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No / Wnt signaling normally functions in cell determination and proliferation and is essential for embryonic development. It does this by regulating target genes through a tightly regulated but complex signaling cascade. Overexpression of these genes due to aberrant Wnt activity can lead to uncontrolled cell growth and survival, and ultimately oncogenesis. Wnt signaling is also involved in epithelial–mesenchymal transition that contributes to tumor progression and metastasis evidence that tumor growth can be suppressed irrespective of other neoplastic promoters when the Wnt pathway is blocked and this has led to interest in its use as a therapeutic target. Recent developments in our understanding of the Wnt signaling cascade have led to research into drugs that specifically target different levels in this pathway, and the identification of β-catenin as the primary cause of dysregulated Wnt signaling has led to a number of protein knockdown strategies. Moreover, increased knowledge of the 300–400 Wnt inducible genes has provided a large untapped source of new potential therapeutic targets. Existing drugs such as nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and vitamin A and D derivatives have also shown efficacy in disrupting the Wnt signaling pathway and, together with a new generation of derivatives, they may soon be in clinical trials. This chapter details the Wnt signaling pathway, its role in different cancers, and some potential therapeutic targets that may show promise as effective cancer treatments.

For more than 20 years, T-cell specific factor 4 (Tcf4) is the most intensively studied member of the conserved Tcf/Lymphoid enhancer-binding factor (Lef) family of transcription factors. Together with β-catenin coactivator, Tcf4 represents the prominent nuclear effector of canonical Wnt signaling in the intestinal epithelium. Regulation of Wnt-β-catenin signaling in intestinal stem cells is crucial for tissue homeostasis and tumor formation initiation. Up to date, several mouse models were generated to manipulate Tcf4 abundance or activity in vivo and dissect its function. Moreover, mutational screens and expression profiling of human colorectal tumors were carried out to disclose a contribution of TCF4 to tumor progression. However, subsequent studies brought conflicting results in relation to the potential of Tcf4 to activate or repress Wnt target genes and drive or inhibit cell proliferation. Here in this study, we analyze publicly available datasets for global expression of TCF4 and its paralogs in human tissues and colorectal cancer (CRC) samples. Notably, we present newly generated Tcf4flox5 mouse with a conditional Tcf4 allele that can be used to eliminate expression of Tcf4 from two alternative promoters of the gene. Using this mouse strain we documented that Tcf4 loss led to the demise of...

The Wnt family of secreted proteins consists of 19 family members (in the mouse) and is known to signal through multiple pathways that regulate crucial processes in the development of almost all tissues. Dissecting the roles of individual Wnts has been hampered due to functional redundancy that exists between family members. We made use of a conditional allele of the acyltransferase, Porcupine (Porcn), that is required for the secretion of all Wnt ligands, and the Msx2Cre deleter to eliminate the secretion of all Wnt ligands from the ventral limb ectoderm, ventral abdominal ectoderm, and urogenital ectoderm. Phenotypically the limbs of these mice have several similarities with En1 mutant mice which have a double-dorsal phenotype. however, we show that appropriate dorsoventral limb pattern is maintained at the molecular level and that the observed defects are due to a failure to appropriately execute ventral pattern. Additionally, newborn mice lack ventral digital tendons and the most superficial musculature in the regions of strongest and earliest deletion. Molecular analysis indicates that tendons are lost downstream of the absent musculature and are initially patterned correctly. Thus we show a role for ectodermal Wnts in the development of underlying musculature. We additionally examine the role of limb mesenchymal Wnts in the development of deeper limb musculature utilizing the Prx1Cre deleter. The deep musculature of the autopod and zeugopod is reduced or absent in mutants and the development of superficial musculature appears to proceed normally. Hence we show that superficial muscles require only ectodermal Wnts and deeper muscles require only mesenchymal Wnts.

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La Protéine Cellulaire du Prion (PrPc), isoforme non pathogène de la Protéine Scrapie, est une protéine ubiquitaire qui a été impliquée dans de nombreux processus cellulaires tels que la prolifération, la migration, l’adhésion, la différenciation et l’apoptose, par des mécanismes qui restent en grande partie à élucider. L’épithélium intestinal est en constant renouvellement et son homéostasie repose sur une régulation fine et coordonnée de l’ensemble de ces processus. Notre équipe s’est intéressée au rôle de la PrPc dans l’épithélium intestinal et a mis en évidence son expression dans le type cellulaire majoritaire de cet épithélium, les entérocytes, et sa double localisation selon leur état de différenciation. En effet, dans les cellules différenciées, la PrPc est majoritairement présente au niveau des desmosomes, alors que dans les cellules prolifératives, elle est principalement nucléaire. Nous mettons en évidence que la PrPc desmosomale est impliquée dans le maintien et l’intégrité de l’ensemble des jonctions intercellulaires (jonctions serrées, adhérentes et desmosomes) et contribue à la fonction de barrière de l’épithélium intestinal. La PrPc nucléaire, quant à elle, interagit avec plusieurs effecteurs de la voie de signalisation Wnt : la -caténine, la -caténine et le facteur de transcription TCF7L2. Dans ce contexte, nous révélons la capacité de la PrPc nucléaire à moduler l’expression de gènes cibles de la voie Wnt canonique. L’ensemble de ces travaux permet de révéler la PrPc comme un nouvel élément clé de l’homéostasie de l’épithélium intestinal – du maintien de la fonction de barrière jusqu’à la régulation de l’expression de gènes – et de définir la PrPc comme un nouveau membre de la famille des protéines NACos. / The cellular Prion Protein (PrPc), the normal conformer of the Scrapie protein, is a ubiquitous protein, which has been involved in several cellular processes such as proliferation, migration, adhesion, differentiation and apoptosis, through mechanisms that are not fully characterized. Intestinal epithelium is renewing constantly and its homeostasis requires a fine and coordinated regulation of all these processes. Our team has focused on PrPc functions in this tissue and has demonstrated that it is expressed in enterocytes, the major cell type in the intestinal epithelium, with a dual localization depending on the differentiation state of the cells. Indeed, in differentiated cells PrPc is localized in desmosomes while being mostly in the nucleus in proliferative cells. We demonstrated the involvement of desmosomal PrPc in the maintenance and integrity of all the intercellular junctions (tight, adherens junctions and desmosomes) and its requirement for the intestinal barrier function. PrPc in the nucleus interacts with key effectors of the Wnt pathway: -catenin, -catenin and the transcription factor TCF4/TCF7L2. In this context, we revealed the ability of nuclear PrPc to modulate the expression of a subset of Wnt target genes. Altogether, this work highlights the role of PrPc as a new key element of the intestinal epithelial homeostasis – from the barrier function to gene regulation – and allows considering PrPc as a new member of the NACos family proteins (proteins associated with the Nucleus and Adhesion Complexes).

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