indicam que as folhas de Syzygium cumini (L.) Skeels possuem atividade antioxidante o que pode contribuir com o seu uso tradicional no tratamento de diversas doenças.

Syzygium cordatum is a medicinal plant indigenous to South Africa and Mozambique, commonly used to treat stomach aches, diabetes, respiratory problems and tuberculosis. In spite of the folklore use, adequate scientific data to credit its widespread traditional use is lacking. The objectives of this study were: to evaluate and validate scientifically the successful therapeutic claims by traditional medicine practitioners that Syzygium cordatum is effective in treating diarrhoea and diabetes / to determine the effects of the plant extract on gastrointestinal transit of a charcoal meal in mice / to determine the effects on castor oilinduced intestinal fluid accumulation / to determine the safety profile of the plant by carrying out acute toxicology study and to carry out preliminary screening of the active compounds present in the plant using standard phytochemical analytical procedures. The aqueous leaf extract of Syzygium cordatum (3.125 -50mg/kg, p.o) significantly reduced the faecal output caused by castor oil (0.7ml). All the doses used, reduced faecal output from 100% produced by castor oil to between 40 and 61%. S.cordatum (6.25 &ndash / 50mg/kg, p.o) significantly and in a dose dependent manner, delayed the onset of castor oil-induced diarrhoea.

Syzygium cordatum is a medicinal plant indigenous to South Africa and Mozambique, commonly used to treat stomach aches, diabetes, respiratory problems and tuberculosis. In spite of the folklore use, adequate scientific data to credit its widespread traditional use is lacking. The objectives of this study were: to evaluate and validate scientifically the successful therapeutic claims by traditional medicine practitioners that Syzygium cordatum is effective in treating diarrhoea and diabetes / to determine the effects of the plant extract on gastrointestinal transit of a charcoal meal in mice / to determine the effects on castor oilinduced intestinal fluid accumulation / to determine the safety profile of the plant by carrying out acute toxicology study and to carry out preliminary screening of the active compounds present in the plant using standard phytochemical analytical procedures. The aqueous leaf extract of Syzygium cordatum (3.125 -50mg/kg, p.o) significantly reduced the faecal output caused by castor oil (0.7ml). All the doses used, reduced faecal output from 100% produced by castor oil to between 40 and 61%. S.cordatum (6.25 &ndash / 50mg/kg, p.o) significantly and in a dose dependent manner, delayed the onset of castor oil-induced diarrhoea.

Resumo: Considerando-se a qualidade dos fitoterápicos, é importante salientar que a preocupação com esta questão inclui rigoroso acompanhamento das diferentes etapas do desenvolvimento e produção destes produtos, desde a coleta do vegetal até a disponibilidade do produto final. Neste trabalho foi realizado o estudo farmacognóstico do fruto de Syzygium cumini (L.) Skeels, popularmente conhecido como jambolão, no qual foram destacadas a otimização do processo extrativo, a determinação da atividade antimicrobiana do extrato bruto e a avaliação desta atividade após sua incorporação em um sabonete líquido. Análise fitoquímica preliminar dos frutos de S. cumini (L.) Skeels evidenciou taninos, flavonóides, antocianidinas, iridóides, alcalóides e heterosídeos fenólicos simples. Tendo como parâmetros o resíduo seco e a atividade antimicrobiana, os extratos foram testados frente aos microrganismos Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Enterococcus faecalis, Escherichia coli, Candida albicans e Candida krusei. Por meio da análise fatorial dos resultados do planejamento experimental, onde foi empregada granulometria de 0,302 mm do pó seco do fruto, constatou-se que a percolação constitui o melhor procedimento extrativo, e a mistura etanol: água (50:50) constitui o melhor solvente. Para a determinação da concentração inibitória mínima (CIM) do extrato foram usados os microrganismos S. aureus, S. epidermidis, P. aeruginosa, C. albicans, C. krusei e C. parapsilosis, partindo de uma concentração inicial de 10000 ìg/100 ìL. A concentração bactericida mínima (CBM) foi de 1250 ìg/100 ìL para a S. aureus, 625 ìg/100 ìL para a S. epidermidis e 2500 ìg/100 ìL para a P. aeruginosa e para a concentração fungicida mínima (CFM) foi de 2500 ìg/100 ìL. A incorporação do extrato de S. cumini... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo). / Abastract: The quality of the phytomedicines must be assured by means of close observation of the different stages of their development and production, which starts at the moment the plant is collected and finishes at the moment the product is put on the market. A pharmacognostic study of Syzygium cumini (L.) Skeelsfruits (popularly known as “jambolão”) was then performed, pointing out the optimization of the extractive process, the determination of the antimicrobial activity of the crude extract, and the assessment of such activity after its incorporation into the liquid soap. The phytochemical screening from the fruits of S. cumini (L.) Skeels demonstrated tannins, flavonoids, anthocyanins, iridoids, alkaloids and simple phenol heterosides. By using dry residue content and antimicrobial activity assessment methodologies, a fatorial analysis was accomplished, and considering a dry fruit powder granulometry of 0.302 mm, the results indicated percolation as the best extraction method, and the mixture ethanol: water (50:50) as the best solvent concentration. The microorganisms S. aureus, S. epidermidis, P. aeruginosa, C. albicans, C. krusei and C. parapsilosis were used to determine the minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) of the extract, starting from 10000 æg/100 æL. The minimal bactericidal concentration (MBC) to S. aureus, S. epidermidis and P. aeruginosa were 1250 æg/100 æL, 625 æg/100 æL and 2500 æg/100 æL respectively. And a minimal fungicidal concentration (MFC) of 2500 æg/100 æL. The liquid soap was then formulated, and had S. cumini (L.) Skeels extract added to its formulation leading, therefore, to an antiseptic activity that proved to be favorable considering the good results obtained. In the presence of S. aureus, S. epidermidis and P. aeruginosa at concentrations of 625 æg/100 æL, 312.5 æg/100 æL, and 1250 æg/100 æL, respectively... (Complete abstract, click electronic address below). / Orientador: Hérida Regina Nunes Salgado / Coorientador: Marcos Antonio Corrêa / Banca: Vera Lucia Borges Isaac Rangel / Banca: Telma Mary Kaneko / Mestre