nÃo hà / The reduction of the tax burden has been one of the main tools used by the Brazilian states in order to benefit companies established in their territories, with the objective of protecting the local market and especially the generation of employment. The Government of CearÃ, imbued with this purpose, promoted the reduction of the tax burden applied to the segments of Wholesale and Retail Footwear, using the systematic replacement tax with a aggregate of 55%, which is on average 24% lower that the rate of Additives practiced by such segments. In this work, through empirical tests, we will attest if the benefit granted promoted the extension of the tax base as a way to compensate the reduction of the tax burden. / A reduÃÃo da carga tributÃria tem sido um dos principais instrumentos utilizados pelos Estados brasileiros como forma de beneficiar empresas estabelecidas em seus territÃrios, tendo como objetivo proteger o mercado local e principalmente a geraÃÃo de emprego. O Governo Cearense, imbuÃdo desse propÃsito, promoveu a reduÃÃo da carga tributÃria aplicada aos segmentos de ComÃrcio Atacadista e Varejista de CalÃados, utilizando para tanto a sistemÃtica da substituiÃÃo tributÃria com uma agregaÃÃo de 55%, que à em mÃdia 24% menor que a Taxa de Adicionamento mÃdia praticada por tais segmentos. Nesse trabalho, atravÃs de testes empÃricos, iremos atestar se o benefÃcio concedido promoveu o alargamento da base tributÃria como forma de compensar a reduÃÃo da carga tributÃria.

This diploma thesis is focused on measuring the corporate tax burden with the implicit and statutory corporate tax rates within the European Union. The aim of this study is to compare tax burdens across the European Union. Furthermore, to determine whether the implicit tax rate on corporate income depends on the following factors; statutory tax rate, depreciation period of certain assets, tax preferences of research and development, investment incentives or the possibility of transfer of tax losses. In the period 1995 to 2010 the average statutory corporate tax rate decreased significantly. The development of average implicit tax rate on corporate income was not so clear. The differences exist mainly between the Old and New Member States. The performed analysis did not prove dependence of implicit tax rates on corporate income on the above mentioned factors.

The subject of this thesis is "Comparison of the corporation tax base in selected OECD countries". The main objective is comparison of corporation tax base legislation and its impact on the tax burden of corporations in Czech Republic, Austria and Cyprus. Sub-objectives are: analyzing the elements of corporation tax base in these countries, finding out how the asset depreciation is regulated in these countries and assess the impact of corporation tax base legislation on effective tax burden. For each country there are described elements that affect the tax base: subjects, incomes, expenses and other items deductible from the tax base. Impact on the tax burden is assessed using a model example and implicit tax rate on corporate income.

Este trabalho estuda a relação entre a formalização das firmas, detentoras de licença municipal ou estadual, e a formalização de seus empregados. Em função da simultaneidade entre os indicadores, utiliza-se o SIMPLES, que representa uma variação exógena na carga tributária relevante para as micro e pequenas empresas, alterando, portanto, os incentivos à formalização para essas firmas. Para avaliar essa relação, o estudo utiliza a base de dados da Economia Informal Urbana (ECINF) de 2003, disponibilizado pelo IBGE em parceria com o SEBRAE, sobre micro e pequenos negócios em áreas não rurais no Brasil. Os resultados indicam que firmas com licença que poderiam aderir ao SIMPLES apresentam um impacto positivo e estatisticamente significante sobre a probabilidade de formalização dos empregados. / This research studies the relationship between the formality of the enterprises, processing state or municipal license, and the formality of their employees. As result of the simultaneity between the indicators, it is used the Law of the Integrated System of Payment of Taxes and Contributions of the Micro and Small Enterprises (SIMPLES), that represents an exogenous variation on the tax burden that matters to micro and small enterprises. Therefore, modifying the incentives to the formality to these firms.. To analyze this relationship, the study uses the data base for Urban Informal Economy (ECINF) of 2003, available by IBGE in partnership with SEBRAE, about micro and small enterprises in non rural areas in Brazil. The results demonstrate that firms with license that could be benefited by SIMPLES show a positive impact and significant statistically on the probability of formalization of the employees.

[pt] Este trabalho apresenta os resultados de dois estudos empíricos utilizando a base de dados da Economia Informal Urbana (ECINF) do IBGE sobre micro negócios nas capitais do Brasil. O primeiro estudo avalia o impacto da introdução da lei do SIMPLES sobre a formalização das firmas. Introduzida em 1996, essa lei reduziu e simplificou a carga fiscal das micro e pequenas empresas brasileiras. Utilizando os métodos diferenças em diferenças e propensity score matching, verificou-se que a lei estimulou as firmas de comércio a entrarem no setor formal. O segundo estudo investiga a associação (matching) entre características observáveis dos empregados e seus empregadores. Foram encontradas evidências da existência de matching: os proprietários das firmas contratam trabalhadores com o mesmo sexo, faixa etária e nível educacional que o seu. Além disso, há evidências de que essa combinação afeta a escolha do contrato: empregados e empregadores parecidos têm mais chances de estabelecer contratos que remuneram o desempenho. / [en] This thesis explores the ECINF database, a survey conducted by the Brazilian Census Bureau that investigates micro- enterprises in Brazil, in two different aspects. First, the enactment of a new tax registration system (SIMPLES) is investigated. This system has reduced the tax collection of small and micro enterprises in Brazil. Using difference in difference and propensity score matching methods, it was found that the new system has increased the formality among firms in the retail sector. Second, the linked employer-employee nature of the data was used to study the issue of matching between employers and employees. The results indicate the presence of matching in the labor contracts. There is evidence that employers tend to contract workers with the same gender, age and educational level. Moreover, it is shown that this matching affects the contract form. People with the same gender and educational level prefer piece rate contracts.

The theme of the diploma thesis is "Progressive tax burden on households on income from individuals". The aim of this work is to examine the progressive burden on households of personal income tax, using model households. The purpose is also to determine which taxpayers and in which households have the greatest tax burden. The study is conducted using an average tax rate. The analysis is performed in years 2016, 2017 and 2018 on four taxpayers (which are different by the amount of gross wage), which are in five different types of households (according to their composition, taxpayers apply different types of discounts or tax advantages). The results of the thesis show that the higher the gross wage, the higher the average tax rate (the higher the tax burn on the taxpayer), which is also more balanced than the poorer taxpayers. There is a minimal difference between rates year-on-year. Personal income tax is progressive.

Šiame darbe per mokestinių pajamų lygio ir struktūros, valstybės išlaidų lygio ir struktūros, valstybės skolos ir tiesioginių užsienio investicijų kaitos prizmę nagrinėjamas tarptautinės mokestinės konkurencijos poveikis Lietuvos valstybės finansų sistemai ir ūkiui. Darbe pristatomi pagrindiniai tarptautinės mokestinės konkurencijos aspektai, išskiriant du vyraujančius požiūrius į šį reiškinį. Holistinis požiūris pateikia neigiamas nuostatas mokestinės konkurencijos atžvilgiu, metodinio individualizmo požiūris į mokestinę konkurenciją yra teigiamas. Darbe suformuluotos prielaidos apie tarptautinės mokestinės konkurencijos ir mokestinės naštos, mokestinių pajamų ir išlaidų struktūros, valstybės skolos, tiesioginių užsienio investicijų pokyčių ryšį Lietuvoje per 1993 – 2008 m. laikotarpį. Atlikto tyrimo rezultatai rodo, kad Lietuvoje tarptautinė mokestinė konkurencija turėjo daugiau teigiamų efektų nei neigiamų. / This diploma paper analyses impact of international tax competition to Lithuania‘s public finance sector and economy trough tax revenue level and structure, public expenditures level and structure, public debt and foreign direct investments change trends. This paper introduces main theoretical international tax competition issues, separating two dominant views to this phenomenon. Holistic view proposes negative altitude to tax competition, methodical individualism has positive view to tax competition. In order to achieve main paper‘s goal hypothesis about international tax competition and tax burden, tax revenue, expenditure structure, public debt, foreign direct investment connection in Lithuania during period of year 1993 – 2008 are held. Research results shows that in case of Lithuania international tax competition had more positive effects than negative.

Bakalauro baigiamajame darbe teoriniu aspektu apžvelgiama Lietuvos Respublikos mokesčių sistema bei aptariami šalyje veikiantys juridiniai asmenys. Analizuojamos juridinių asmenų mokamų mokesčių pagrindinės kitimo tendencijos 2006–2010 metų laikotarpiu, atkreipiant dėmesį į pagrindinius mokesčius, t. y. pelno, nekilnojamojo turto, pridėtinės vertės, akcizų mokesčius ir įmokas į fondus bei identifikuojami veiksniai, turėję įtakos šių mokesčių surinkimui. Apskaičiuojama bendra visiems mokesčių mokėtojams ir atskirai juridiniams asmenims tenkanti mokesčių našta, taip pat įvertinama atskirų mokesčių našta, tenkanti atskiriems juridiniams asmenims, suskirstytiems pagal teisinę formą, t. y. uždarosios akcinės bendrovės, akcinės bendrovės, individualios įmonės bei ūkinės bendrijos. Rašant darbą, atlikta mokslinės, statistinės, normatyvinės ir kt. literatūros analizė, naudoti loginės analizės ir sintezės, palyginamosios analizės tyrimo metodai, santykiniai dydžiai, grafinis būdas ir kt. / There is reviewed tax system of the Republic of Lithuania on the theoretical basis, furthermore, there are discussed legal entities functioning in the country in this bachelor degree thesis. There is given analysis of the main trends of modifications of taxes paid by legal entities over a period of 2006 – 2010. The attention is paid to the main taxes, i.e. profits tax, real estate tax, value added tax, excise duty and entrance fees to funds, moreover, there are identified factors that had an influence on gathering of aforementioned taxes. There is estimated overall burden of taxation that falls on all taxpayers and individual legal entities grouped according to legal status, i.e. private limited liability companies, public limited companies, individual companies and partnership businesses.

The aim of this theses is analysis of the differences between the business companies in terms of accounting and taxes and evaluation of the tax burden of incomes of the partners. This work is devided into two parts. The theoretical part deals with economic result and incomes of partners in the business companies. These theoretical findings are used for processing of the practical part of the theses.

Este trabalho estuda a relação entre a formalização das firmas, detentoras de licença municipal ou estadual, e a formalização de seus empregados. Em função da simultaneidade entre os indicadores, utiliza-se o SIMPLES, que representa uma variação exógena na carga tributária relevante para as micro e pequenas empresas, alterando, portanto, os incentivos à formalização para essas firmas. Para avaliar essa relação, o estudo utiliza a base de dados da Economia Informal Urbana (ECINF) de 2003, disponibilizado pelo IBGE em parceria com o SEBRAE, sobre micro e pequenos negócios em áreas não rurais no Brasil. Os resultados indicam que firmas com licença que poderiam aderir ao SIMPLES apresentam um impacto positivo e estatisticamente significante sobre a probabilidade de formalização dos empregados. / This research studies the relationship between the formality of the enterprises, processing state or municipal license, and the formality of their employees. As result of the simultaneity between the indicators, it is used the Law of the Integrated System of Payment of Taxes and Contributions of the Micro and Small Enterprises (SIMPLES), that represents an exogenous variation on the tax burden that matters to micro and small enterprises. Therefore, modifying the incentives to the formality to these firms.. To analyze this relationship, the study uses the data base for Urban Informal Economy (ECINF) of 2003, available by IBGE in partnership with SEBRAE, about micro and small enterprises in non rural areas in Brazil. The results demonstrate that firms with license that could be benefited by SIMPLES show a positive impact and significant statistically on the probability of formalization of the employees.