The graduation thesis concerns the system of family support in France whose position among other national family policies is exceptional, as are the positive natality results. Historical development of French family policy has got considerably deep roots and its functioning has practically not changed since the World War Two. French system relies on a few specific features of which can be mentioned the family allowances awarded to families with two children in minimum independently of family earnings, preference of three-children family model, important role of tax-based instruments and organised representation of family interests. Also specialized help destined to incomplete families and populous families can not be forgotten. Because of the existence of the other ways of support the total financial expenditures in favour of families can not be reduced only to direct support represented by family grants which is often represented in international statistics. Another related problem is the living conditions of families with children, which is in general lower. In France thanks to all the assistance the living conditions get more favorable whereas the families with three and more children being the most advantaged. The system of French family policy can be compared with the Czech system. Situation in the Czech Republic is different especially as regards the magnitude of direct aid which was the main method of family support and targeted the poorest families. But by means of reforms and recently proposed measures the situation has been changing and the possible access to certain attributes of French system can be observed.

This diploma thesis deals with the effective taxation on labour in the Czech republic and compares these trends with the countries of the European Union on the basis of statistical data to Eurostat and the OECD. An effective tax rate is an indicator that measures actual tax burden on taxpayers. In the contrast with nominal rate, this indicator can take into account aspects of the tax system that affect the final tax. First, I deal closely with the indicators used to measure the tax distortion on labour. Emphasis is placed on the implicit tax rate created by Eurostat and which enables the comparison of the tax burden in the CR with the other member states of the Union. The next section gives an overview of the income tax reforms that took place in the CR since 1993. It follows the part of the analysis which compares the implicit tax rates on labour between EU member states. The last chapter describes the tax wedge which complements the analysis of implicit tax rates. I also investigate the impact of labour costs on the tax burden on taxpayers in the EU countries. The aim of this work is to analyze the development of effective tax rates on the labour in the Czech Republic from 1993 to present and identify causes of changes in comparison with EU countries.

The object of the diploma thesis is to analyse the environmental taxation in the OECD countries, to inform the readers about the development of environmental taxes and current trends in tax revenues from environmental taxes. The thesis is also focused on the structure of revenues from environmental taxes, the significant part is created by energy taxes, especially by taxes on motor fuels. Attention is also paid to taxation of carbon dioxide, according to the OECD the carbon taxes are one of the effective tools to reduce CO2 emissions, which is important to achieve the targets set under the Kyoto Protocol. The explicit carbon taxes are applied in the 12 tax systems of 12 OECD member countries and in the Canadian province of British Columbia. An increase of the countries applying carbon taxes since 2010 demonstrates the increased demand for this tool in recent years. The object of the last part of the thesis is to analyse whether declining tax burden on labour while increasing tax burden on energy is put into practice.

In my diploma thesis I deal with an effective tax rate on corporate income. The effective tax rate is an indicator that measures real tax burden, which is due to tax legislation different from tax burden corresponding with statutory tax rate. The aim of my thesis is to analyze the effective tax rate of corporations in Czech Republic and Germany in years 2005 and 2013. In first and second chapter I deal with tax systems in both countries. Following chapter is dedicated to determination methods of effective tax rates. In forth chapter are, based on data from Amadeus database, calculated the effective tax rates of corporations in Czech Republic and Germany. In fifth chapter I focus on causes of differences between effective and statutory tax rate and with reference to the lax I analyze the difference between effective tax rates in years 2005 and 2013.

This diploma thesis deals with legal, accounting and tax consequences of superficies and easements under the legal system of the Czech Republic. Description of the legal context both subjected institutes is focused on domestic evolution process, as well as historical excursion into the jurisdiction of other states and registration in the Land Registry. Further there is an analysis of superficies and easements reporting approaches of Czech accounting legislation and international accounting standards IAS/ IFRS. This section focuses mainly on the reporting of the superficies in the balance sheet of accounting entity according to the Czech accounting law with regard to the change between 2014 and 2015 and IAS/IFRS standards. Tax chapter deals with income tax, value added tax, transfer tax imposed on both institutes in the Czech tax law, including tax burden on inheritance and donation.

This thesis is concerned with effective rates of corporate income taxes in EU in 2011. The aim is comparison of effective rates of corporate income taxes in different sectors of particular states - EU members, measured by real effective tax rate. Another aim is comparison real effective rate od EU corporations with implicite corporate tax rates and uncover, whether the level of real effective tax rate and implicite tax rate depends on GDP in % EU-28, inflation, size of the company, research and development costs, or depreciation of machinery and buildings. Differences in real effective tax rate do exist not only in between EU members, but also in different sectors. Values of implicite tax rate in different countries differ in 2011. Analysis results show, that the only mutual factor, which influences value of real effective tax and implicite tax rates is size of the company. When talking about implicite tax rate, dependence on other factors is not approved. Moreover, real effective corporate tax rate is influenced by GDP in % EU-28, as well as research and development costs. Inflation rate and depreciation time of machinery and buildings are factors, that show no connection between both surveyed taxes. Increase relation betwee real and implicite corporate taxes rate is proved.

The issues of ensuring financial stability under the influence of various factors are relevant at the present stage. In the field of taxation, the financial stability of the organization is influenced by such a tax policy tool as the tax burden. The aim of the master's thesis is to study the effect of the tax burden on the financial stability of an industrial organization. The paper considers theoretical and applied aspects of the analysis of financial stability, tax burden, as well as issues of their relationship. The sources of information used educational and research literature, official statistics and financial statements of organizations. The master's thesis developed a methodological approach to assessing the impact of the tax burden on the financial stability of an organization, which is based on a phased calculation of the integrated indicator of financial stability, the tax burden indicator and their comparison on the basis of a comprehensive correlation and regression analysis, which allows one to obtain more reasonable estimates of financial stability and its changes under the influence of the tax policy of the state. / Вопросы обеспечения финансовой устойчивости под влияниями различных факторов являются актуальными на современном этапе. В области налогообложения на финансовую устойчивость предприятия оказывает влияние такой инструмент налоговой политики, как налоговая нагрузка. Целью магистерской диссертации является исследование влияния налоговой нагрузки на финансовую устойчивость промышленного предприятия. В работе рассматриваются теоретические и прикладные аспекты анализа финансовой устойчивости, налоговой нагрузки, а также и вопросы их взаимосвязи. В качестве источников информации использовались учебно-методическая и научно-исследовательская литература, официальные статистические данные и данные финансовой отчетности предприятий. В магистерской диссертации разработан методический подход к оценке влияния налоговой нагрузки на финансовую устойчивость предприятия, в основе которого положен поэтапный расчет интегрального показателя финансовой устойчивости, показателя налоговой нагрузки и их сопоставление на основе комплексного корреляционно-регрессионного анализа, который позволяет получить более обоснованные оценки финансовой устойчивости и ее изменения под влиянием налоговой политики государства.

本研究從長時間來觀察台灣香菸稅捐的累退程度變化，並且同時觀察台灣吸菸家庭具備何種特徵，以作為政府相關單位在制定租稅及菸害防制等政策的一個參考。利用行政主計處之「家庭收支調查報告」、台灣省菸酒公賣局之「臺灣地區菸酒事業統計年報」及學者研究等資料來進行累退性衡量，發現自1979年開始至2007年，我國香菸稅累退程度呈現加劇的情形，而各吸菸家庭則呈現出菸草消費支出金額愈高者戶長及家庭成員平均年齡愈低、教育程度較低、以及女性戶長比例下降等特徵。 由此結果可看出我國香菸稅累退程度並未減輕，低所得家庭反而較高所得家庭負擔為重，此外菸草消費支出較高的家庭由於平均教育程度較低，普遍缺乏吸菸會造成健康危害的風險認知，因此衛生醫療主管當局應加強菸害防制教育以利提升國民健康。 / This study observes the regressivity changes of cigarette taxation in Taiwan for long run and the features of smoking families in Taiwan to offer the government and relevant organization a reference in making taxation and tobacco hazards prevention policies. This study uses “Report on the Survey of Family Income and Expenditure in Taiwan Area of Republic of China” from 1979 to 2007, “Taiwan Tobacco and Wine Statistical Yearbook” and other scholars’ contribution to measure the regressivity of cigarette taxation. The results shows the regressivity of cigarette taxation in Taiwan is more and more severe from 1979 to 2007, and the smoking families which have higher tobacco expenditure shows the features of lower average age, lower education level, and lower percentage of female household head. This study concludes that the regressivity of cigarette taxation is more amd more severe, so the tax burden of lower income families is much serious than higher income families, and because of lower education level, the families with higher tobacco expenditure are popularly lack of risk perception which smoking hazards health. Therefore health and medical executive should reinforce tobacco prevention education to promote national health.

iv Abstract In this thesis on the effect of globalization on corporate income tax policies, we try to provide evidence that given the globalization-induced increased tax competition, countries are forced to lower their level of corporate income tax burden down to unsustainable levels or that they at least converge in their policies and levels of tax burden in order to attract international corporations through transparency. We find that no evidence to support such hypotheses is present in the OECD panel data of the last four decades with descriptive analysis, the general method of moments and the fixed effects estimation and we even find local evidence of an increase in the corporate income tax burden. Moreover, the OECD countries do not exhibit stronger convergence in their corporate income tax policies. Apart from the analysis of the general development of the corporate income tax burden, we find evidence that the level of tax burden is affected by the ratio of exports in the economy and correlated with the government indebtedness, outward FDI and the occurrence of the recent financial crisis. JEL Classification F23, F62, H25, H71, H87 Keywords globalization, corporate income tax, tax burden, tax competition, economic policy Author's e-mail vaclav.toman@gmail.com Supervisor's e-mail schneider@fsv.cuni.cz

This paper discusses the development of income tax of employees. The aim of this work is to model the real impact of legislative changes in the Czech Republic on the actual tax burden of employees with different incomes and propose optimal solution of tax calculation. The modelling is based on data containing gross salary, applicable tax allowances and tax reliefs for each employee of concrete production company in 2012. For the other years, the data are modelled from the given set using inflation. For comparison of the actual tax burden I use the effective tax rate, implicit tax rate and net implicit tax rate. The results of the calculations show that the tax deductions and the minimum and maximum base for social and health security contributions have the biggest effect on the tax rate. In the absence of tax deductions, the real tax burden for most employees according to the effective tax rate would have been almost constant over time. In fact, in terms of the effective tax rate the tax burden has declined slightly thanks to an increase in tax deductions. The results also show that the biggest differences in tax burden among employees are due to the (non) application of tax deductions.