Neste trabalho é apresentado o desenvolvimento de instrumentação eletrônica para controle e automação de um sistema de crescimento de semicondutores por Epitaxia por Feixes Moleculares. Envolve uma variedade de circuitos analógicos e digitais como: um módulo de aquisição de dados e controle baseado em uma UCP Z-80, contendo algumas interfaces digitais e analógicas multiplexadas, e comunicando-se com um microcomputador através de uma interface serial. Envolve ainda o desenvolvimento de controladores de temperatura analógicos tipo P.I.D., atuação por motores de passo e circuitos de condicionamento de sinal. / In this work is presented the development of electronic instrumentation for automation and control of a Molecular Beam Epitaxy semiconductor growth system. A variety of analog and digital instrumentation circuits have been designed and implemented, including a data acquisition and control system based on a Z-80 CPU, which controls some multiplexed digital and analog interfaces and talks to a microcomputer using serial communication. Other circuits have been also developed, including analog temperature controllers, stepper motor actuators and circuits for signal conditioning.

nÃo hà / O uso racional de recursos à pauta recorrente nas discussÃes acerca do desenvolvimento sustentÃvel e tem estimulado o projeto de equipamentos mais eficientes quanto ao consumo de energia elÃtrica. Agentes regulamentadores e certificadores estabelecem regras para o funcionamento e para a classificaÃÃo de eletrodomÃsticos quanto ao consumo de energia elÃtrica a fim de formalizar a relaÃÃo entre o desempenho dos mesmos e a manutenÃÃo indefinida dos recursos. Nesse contexto, lanÃa-se mÃo do projeto de um controlador preditivo baseado em modelo aplicado à regulaÃÃo da temperatura do reservatÃrio de Ãgua gelada de um refrigerador termoelÃtrico obedecendo as especificaÃÃes da norma internacional ANSI18 que determina condiÃÃes funcionais para bebedouros com refrigeraÃÃo mecÃnica incorporada, concomitantemente buscando atender aos requisitos para a certificaÃÃo ENERGY STAR quanto ao critÃrio de eficiÃncia energÃtica. Para tanto foram realizadas as etapas de i) Modelagem e IdentificaÃÃo do Processo: foi desenvolvido um modelo em termos de funÃÃo de transferÃncia do sistema de refrigeraÃÃo termoelÃtrico de fluidos atravÃs de modelagem fenomenolÃgica; foram realizados experimentos para a identificaÃÃo de parÃmetros de modelos discretos pelo mÃtodo caixa branca; foi desenvolvido critÃrio de seleÃÃo de modelo baseado na capacidade de simulaÃÃo e caracterÃsticas do resÃduo de simulaÃÃo; ii) Estudo do Controlador Preditivo Baseado em Modelo: foi projetado e implementado na planta um controlador preditivo baseado em um dos modelos parametrizados para regulaÃÃo da temperatura do reservatÃrio interno; foi analisado o desempenho do controlador segundo a norma regulamentadora; iii) Estudo da EficiÃncia do Controlador: foi analisado o desempenho do controlador quanto a capacidade do protÃtipo em atender aos requisitos que o qualificam à obtenÃÃo de certificado segundo critÃrio de eficiÃncia energÃtica para regulaÃÃo da temperatura interna do reservatÃrio e, por fim, realizado um estudo comparativo entre a estratÃgia de controle biestÃvel aplicada atualmente ao processo e a estratÃgia proposta. / The rational use of resources is a recurring theme in sustainable development discussions and has stimulated the development of more efficient electrical power consumption appliances. Regulators and Certifiers agencies set standards for the functionality requirements and for the electric power consumption classification of devices in order to formalize the relationship between performance and maintenance of these resources indefinitely. Thus a model based predictive controller was applied to a thermoelectric cooler to attain the international standard ANSI18 specifications for water cooler dispensers and to meet ENERGY STAR$ iny^{ extregistered}$ energy efficiency requirements. A phenomenological linear model was obtained and the respective parameters were identified by using least squares algorithm; experiments were performed to identify the parameters of the discrete transfer functions; a model criterion selection based on simulation capabilities and residue characteristics was developed; a model based predictive controller was designed and applied using one of the models identified; the controller performance was analyzed attending to the ANSI18 standard and according to energy performance certificates; a comparative study between the bistable control and the proposed strategy was made for performance analysis. Simulation and experimental tests have shown compromise between the simulation capability and residue characteristic criterion. The closed loop system behavior allowed energy saving in standby temperature regulating compared to thermostat control mode. The new control strategy achieved ENERGY STAR energy-efficiency criteria certification requirements infeasible for traditional regulation.

The present work aims to expand the possibilities of PD 3 control strategies implementation and to evaluate, in a practical way, different strategies of fuzzy logic application in the control of processes of a didactic plant (PD 3). This was accomplished by adding fuzzy control strategies to the conventional industrial control strategies with which the PD 3 system is factory configured. The conventional strategies use PID controllers and its variations (P, PI and PD) which parameters are preset and "implanted" in the instruments. Three fuzzy control strategies were performed with temperature as the main process variable to be controlled and flow as the secondary variable to be controlled. The first strategy was the fuzzy-PID temperature control; it was used the local PID controller of PD 3 and a strategy was developed in fuzzy logic in an external workstation, for tuning of the PID parameters in real time. The PD 3 controller acts directly on the power of the heating resistances, which is the manipulated variable. This way, the temperature was controlled in the process. The second strategy, called temperature fuzzy-PID + flow, continued using the same fuzzy-PID temperature controller but was added a fuzzy control to regulate the process flow variable. This fuzzy control was developed at the work station and directly manipulates the actuator of the intelligent water inlet control valve to the heating tank. Finally, a completely fuzzy strategy was developed to control temperature and flow variables of the process. Of the three strategies implemented, completely fuzzy controller presented the best response when observed all metrics and performance indicators. / O presente trabalho tem como objetivos ampliar as possibilidades de implementação de estratégias de controle da PD 3 e avaliar de forma prática diferentes estratégias de aplicação da lógica difusa no controle de processos de uma planta didática (PD 3). Isto foi realizado adicionando estratégias de controle difusas às estratégias convencionais de controle industrial, com as quais o sistema da PD 3 vem configurado de fábrica. As estratégias convencionais utilizam controladores do tipo PID e suas variações (P, PI e PD) cujos parâmetros são pré-ajustados e “implantados” nos instrumentos. Foram realizadas três estratégias de controle difuso com a temperatura como variável principal a controlar e a vazão como variável secundaria a controlar. A primeira estratégia foi o controle de temperatura difuso-PID, na qual foi utilizado o controlador PID local da PD 3 e foi desenvolvida uma estratégia em lógica difusa, em uma estação de trabalho externa, para a sintonia em tempo real dos parâmetros PID. O controlador da PD 3 atua diretamente sobre a potência das resistências de aquecimento, sendo esta a variável manipulada. Desta maneira se realizou o controle da temperatura no processo. A segunda estratégia, denominada temperatura difuso-PID + vazão, continuou usando o mesmo controlador de temperatura difuso-PID, mas foi adicionado um controle difuso para regular a variável vazão do processo. Este controle difuso foi desenvolvido na estação de trabalho e manipula diretamente o atuador da válvula de controle inteligente de entrada de agua ao tanque de aquecimento. Por último, foi desenvolvida uma estratégia totalmente difusa para controlar as variáveis temperatura e vazão do processo. Das três estratégias implementadas, a que apresentou melhor performance foi a do controlador totalmente difuso quando observadas as métricas e índices de desempenho.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-08-17T14:53:12Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Pedro Turibe.pdf: 1407215 bytes, checksum: 1301d5c29a7bdde34bd0b2385be26a03 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2006-10-30 / The conception, design and synthesis of a platform to evaluate the performance of the in real time control algorithms is the main focuses of this Master Thesis. For conception purpose, the platform is classi¯ed in structural and functional parts, the structural one is composed of the hardware that are sensors, actuators, controllers and related devices. The functional part is formed by algorithms to manager the platform resources and real time control strategies. The platform is dedicated to the speed control of a direct current motor and the temperature control of an electric furnace. These plants are used to develop methods for real time control, parameter estimation and controller tuning. The parameter estima- tion of the motor and furnace is performed in the platform, the obtained models are used to design the PID controller optimal gains. / Apresenta-se uma metodologia para o projeto de uma plataforma para avaliar o desempenho de algoritmos de controle em tempo real. O sistema é organizado em partes estrutural e funcional; a estrutural é constituída pelos elementos de hardware que são as plantas, sensores, atuadores e controladores; a parte funcional é constituída pelos algoritmos para o gerenciamento dos recursos da plataforma e para controle de sistemas dinâmicos. A plataforma é dedicada ao controle de velocidade de um motor de corrente continua e controle de temperatura de um forno elétrico, estas plantas são utilizadas para o desenvolvimento de métodos e verificação de aplicações de controle em tempo real, estimação de parâmetros e sintonia de ganhos dos controladores. A plataforma é utilizada para o levantamento dos parâmetros do motor e forno. Os modelos das plantas são utilizados para o projeto de controladores do tipo PID que são sintonizados por métodos de otimização.

Orientador: Luiz Antonio Rossi / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Agrícola / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-25T02:28:06Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Barros_JulianadeSouzaGranja_M.pdf: 1975791 bytes, checksum: 57f688903342bc7bc27950bf884ac3b3 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014 / Resumo: O uso de sistemas de aquecimento em creches suínas é necessário para proporcionar conforto térmico e bem-estar aos animais dentro das instalações. A maioria dos equipamentos de fornecimento de calor utilizados na suinocultura demanda energia elétrica; cujo custo é sempre crescente. Portanto, há a necessidade de ajustes nos sistemas de aquecimento hoje empregados, com o intuito de viabilizar o uso racional de energia elétrica pelo setor. Deste modo, por meio da aplicação de um sistema eletrônico de controle da temperatura dentro das creches é possível manter o bem-estar e o desempenho produtivo do animal, com maior eficiência do uso de energia elétrica, em relação a dispositivos de controle tradicionais, como por exemplo, o termostato. O objetivo deste trabalho foi comparar duas tecnologias de controle de temperatura quanto ao uso racional de energia elétrica, manutenção das condições de conforto térmico e de desempenho produtivo dos animais em fase de creche. Os tratamentos estudados foram: resistências elétricas suspensas controladas por termostato digital simples, que representou a testemunha, e resistências elétricas suspensas controladas por controlador PID (Proporcional, integral e derivativo). Os tratamentos foram analisados quanto ao consumo de energia elétrica (kWh), consumo específico (kWh.kg? ¹), custo específico (R$.kg? ¹), demanda máxima de potência (kW), eficiência elétrica, ganho de peso (kg), conversão alimentar, taxa de mortalidade (%), temperatura de bulbo seco (°C), Índice de Temperatura e Umidade (ITU) e entalpia (kJ.kg? ¹ ar seco). O sistema de aquecimento resistivo com termostato manteve o ambiente mais tempo dentro da zona de conforto de temperatura em comparação ao sistema de aquecimento com controlador PID. No entanto, em relação aos índices de conforto térmico, o sistema de aquecimento com controlador PID proporcionou melhores condições de conforto em comparação ao sistema com termostato. Além disso, o sistema de aquecimento com controlador PID apresentou maiores valores de ganho de peso e menor consumo e custo específico de energia elétrica. Desta forma, concluiu-se que o sistema de aquecimento resistivo com controlador PID foi o que melhor atendeu as condições de conforto térmico dos leitões, foi o mais eficiente quanto ao uso de energia elétrica e o que proporcionou melhor desempenho produtivo aos animais / Abstract: The use of heating systems in nursery pigs is required to provide thermal comfort and welfare of animals within the facility. Most heat supply equipment used in swine electricity demand, whose cost is ever increasing. Thus, there is the need for adjustments to the heating systems used today, in order to facilitate the rational use of energy by industry. Thus, through the application of an electronic temperature control within the nurseries is possible to keep the welfare and the productive performance of the animal, more efficient use of electricity, compared to traditional control, such as example, the thermostat. The objective of this research had to compare two technologies for temperature control regarding the rational use of electricity, maintaining of thermal comfort and productive performance of the animals in the nursery phase. The treatments were: suspended electrical resistances controlled by a simple digital thermostat and suspended electrical resistances controlled by PID controller (proportional, integral and derivative). The treatments were analyzed regarding the electrical energy consumption (kWh), specific consumption (kWh.kg-¹), specific cost (R $.kg-1), maximum demand (kW), electrical efficiency, weight gain (kg), feed conversion, mortality rate (%), dry bulb temperature (° C), Temperature and Humidity Index (THI) and enthalpy (kJ.kg- ¹ dry air). The resistive heating system with thermostat kept more time environment within the comfort zone temperature compared to the heating system with the PID controller. However, regarding to thermal comfort indices, the heating system with PID controller provided better comfort conditions compared to the system with thermostat. Furthermore, the heating system with PID controller showed higher weight gain and lower specific consumption and cost of electricity. The resistive heating system with PID controller was that better provided the conditions for thermal comfort of pigs, was the most efficient regarding the use of electrical energy and which provided better performance for the animals / Mestrado / Construções Rurais e Ambiencia / Mestra em Engenharia Agrícola

Les modulateurs electro-optiques (EOM) sont des composants importants dans les systemes de telecommunication. Malheureusement, ils ne sont pas parfaitement stables dans Ie temps et leur fonction de transfert (TF) a tendance a se decaler durant Ie temps d'operation. La derive de la TF d'un EOM peut etre expliquee par des effets differents tels que les changements de la temperature ambiante, de la polarisation ou de l'efficacite de couplage optique. La these presente une methode de me sure de la derive de la TF de I'EOM (a grace d'estimation du comportement non-linearite du modulateur, NLl), et propose deux systemes instrumentaux pour ameliorer son fonctionnement: Ie premier pour contraler la temperature de l'EOM, il est possible de forcement reduire cette derive, Ie deuxieme pour compenser la derive (la stabilisation du point de fonctionnement autour du point quadrature est obtenue jusqu'au 0,22% ou la fluctuation de phase est de 0,44°). Ces techniques ont ete aussi appliquees pour ameliorer Ie comportement d'un oscillateur optoelectronique haute frequence. Nous avons realise les experiences par asservissement de temperature, par compensation de la derive. Pour une stabilite de I'OEO a court terme, la stabilisation de la frequence est amelioree jusqu'a 28% en utilisant un contrale de temperature seule etjusqu'a 71 % avec les deux processus. Pour une stabilite de l'OEO a long terme, en deux cas sans contra Ie, I'OEO fonctionne pendant 3 heures et pendant 1,6 heure (puis I'OEO ne marche plus). En utilisant une compensation de la derive de la TF de I'EOM, l'OEO fonctionne bien meme apres 7 heures et 8 heures. / Electro-optic modulators (EOM) are important components in telecommunication systems. Unfortunately, there are some physical effects like ambient temperature variations, polarization and inherent photorefractive coefficient which are due to the drift of EOM transfer function (TF). The thesis presents a method for measuring the drift of the TF of EOM (based on a nonlinearity behavior of modulator - NLl), and propose two instrumentation systems to improve their operations: one to control the temperature of EOM, it is possible to significantly reduce the drift, the second to compensate the drift (the bias point stabilization around the quadrature point is obtained up to 0.22% or the phase fluctuation is 0.44°). These techniques have been applied to improve the behavior of an optoelectronic oscillator high frequency. Four experiments are carried out by controlling the EOM temperature and by compensating the EOM drift. For a short-term stability of OEO, the stabilization of the frequency is obtained with 28% with using a temperature control, up to 71 % with the two techniques. For a long-term stability of OEO, in cases without any control, the OEO has worked for 3 hours and for 1.6 hours (then, the OEO does not work anymore). By using the drift compensation of the EOM FT, the OEO has correctly worked even more than 7 hours and 8 hours.

This thesis deals with a design concept of the facility for the educational objectives of the boiling crisis. In the first part, the issue of boiling crisis is explained. There are also examples of some experimental facilities in the world. The second part includes design concept of a loop, which is accompanied by designs of individual devices, such as separator, condenser, exchanger, pump, water tank, electric heater. The thesis also states designs of throttle control, temperature control and flow control.

The field of self-contained linear hydraulic drives based on variable-speed electrical motors and fixed displacement pumps is gaining interest from both industry and academia. Some of the main reasons for this is the possibility to improve the energy efficiency of such drives compared to conventional valve controlled drives, and the possibility for electrical regeneration allowing power sharing between multiple drives [1]. The main drawback for such types of drive concepts is a low pressure in the nonload carrying cylinder chamber. This induces a low drive stiffness limiting the achievable drive bandwidth and hence the application range. However, a so-called self-locking compact drive architecture recently proposed allows maintaining a proper drive stiffness by virtue of separate forward and return flow paths, combining the advantages of efficient flow control into the cylinder and a throttle driven flow out of the cylinder. The multiple inputs available in this architecture allow the control to target several objectives concurrently, for example piston motion, drive stiffness and fluid temperature. The purpose of the study presented is to analyse the dynamic couplings between the control objectives via relative gain array (RGA) methods, and the realization of input- and output transformations effectively decoupling relevant dynamic interactions. These transformations allow the usage of simple SISO-controllers for each control objective, and a method for controlling motion and fluid temperature concurrently, is proposed and experimentally verified.

<p>  </p> <p>Cold chain logistics comprise a large portion of transported pharmaceutical medications and raw materials which must be preserved at specified temperatures to maintain consumer safety and efficacy. An immutable record of temperatures of transported pharmaceutical goods allows for mitigation of temperature-related issues of such drugs and their raw components. The recording of this information on a blockchain creates such an immutable record of this information which can be readily accessed by any relevant party. This can allow for any components which have not been kept at the appropriate temperatures to be removed from production. These data can also be used as inputs for smart contracts or for data analytic purposes. </p> <p>A theoretical framework for such a system, referred to as “TempEnsure” is described, which provides digital capture of the internal temperature of temperature-controlled shipping containers. The data are recorded in a blockchain system. Real world testing of this system was not possible due to monetary constraints, but the functional elements of the system, as well as potential improvements for the system, are discussed.</p>

No / Advances in micromoulding technology are now allowing mass production of complex, three-dimensional functional products having sub-milligram masses and carefully tailored surface finishes. In order to create a viable manufacturing process for these components, accurate process monitoring and product evaluation are essential in order to highlight process problems and production of substandard parts. The present study describes work implementing a suite of sensors on a commercial micromoulding machine for detailed process interrogation. Evaluation of demoulded products is performed with a single camera based system combined with custom software to allow for three-dimensional characterisation of products during the process.