Lithium ion (Li-ion) batteries have been identified as a promising solution to meet the increasing demands for alternative energy in electric vehicles (EVs) and hybrid electric vehicle (HEVs). This work describes experimental and numerical study of thermal management of battery module consisting of cylindrical Li-ion cells, with an emphasis on the use of active control to achieve optimal cooling performance with minimal parasitic power consumption. The major contribution from this work is the first experimental demonstration (based on our review of archival journal and conference literature) and the corresponding analysis of active thermal control of battery modules. The results suggest that the active control strategy, when combined with reciprocating cooling flow, can reduce the parasitic energy consumption and cooling flow amount substantially. Compared with results using passive control with unidirectional cooling flow, the parasitic energy consumption was reduced by about 80%. This contribution was achieved in three steps, which was detailed in this dissertation in chapters 2, 3, and 4, respectively. In the first step, an experimental facility and a corresponding CFD model were developed to capture the thermal behavior of multiple battery cells. Based on the experimental and CFD results, a reduced-order model (ROM) was then developed for active monitoring and control purposes. In the second step, the ROM was parameterized and an observer-based control strategy was developed to control the core temperature of battery cells. Finally, based on the experimental facility and the ROM model, the active control of a battery module was demonstrated. Each of these steps represents an important facet of the thermal management problem, and it is expected that the results and specifics documented in this dissertation lay the groundwork to facilitate further study. / Ph. D.

Energy efficiency in the operation of buildings is becoming increasingly important with a growing emphasis on sustainability and reducing environmental impacts of irresponsible energy usage. Improvements have been made both on the technology side of energy efficiency and on the human behavior side. However, when changing human behavior, it is critical to find energy conservation measures that will maintain comfort for occupants. This paper analyzes how this can be done by implementing a modulating temperature schedule based on the concept of alliesthesia, which states that pleasure is observed in transient states. EnergyPlus simulations were used to show that in cooling applications, this type of scheduling can produce significant energy savings. However, energy savings are not predicted for the same type of scheduling for heating applications. Thermal comfort was examined with a cooling experiment and a separate heating experiment, each lasting 45 minutes and taking place during the corresponding season. The experiments showed that modulating temperatures can cause occupants to experience more pleasure than if the temperature remained constant in a cooled space, whereas modulating temperatures had a negative impact on comfort relative to the constant temperature in the heated space. This presents evidence for an ideal opportunity for cooling applications by implementing modulating temperature schedules: an increase in thermal pleasure accompanied by a decrease in cooling energy.

In this study, it was shown that improvements in the quality of continuously cast steel billets, similar to those which can be achieved by electromagnetic stirring (EMS) of the liquid pool during solidification, can be obtained if casting superheats can be consistently controlled at low levels. A lack of casting temperature control is not only detrimental to the quality of the cast product, but also to a shop's overall productivity. The important variables for temperature control in the ladle, tundish and mould were quantified and possible methods of controlling these variables were proposed. / The thermal state of the ladle lining is one of the major contributors to the variability in casting temperature. It was shown that by reducing energy losses from the refractory ladle lining, by way of incorporating an insulating refractory tile between the ladle shell and the safety lining and by using a ladle lid throughout the cycle of the ladle, temperature losses from the liquid steel can be substantially decreased. (Abstract shortened by UMI.)

19 Dec 2004. / Published through the Information Bridge: DOE Scientific and Technical Information. "IS-T 1944" Lisa M. Ponton. 12/19/2004. Report is also available in paper and microfiche from NTIS.

CAPES / A vegetação pode produzir efeitos positivos mensuráveis no campo térmico dos recintos urbanos. Diante das inadequações térmicas verificadas nos espaços citadinos, existe a necessidade de projetos e planos urbanos que considerem a utilização da vegetação como elemento estratégico para a criação de condições de conforto térmico em espaços abertos. Nesse sentido, a pesquisa assume relevância ao propor um índice que identifique a quantidade de cobertura vegetal necessária para reduzir a temperatura do ar em ambientes urbanos. O índice foi desenvolvido para a cidade de Curitiba, especialmente para a Avenida Sete de Setembro e a Avenida Linha Verde. Adicionalmente, são apresentados estudos pilotos para as cidades de Genebra, Paris e São Paulo. De caráter experimental, a pesquisa utiliza medições em campo para coleta de dados microclimáticos e simulação computacional com o modelo ENVI-met, o qual viabilizou a comparação entre cenários atuais e cenários alternativos. Todas as simulações foram realizadas considerando situações de verão. Os índices Temperatura Fisiológica Equivalente (PET) e Universal Thermal Climate Index (UTCI) foram utilizados para avaliar os níveis de estresse térmico na escala do pedestre. De forma geral, observou-se que a inserção de áreas arborizadas (especialmente sob copa densa) poderia reduzir o potencial de aquecimento das áreas urbanas no período diurno, com mudanças substanciais nas categorias de estresse térmico. A máxima redução na temperatura do ar conseguida foi de 2,5°C, verificada nos estudos piloto de São Paulo e Paris. Na Sete de Setembro a redução máxima de temperatura do ar foi de 1,2°C e na Linha Verde foi de 1,5°C. Verificou-se que os fatores que contribuem para reduções na temperatura ambiente são a forma de distribuição das árvores e a densidade da copa (fator relacionado à qualidade da sombra). O índice proposto (proporção entre cobertura vegetal e a área construída) pode explicar a redução média de Ta em 83,1%. A partir da aplicação do mesmo, pode-se concluir que a redução de 1°C na temperatura do ar deve ser esperada para um aumento de 49% de cobertura vegetal. Em cidades com ocorrência de ondas de calor, a vantagem de um plano de arborização é o custo relativamente baixo de implantação se considerar o benefício na redução das categorias de estresse térmico. A importância do índice (e da metodologia proposta para seu desenvolvimento) reside na possibilidade da sua aplicação no desenho urbano climaticamente orientado. / Vegetation can produce measurable positive effects on the thermal field of urban spaces. In view of thermal inadequacies in outdoor spaces, there is a need for projects and urban plans which consider the use of vegetation as strategic element for the creation of thermal comfort conditions in open spaces. In this sense, the relevance of this study is the proposition of an index which estimates the amount of vegetation fraction needed to reduce the air temperature in urban environments. The index was developed for the city of Curitiba, specifically for its central arteries such as Avenida Sete de Setembro and Avenida Linha Verde. Additionally, pilot studies for the cities of Geneva, Paris and São Paulo are presented. The experimental research uses field measurements for collecting microclimatic data and computer simulations with the ENVI-met model, which allowed the comparison of current and alternative scenarios. All simulations were carried out for summer conditions. The thermal comfort indices Physiological Equivalent Temperature (PET) and Universal Thermal Climate Index (UTCI) were used to assess levels of thermal stress at the pedestrian level. In general, it was observed that the insertion of green areas (particularly under dense canopy) could reduce the daytime heating in urban areas, with substantial changes in heat stress categories. The maximum reduction of air temperature was 2.5°C, observed in the pilot studies in São Paulo and Paris. In the Sete de Setembro the maximum reduction of air temperature was 1.2°C and in the Linha Verde it was 1.5°C. It was found that contributing factors to ambient temperature reductions are the distribution of trees and the canopy density (related to the shadow quality). The proposed index (ratio between the increase of vegetated over built-up area) may explain the reduction of mean air temperature by 83.1%. From its application, it can be concluded that a 1°C reduction in air temperature should be expected for an increase of 49% in vegetated fraction. In cities impacted by heat waves, the advantage of greenery insertion is the relatively low investment with considerable benefits in changes of heat stress categories. In cities impacted by heat waves, the advantage of greenery insertion is the relatively low investment with considerable benefits in changes of heat stress categories. The importance of the index (and the proposed methodology behind it) lies in the possibility of its application in climate- responsive urban design.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T12:43:21Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 / Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T13:56:33Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 05066.pdf: 8948400 bytes, checksum: 15fab2b2e51c4072c160d3e9ae523bd7 (MD5) / Tese (Doutoramento) / IPEN/T / Instituto de Pesquisas Energeticas e Nucleares - IPEN/CNEN-SP

Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T12:25:19Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 / Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T14:03:06Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 02233.pdf: 1898081 bytes, checksum: ca8d5eb71d409e24aba2146df83dd874 (MD5) / Dissertacao (Mestrado) / IPEN/D / Instituto de Pesquisas Energeticas e Nucleares - IPEN/CNEN-SP

Neste trabalho foi estudada a aplicação das redes de Bragg em fibra óptica, como sensores no monitoramento e mapeamento térmico de um painel fotovoltaico instalado em ambiente aberto. Também foi analisada a capacidade desses sensores em detectar anomalias elétricas do painel, as quais são manifestadas pelas mudanças na temperatura. Devido ao fato de ser pioneiro no estudo da fibra óptica em painéis fotovoltaicos, o presente trabalho buscou comparar os resultados alcançados por esta tecnologia com os dados das demais técnicas de medição de temperatura, como por exemplo, o PT100 e câmera IR. Os ensaios foram realizados utilizando um painel fotovoltaico instalado em ambiente aberto, onde as suas variações de temperatura foram medidas por 27 sensores de fibra óptica instalados em sua superfície frontal. Durante todos os ensaios as condições ambientais de temperatura ambiente, nível de radiação solar e velocidade do vento foram monitorados. Os resultados demonstraram potencialidade de utilização das redes de Bragg em fibra óptica na detecção de variações térmicas ocasionadas por fatores ambientais ou aquecimento nas células. / This paper has been studying the applications of Bragg gratings in optical fibers, as sensors for thermal mapping and monitoring on photovoltaic panel surface which was installing in an open environment. We also analyzed the ability of optical fibers sensors to detect electrical anomalies in the panel, which are manifested by the changes in its temperature. Because it was pioneering in study of optical fiber application into photovoltaic panel, this paper's objective is compare the results between this technology and the other techniques for temperature measurements, for example when are used the PT100 sensors or infrared camera. Assays were performed using a photovoltaic panel that is installed in an open environment, its temperature changes were measured by a total of 27 optical fiber sensors installed on the front surface. During the tests, the environmental conditions of temperature, level of solar radiation and wind speed, were monitored. The results demonstrate the potential use of Bragg gratings in optical fiber for detecting thermal fluctuations caused by environmental factors or by heating the cells.

Neste trabalho foi estudada a aplicação das redes de Bragg em fibra óptica, como sensores no monitoramento e mapeamento térmico de um painel fotovoltaico instalado em ambiente aberto. Também foi analisada a capacidade desses sensores em detectar anomalias elétricas do painel, as quais são manifestadas pelas mudanças na temperatura. Devido ao fato de ser pioneiro no estudo da fibra óptica em painéis fotovoltaicos, o presente trabalho buscou comparar os resultados alcançados por esta tecnologia com os dados das demais técnicas de medição de temperatura, como por exemplo, o PT100 e câmera IR. Os ensaios foram realizados utilizando um painel fotovoltaico instalado em ambiente aberto, onde as suas variações de temperatura foram medidas por 27 sensores de fibra óptica instalados em sua superfície frontal. Durante todos os ensaios as condições ambientais de temperatura ambiente, nível de radiação solar e velocidade do vento foram monitorados. Os resultados demonstraram potencialidade de utilização das redes de Bragg em fibra óptica na detecção de variações térmicas ocasionadas por fatores ambientais ou aquecimento nas células. / This paper has been studying the applications of Bragg gratings in optical fibers, as sensors for thermal mapping and monitoring on photovoltaic panel surface which was installing in an open environment. We also analyzed the ability of optical fibers sensors to detect electrical anomalies in the panel, which are manifested by the changes in its temperature. Because it was pioneering in study of optical fiber application into photovoltaic panel, this paper's objective is compare the results between this technology and the other techniques for temperature measurements, for example when are used the PT100 sensors or infrared camera. Assays were performed using a photovoltaic panel that is installed in an open environment, its temperature changes were measured by a total of 27 optical fiber sensors installed on the front surface. During the tests, the environmental conditions of temperature, level of solar radiation and wind speed, were monitored. The results demonstrate the potential use of Bragg gratings in optical fiber for detecting thermal fluctuations caused by environmental factors or by heating the cells.

Orientador: Benedito Carlos Benedetti / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Agricola / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-06T12:39:45Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Moraes_IngridVieiraMachadode_M.pdf: 1083227 bytes, checksum: f6970cba937a018276285532776da269 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2005 / Resumo: O morango é uma hortaliça de clima temperado e tem atração peculiar por sua coloração vermelha brilhante, odor característico, textura macia e sabor levemente acidificado. Dada à sua grande demanda para utilização na culinária nacional e internacional, é desejável o desenvolvimento de tecnologia para o seu processamento mínimo. O presente trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar a qualidade físico-química, sensorial e microbiológica de morangos processados minimamente e mantidos sob refrigeração e atmosfera controlada. Morangos da cultivar Oso Grande foram colhidos em campo de produção comercial, localizado no município de Pouso Alegre, MG, e transportados para o Laboratório de Pós-Colheita da Embrapa Agroindústria de Alimentos, localizada no município do Rio de Janeiro, RJ, sendo mantidos por aproximadamente 10 horas em câmara fria a 5ºC e 85% de umidade relativa, até o início do processamento. Após seleção e classificação, os frutos foram processados minimamente retirando-se o cálice e o pedúnculo dos frutos. A sanificação foi feita em água a 5ºC/10 minutos, com 150 µL L-1 de cloro ativo e o enxágüe em água a 5ºC/5 minutos, contendo 5 µL L-1 de cloro ativo. Depois de secos, os morangos foram pesados, acondicionados em bandejas plásticas do tipo polietileno tereftalato (PET) e mantidos sob atmosfera controlada durante 10 dias, a 5ºC e a 10ºC. O controle da atmosfera foi feito em microcâmaras e as seguintes composições atmosféricas foram estabelecidas: AC1 ¿ 3 % O2 + 10 % CO2 (balanço N2), AC2 ¿ 3 % O2 + 15 % CO2 (balanço N2), AA ¿ Atmosfera ambiente (controle). Os frutos foram avaliados nos dias 0, 3 e 7 e 10 quanto à perda de massa, firmeza, pH, acidez titulável, sólidos solúveis, açúcares (sacarose, frutose e glicose), teor de antocianinas totais, cor (valores L e a) e qualidade microbiológica. A análise sensorial foi realizada nos dias 3, 7 e 10 do armazenamento, com a avaliação dos atributos de aparência, textura e sabor. Não houve diferenças significativas entre as temperaturas de armazenamento 5ºC e 10ºC para a maioria das variáveis físico-químicas avaliadas. A atmosfera de armazenamento influenciou significativamente a perda de massa, a firmeza, o teor de frutose, de antocianinas totais. As atmosferas de armazenamento contendo 3% O2 + 10% CO2 e 3% O2 + 15% CO2 foram mais eficientes para a manutenção da firmeza dos frutos minimamente processados, bem como foram mais efetivas no controle da perda de massa que a atmosfera ambiente. Todavia, os frutos MP mantidos nestas atmosferas apresentaram menor teor de antocianinas que os mantidos em atmosfera ambiente, embora não se tenha observado mudanças significativas ao longo do período de armazenamento em nenhum dos tratamentos. A presença de sabores estranhos nos morangos processados minimamente e mantidos sob 3% O2 + 10% CO2 e 3% O2 + 15% CO2, quando avaliados sensorialmente, fez com que o produto fosse rejeitado pelos provadores a partir do 3º dia de armazenamento, quando a aparência ainda era adequada. A temperatura de 5ºC foi mais efetiva que a temperatura de 10ºC na manutenção da aparência, na retenção do sabor característico e na prevenção do surgimento de sabores estranhos. O tempo de armazenamento não afetou os atributos de textura e sabor avaliados sensorialmente, porém afetou todos os atributos de aparência, especialmente no 10º dia a 10ºC. A redução da temperatura de 10ºC para 5ºC e a utilização das atmosferas com 3% O2 + 10% CO2 e 3% O2 + 15% CO2 diminuiu o crescimento de bactérias psicrotróficas e de fungos filamentosos e leveduras, aumentando a vida útil dos morangos processados minimamente / Abstract: Strawberries are a temperate vegetable crop highly appreciated by consumers due to their unique characteristics such as bright red color, soft texture and slightly acidified flavor. Due to their high demand both at national and international level, the development of fresh-cut technology for strawberries is highly desirable. The present work was carried out aiming at evaluating physico-chemical, sensorial and microbiological characteristics of fresh-cut strawberries kept under refrigeration and controlled atmosphere. Strawberries 'Oso Grande¿ were harvested at a commercial field located at Pouso Alegre, MG, and transported to the Postharvest Laboratory at Embrapa Agroindústria de Alimentos, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, and were stored for approximatelly 10 hours in cold rooms at 5ºC and 85% relative humidity until processing. After grading and sizing fruits were minimally processed and the calyx and peduncle were removed. Sanitation was done in a solution of chlorine (150 µL L-1) at 5°C for 10 min. Rinsing was carried in a solution of chlorine of 5 µL L-1 at 5°C for 5 min. After room drying, fruits were weight, placed in plastic trays polyethylene tereftalato type (PET) and kept under controlled atmosphere conditions for 10 days at 5 and 10°C. Atmosphere control was accomplished in micro-chambers where the following atmospheric combinations were established: 3% O2 + 10% CO2 (N2 balance), 3% O2 + 15% CO2 (N2 balance), and Ambient atmosphere (control). Fruits were evaluated at 0, 3, 7 and 10 days for mass loss, firmness, pH, titratable acidity, soluble solids, sugars (sucrose, fructose and glucose), total anthocyanins, color (L-value, a-value), and microbiological quality. Sensory analysis was performed at 3, 7 and 10 days of storage, and appearence, texture and flavor were evaluated. There were no significant differences among most of the variables studied both at 5ºC and 10°C. Storage atmosphere had a significant effect in mass loss, firmness, levels of fructose and total anthocyanins and luminosity at the cut site. Atmospheres with 3% O2 + 10% CO2 and 3% O2 + 15% CO2 were more efficient in firmness maintenance for fresh-cut fruits as well as were more effective to control mass loss at normal atmosphere (air). However, fresh cut fruits kept in these atmospheres showed a lower content of total anthocyanins, although no significant changes were observed throughout the storage period. The presence of off-flavors detected by the taste panel in the fresh-cut strawberries stored under 3% O2 + 10% CO2 and 3% O2 + 15% CO2 made with that the product was rejected by the provers from 3rd day of storage, when the appearance was still adequate. Storage at 5°C was more effective in the maintenance of appearance, flavor retention and in the prevention of off-flavors. Storage length did not affect texture and flavor attributes evaluated by the sensory panel, but affected visual attributes. Temperature reduction from 10ºC to 5°C and the utilization of 3% O2 + 10% CO2 and 3% O2 + 15% CO2 concentrations reduced the growth of psycotrophic bacteria, molds and yeasts, increasing the shelf life of fresh-cut strawberries / Mestrado / Tecnologia Pós-Colheita / Mestre em Engenharia Agrícola