The availability and sophistication of visual display images, such as simulations, for use in science classrooms has increased exponentially however, it can be difficult for teachers to use these images to encourage and engage active student thinking. There is a need to describe flexible discussion strategies that use visual media to engage active thinking. This mixed methods study analyzes teacher behavior in lessons using visual media about the particulate model of matter that were taught by three experienced middle school teachers. Each teacher taught one half of their students with lessons using static overheads and taught the other half with lessons using a projected dynamic simulation. The quantitative analysis of pre-post data found significant gain differences between the two image mode conditions, suggesting that the students who were assigned to the simulation condition learned more than students who were assigned to the overhead condition. Open coding was used to identify a set of eight image-based teaching strategies that teachers were using with visual displays. Fixed codes for this set of image-based discussion strategies were then developed and used to analyze video and transcripts of whole class discussions from 12 lessons. The image-based discussion strategies were refined over time in a set of three in-depth 2x2 comparative case studies of two teachers teaching one lesson topic with two image display modes. The comparative case study data suggest that the simulation mode may have offered greater affordances than the overhead mode for planning and enacting discussions. The 12 discussions were also coded for overall teacher student interaction patterns, such as presentation, IRE, and IRF. When teachers moved during a lesson from using no image to using either image mode, some teachers were observed asking more questions when the image was displayed while others asked many fewer questions. The changes in teacher student interaction patterns suggest that teachers vary on whether they consider the displayed image as a "tool-for-telling" and a "tool-for-asking." The study attempts to provide new descriptions of strategies teachers use to orchestrate image-based discussions designed to promote student engagement and reasoning in lessons with conceptual goals.

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Information and communication technology (ICT) is becoming a critical part of operations and innovations in many sectors around the world (Basri, Alandejani, and Almadani, 2018). As such, ICT is commonly integrated in academic institutions on a global level, and has been used in the educational process inside and outside the classroom. Currently in Saudi Arabia, the integration of technology in educational environments is viewed as essential in the growth of Saudi education (Alali, 2015). However, the integration of such technology in teaching and learning may face some barriers especially in emerging academic institutions. Some scholars report that while the use of ICT is advocated in many universities and schools, and in particular in Saudi Arabia, some instructors are not likely to use it in their teaching processes because of barriers hindering their utilization and integration of such technology (Asiri, 2012; Albugami and Ahmad, 2015; Al Mulhim, 2014; Muhametjanova and Cagiltay, 2016). This study aimed to examine how ICT is being used for teaching and learning within the context of an emerging university in Saudi Arabia, as well as what factors faculty identify as barriers and enablers to its use. The current study replicates the research conducted by Nyirongo (2009) in the country of Malawi, and is based on the theoretical principles of technology adoption proposed by Rogers, Ely, and Surry (Ely, 1999; Rogers, 2003; Surry, 2002). Faculty members at Al-Baha University, a new university in Saudi Arabia, served as the participants. This study found that there are several common factors that impede the adoption and integration of ICT for teaching and learning at Al-Baha University. Those factors are: lack of computer availability and accessibility for faculty members and students, poor Internet connection, lack of faculty participating in decision making regarding electronic technology, access to training and pedagogical support regarding such technology, and lack of technical support. These findings correlate with the same kinds of factors that have been identified as barriers in other educational contexts (Al Mulhim, 2014; Albugami and Ahmed, 2016; Alkahtani, 2017; Hsu, 2016; Kilinc, et al. 2018; Kler, 2014; Machado and Chung, 2015; Nyirongo, 2009). / Doctor of Philosophy / Information and communication technology (ICT) is becoming a critical part of operations and innovations in many sectors around the world (Basri, Alandejani, and Almadani, 2018). Currently in Saudi Arabia, the integration of technology in educational environments is viewed as essential in the growth of Saudi education (Alali, 2015). Some scholars report that while the use of ICT is advocated in many universities and schools, and in particular in Saudi Arabia, some instructors are not likely to use it in their teaching processes because of barriers hindering their utilization and integration of ICT (Asiri, 2012; Albugami and Ahmad, 2015; Al Mulhim, 2014; Muhametjanova and Cagiltay, 2016). This study aimed to examine how ICT is being used for teaching and learning within the context of an emerging university in Saudi Arabia, as well as what factors faculty identify as barriers and enablers to its use. The current study replicates the research conducted by Nyirongo (2009) in the country of Malawi, and is based on the theoretical principles of technology adoption proposed by Rogers, Ely, and Surry (Ely, 1999; Rogers, 2003; Surry, 2002). Faculty members at Al-Baha University served as the participants. This study found that there are several common factors that impede the adoption and integration of ICT for teaching and learning at Al-Baha University. Those factors are: lack of computer availability and accessibility for faculty members and students, poor Internet connection, lack of faculty participating in decision making regarding electronic technology, access to training and pedagogical support regarding such technology, and lack of technical support. These findings correlate with the same kinds of factors that have been identified as barriers in other educational contexts (Al Mulhim, 2014; Albugami and Ahmed, 2016; Alkahtani, 2017; Hsu, 2016; Kilinc, et al. 2018; Kler, 2014; Machado and Chung, 2015; Nyirongo, 2009).

No / Assembling Archaeology provides a radical rethinking of the relationships between teaching, researching, and practicing as an archaeologist in the twenty-first century. At its heart, this book addresses the marketization of higher education, demonstrating how this fundamentally impacts contemporary archaeological practice. The book proposes a solution which is grounded in a theoretical rethinking of archaeological teaching, training, and practice. Archaeology is currently undergoing a material turn which sees the revaluing of artefacts, objects, and the non-human in understanding the world. Drawing upon this, Cobb and Croucher approach the discipline as a subject of investigation and offer a new perspective founded upon the notion of learning assemblages. The holistic approach they propose challenges traditional power structures and the global marketization of the higher education system. The issues addressed here are global and applicable wherever archaeology is taught, practiced, and researched. This book is therefore valuable to all archaeologists, from academics to those in Cultural Resource Management, from heritage professionals to undergraduate students, and provides significant insights for educators throughout higher education.

Η εργασία έχει ως στόχο να διερευνήσει τον βαθμό και τον τρόπο με τον οποίο η θεατρική αγωγή μπορεί να αποβεί χρήσιμη για τη διδασκαλία της Αρχαίας και της Νέας Ελληνικής Γλώσσας και Γραμματείας στη Δευτεροβάθμια Εκπαίδευση. Με βάση το θεωρητικό υπόβαθρο του ‘δράματος στην εκπαίδευση’ ως μεθοδολογίας για τη διδασκαλία των φιλολογικών μαθημάτων, η διερευνητική εμπειρική μελέτη που ακολούθησε στηρίχθηκε στην επιλεκτική εφαρμογή θεατρικών τεχνικών και συμβάσεων, λαμβάνοντας ωστόσο υπόψη και τους περιορισμούς της σχολικής πραγματικότητας (έλλειψη εξοικείωσης των μαθητών αλλά και των φιλολόγων με τη θεατρική αγωγή, περιορισμένος διδακτικός χρόνος κλπ.). Η γνωριμία με το αντικείμενο της θεατρικής αγωγής αποτέλεσε βασικό κριτήριο σχεδιασμού της έρευνας, ενώ την ίδια στιγμή γινόταν μέσο για τη διδασκαλία των φιλολογικών μαθημάτων. Στη δραματοποίηση κατά τη διδασκαλία συγκεκριμένων διδακτικών ενοτήτων, η οποία έλαβε χώρα σε συνεργασία με τον φιλόλογο του εκάστοτε τμήματος αλλά πάντα με την παρουσία της γράφουσας ως βασικής εμψυχώτριας, συμμετείχαν 1040 μαθητές και 30 φιλόλογοι, από όλες τις τάξεις του Γυμνασίου και του Λυκείου (διαφορετικών τύπων σχολείων) από το Νομό του Ηρακλείου Κρήτης. Στα ερωτηματολόγια, τα οποία δίνονταν ύστερα από τη διεξαγωγή κάθε διδασκαλίας, απάντησαν 768 μαθητές και όλοι οι φιλόλογοι. Τα αποτελέσματα κατηγοριοποιήθηκαν και αναλύθηκαν στατιστικά (για την επαγωγική ανάλυση των δεδομένων χρησιμοποιήθηκε το κριτήριο x2). Η πλειονότητα των μαθητών και των φιλολόγων διατύπωσε πολύ θετική γνώμη για τη διδασκαλία των φιλολογικών μαθημάτων μέσα από τις θεατρικές τεχνικές, ενώ απέδωσε την αποτελεσματικότητά της στα εξής: κατανόηση και αφομοίωση του μαθήματος, το οποίο έγινε πιο ευχάριστο, καλλιέργεια επικοινωνίας και συνεργασίας μεταξύ των μαθητών, δημιουργική αλλαγή στη σχέση μαθητή – φιλολόγου, επίδρασή της στην απόδοση των μαθητών, ενεργή και αυτόβουλη συμμετοχή όλων (και δη των ώς τότε χαρακτηριζόμενων ως αδιάφορων ή αδύναμων μαθητών) στο μάθημα, καλλιέργεια δεξιοτήτων και ενδιαφερόντων σε σχέση με το αντικείμενο διδασκαλίας. Τα αποτελέσματα μελετήθηκαν με βάση το φύλο των μαθητών, τη σχολική βαθμίδα, το είδος του σχολείου και το συγκεκριμένο φιλολογικό μάθημα. Η ερμηνεία των αποτελεσμάτων οδηγεί στο συμπέρασμα ότι, εφόσον υπάρχει κατάλληλος σχεδιασμός, η δραματοποιημένη διδασκαλία των φιλολογικών μαθημάτων μπορεί να αποβεί ωφέλιμη για την επίτευξη των ειδικών στόχων των συγκεκριμένων μαθημάτων αλλά και των γενικότερων σκοπών της εκπαίδευσης. / This research investigates the level and way with which theatre education can be useful for the teaching of the Ancient and Modern Greek Language and Literature in Secondary Education. Based on the theoretical background of drama in education as a methodology for the teaching of the philological lessons, the exploratory research derived from the selective application of theatre techniques and conventions taking into account both the limitations of the current conditions of Secondary Education (the lack of familiarization of both the students and philologists in theatre’s education, limited didactic time etcetera). The acquaintance with the subject of theatre education constituted basic criteria for the research planning, while at the same time became a medium for the teaching of philological subjects. During the application of dramatization in the teaching of specific didactic units, which took place in collaboration with the philologist of each class but always with the presence of the existing writer as the basic drama teacher, 1040 students and 30 philologists participated, coming from all the six classes of Greek gymnasium and lyceum (varying in school types) from the prefecture of Heraclion-Crete. The questionnaires given after each class were answered by 768 students and all the philologists. The results were categorized and analyzed statistically (for the inductive analysis of data, the criterion used was x2). The majority of students and philologists expressed a positive opinion for the teaching of the philological lessons through theatre techniques, while they attributed its effectiveness on: comprehension, assimilation of the class which became more pleasant, cultivation of communication and collaboration between students, creative change in the relationship between student and philologist and its effect on students output, active and voluntary participation (including the students characterized as “weak”), cultivation of skills and interests in relation to the subject of teaching. The results were studied based on the gender of students, the school level, the school type and the specific philological subject. The interpretation of the results concludes that as long as there is a specific planning, the dramatization of teaching the philological subjects can be effective for the realization of the achievement of specific goals of these subjects and for the general aims of education (paideia).

Learning disabled (hereafter abbreviated as LD) adolescents have a hard time coping with the demands of secondary school and often experience frustration and failure. Educators have received little or no training to provide meaningful support for these learners. Despite sweeping policy changes LD learners' diverse needs are not being met in the classroom. Research indicates that LD learners are best served within the mainstream classroom. In-service training is necessary to help educators equip themselves with skills to cope with this new role. An assistance programme has been developed in this study to provide practical teaching and learning interventions, to help educators support the LD secondary school learner in regular mainstream classrooms. If LD learners are supported in the classroom they will acquire skills to become independent learners. / Educational Studies / M. Ed. (with specialisation in Guidane and Counselling)

The study is about how the development of a teaching and learning programme may lead proper waste management in Limpopo. It is a case study and ten schools were identified. The questionnaire was handed out to learners and educators who participated as respondents. From the analysis of the views expressed on the questionnaire completed by the learners and educators, they indicated that there is no waste management programmes. Literature review in this study indicated how teaching and learning programmes have been developed globally and in South Africa with reference to industries, communities and schools. The questionnaire revealed that many schools did not have waste management programmes therefore it was confirmed that the development of a teaching and learning programme could lead to proper waste management. / Further Teaching Education / M. Ed. (Environmental Education)

The purpose of the study was to explore the experiences of the school community with regard to the outcomes of a school improvement program (SIP) on the effectiveness of Sidama Zone schools. It was primarily a qualitative study, which explored the experiences of the school community with regard to the outcomes of the SIP. Four schools were purposefully selected. The data were collected by means of interviews, focus-group discussions, observations and relevant documents, and analyzed focusing on thematic categories. The findings indicated that in schools where there existed a strong collaboration of the school community in the planning, decision-making, monitoring and evaluation processes, the improvement initiatives were owned by all in the school and the performance of the schools was enhanced. On the other hand, the lack of collaboration in the school community negatively affected the performance of those schools. Besides, in all the schools the CPD was challenged by the resistance of the teachers, the lack of resources and poor implementation strategies. It also became apparent that the teachers' commitment to support each other and their students, to implement active learning methods and continuous assessment contributed to the effectiveness of the better-performing schools. Findings further revealed that to the contrary, these actions were loosely implemented in the poorly-performing schools. Though the peer learning approach was implemented, it became evident that there were mixed views regarding its benefits. The availability of the necessary facilities created an environment conducive to learning in schools one and three. Although there were attempts to implement extra-curricular activities for the social and emotional development of the students, its implementation was negatively affected by a lack of coordination and resources in the schools. In the poorly-performing schools, the school environment was found not to be conducive to teaching and learning. In the better-performing schools, the feedback from the school community was used as an input to make adjustments to the improvement process, and this created a feeling of ownership that led to the effectiveness of the schools. The outcomes of the study indicated that the promotion-rate of the students to the following grade was considered as a measure of the effectiveness of the schools. Conversely, the lack of proper participation of the school community in the school’s affairs, the lack of proper leadership support, the teachers’ resistance to participate in CPD, the non-existence of training opportunities and workshops for the teachers, and the shortage of resources were reported as challenges. From the findings it has been concluded that the SIP has contributed to school effectiveness in the schools that have properly managed the change process as opposed to those schools which remained poorly performing due to low level of SIP implementation. Finally, monitoring the SIP cycles, building trust between the principals and the teachers, creating a link between the schools and other institutions, introducing recognition mechanisms, and providing support to the poorly-performing schools were indicated as strategies to enhance the effectiveness of the school. / Educational Leadership and Management / D. Ed. (Education Management)