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Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T12:28:05Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 / Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T14:01:21Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 / Dissertacao (Mestrado) / IPEN/D / Instituto de Pesquisas Energeticas e Nucleares - IPEN-CNEN/SP

Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T12:28:05Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 / Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T14:01:21Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 / Neste trabalho foi feito um estudo sistemático, sob um ponto de vista atômico, do magnetismo local em compostos intermetálicos magnéticos do tipo RZn (R = Ce, Gd, Tb, Dy) e RCu, por meio de medida das interações hiperfinas utilizando a técnica de Correlação Angular Gama-Gama Perturbada com os núcleos de prova 111In111Cd e 140La140Ce. O magnetismo nesses compostos tem origem no momento angular dos elétrons 4f das terras raras. Assim, o estudo sistemático da série RZn é interessante para verificar o comportamento do campo hiperfino magnético com a variação do número de elétrons da camada 4f. A utilização do núcleo de prova 140La140Ce é interessante, pois o Ce+3 íon possui um elétron 4f que pode contribuir para o campo hiperfino total, e os resultados encontrados mostraram um comportamento anômalo. A análise feita com o núcleo de prova 111Cd mostrou que, para os compostos ferromagnéticos, o campo hiperfino magnético segue o comportamento da função de Brilluoin com a temperatura e, em função da projeção do spin, este campo diminui linearmente com o aumento do número atômico da terra rara, mostrando que a principal fonte para o campo hiperfino vem da polarização dos elétrons de condução. O gradiente de campo elétrico para 111Cd RZn mostrou uma forte diminuição com o aumento do número atômico da terra rara. Supõe-se assim que a maior parte da contribuição ao gradiente de campo elétrico tenha origem nos elétrons da camada 4f da terra rara. Já para as medidas de 111Cd GdCu, quando este composto é submetido a um ciclo térmico, sua rede cristalina passa a coexistir em dois sistemas, tanto na estrutura cúbica do tipo CsCl, como na estrutura ortorrômbica do tipo FeB. As medidas com esses dois núcleos foram de fundamental importância, pois ainda não foram vistos trabalhos desses compostos com estas pontas de prova. / Dissertacao (Mestrado) / IPEN/D / Instituto de Pesquisas Energeticas e Nucleares - IPEN-CNEN/SP

Made available in DSpace on 2014-07-29T15:07:11Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertacao Lucyene Quimica.pdf: 715050 bytes, checksum: f0341d52acc4a9b488b447ca69a136f7 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009-08-25 / A systematic study concerning the crystalline phases in the Bi2O3-rich region of the system Bi2O3-Tb4O7 was made. X-ray powder diffraction method, differential thermal analysis (DTA) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) were used in the study of the obtained crystalline phases. Sixteen samples with composition in the range of 4.21 to 33.33 mol% of Tb4O7 were synthesized at 800oC by solid state reaction synthesis. Three distinct crystalline phases were initially identified: a tetragonal phase in the composition range of 4.21 to 5.69 mol% of Tb4O7, a cubic phase for compositions between 6.12 and 29.03 mol% of Tb4O7, and a monoclinic one with 33.33 mol% of Tb4O7. The thermal stability of these compositions was rigorously investigated and the results shown that they are metastable phases in almost all studied range. Under thermal annealing at 500oC, tetragonal phase undergoes decomposition into two phases, monoclinic and rhombohedral ones. The cubic phase, under the same thermal annealing, decomposes partially into a rhombohedral one, except for the interval between 25.0 and 29.1 mol% of Tb4O7. In this case, there was not decomposition under thermal annealing at 500oC during 373 hours, suggesting the cubic phase is stable in this composition range. The monoclinic phase was also tested concerning its thermal stability, but no phase transition was verified. The existence of a possible composition range in the system Bi2O3-Tb4O7 with stable cubic -Bi2O3 type structure is a new and promise result, because of the high ionic conductivity presented by this phase / Um estudo sistemático das fases cristalinas na região mais rica em óxido de bismuto no sistema Bi2O3-Tb4O7 foi realizado. As técnicas de Difração de Raios X pelo método do pó, Análise Térmica Diferencial (DTA) e Calorimetria Diferencial de Varredura (DSC) foram utilizadas no estudo das fases cristalinas obtidas. Dezesseis amostras com composição entre 4,21 e 33,33 mol% de Tb4O7 foram preparadas através de síntese por reação no estado sólido a 800oC. Três fases cristalinas distintas foram inicialmente identificadas: uma tetragonal, presente nas composições entre 4,21 e 5,69 mol% de Tb4O7, uma cúbica, para as composições entre 6,12 e 29,03 mol% de Tb4O7 e uma monoclínica com composição de 33,33 mol% de Tb4O7. Essas composições foram rigorosamente testadas quanto à sua estabilidade térmicas e os resultados indicaram que elas são metaestáveis em quase todo o intervalo investigado. Sob tratamento térmico a 500oC, a fase tetragonal se decompôs em duas fases, uma romboédrica e outra monoclínica. A fase cúbica, sob o mesmo tratamento térmico, se decompôs parcialmente em uma fase romboédrica, exceto para o intervalo compreendido entre 25,0 e 29,1 mol% de Tb4O7. Neste caso não houve decomposição sob tratamento térmico a 500oC durante 373 horas, indicando que a fase cúbica é estável neste intervalo de composição. A fase monoclínica também foi testada quanto à sua estabilidade, não tendo sido verificada nenhuma transição estrutural. A existência de uma possível faixa de composição no sistema Bi2O3-Tb4O7 com estrutura cúbica do tipo -Bi2O3 estável é um resultado inédito e promissor devido ela apresentar elevada condutividade iônica

Un-doped, Tb3+ as well as Yb3+ doped ZnO nanocrystals with different concentrations of RE3+ (Tb3+, Yb3+) ions were successfully synthesized via sol-gel method to produce rare earth activated zinc oxide nanophosphors. The phosphor powders were produced by drying the precursor gels at 200˚C in ambient air. Based on the X-ray diffraction results, it was found that the pure and RE3+ doped ZnO nanophosphors were highly polycrystalline in nature regardless of the incorporation of Tb3+ or Yb3+ ions. Moreover, the diffraction patterns were all indexed to the ZnO Hexagonal wurtzite structure and belong to P63mc symmetry group. The Raman spectroscopy confirmed the wurtzitic structure of the prepared samples. Elemental mapping conducted on the as prepared samples using Scanning electron microscope (SEM) equipped with energy dispersive X-ray spectrometer (EDX) revealed homogeneous distribution of Zn, O, and RE3+ ions. The high resolution transmission electron microscope (HR-TEM) analyses indicated that the un-doped and RE3+ doped samples were composed of hexagonal homogeneously dispersed particles of high crystallinity with an average size ranging from 4 to 7 nm in diameter, which was in agreement with X-ray diffraction (XRD) analyses. ZnO:Tb3+ PL study showed that among different Tb3+ concentrations, 0.5 mol% Tb3+ doped ZnO nanoparticles showed clear emission from the dopant originating from the 4f-4f intra-ionic transitions of Tb3+ while the broad defects emission was dominating in the 0.15 and 1 mol% Tb3+doped ZnO. Optical band-gap was extrapolated from the Ultraviolet Visible spectroscopy (UV-Vis) absorption spectra using TAUC‟s method and the widening of the optical band-gap for the doped samples as compared to the un-doped sample was observed. The PL study of ZnO:Yb3+ samples was studied using a 325 nm He-Cd laser line. It was observed that the ZnO exciton peak was enhanced as Yb3+ions were incorporated in ZnO matrix. Furthermore, UV-VIS absorption spectroscopic study revealed the widening of the band-gap in Tb3+ doped ZnO and a narrowing in the case of Yb3+ doped ZnO system. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy demonstrated that the dopant was present in the doped samples and the result was found to be consistent with PL data from which an energy transfer was evidenced. Energy transfer mechanism was evidenced between RE3+ and ZnO nanocrystals and was discussed in detail. / Physics / M.Sc. (Physics)

No description available.

Materiais dopados com o íon trivalente Tb apresentam intensa emissão no verde (5D4 → 7Fj, j = 3, 4, 5 e 6) e fraca na região UV-azul (5D3 → 7Fj , j = 4, 5 e 6). A emissão azul pode ocorrer a partir de excitação direta no UV (emissão Stokes) ou por upconversion (emissão anti-Stokes), após a excitação em 488 nm (excitação ressonante no nível 5D4 a partir do estado fundamental). Nesta dissertação analisamos as propriedades da luminescência do Tb3+ em vidros aluminosilicato de cálcio com baixa concentração de sílica. Para excitação em 325nm, verificou-se que a intensidade da luminescência verde aumenta linearmente com a concentração, enquanto a emissão azul é fortemente reduzida com o aumento da concentração de Tb3+ de 0,5 para 15,0% (% em peso). No caso da excitação em 488 nm, observou-se uma forte saturação das emissões verdes, para intensidades duas ordens de grandeza menores que o esperado. Por meio de um sistema de equações de taxa, mostramos que esse comportamento pode ser explicado pelo mecanismo de absorção do estado excitado (AEE) e, por uma seção de choque de absorção (5D4 → 5D3) aproximadamente duas ordens de magnitude maior do que a do estado fundamental (7F6 → 5D4). Nossos resultados sugerem que a relaxação cruzada envolvendo os níveis 5D4 e 5D3 não é o único mecanismo responsável pela depopulação do nível 5D3 , como tipicamente descrito na literatura. Processos de upconversion por luminescência cooperativa entre íons excitados (5D3: 5D3 ou 5D3: 5D4) e outros mecanismos que envolvem transferência de energia para níveis excitados superiores (4f5d, banda de transferência de carga, matriz hospedeira, defeitos, etc) podem desempenhar um papel significativo neste sistema. Medidas de Z-scan resolvidas no tempo com excitação em 488 nm foram realizadas e não-linearidades de altas ordens foram observadas (n2, n4, etc.). A partir do n2, valores de Δαp e Δσ da ordem de 10-25 cm3 e 10-20cm2 foram calculados, respectivamente. Este valor de Δαp é o mais alto já reportado em materiais dopados com TR, provavelmente devido à baixa energia dos níveis 4f5d para o íon Tb3+. / Trivalent Tb-doped materials exhibit strong emission in the green (5D4 → 7Fj, j = 3, 4, 5 e 6) and weak in the UV-blue (5D3 → 7Fj , j = 4,5 e 6). The blue emission can occur from direct UV excitation (Stokes emission) or by upconversion (anti-Stokes emission) through 488 nm excitation (resonant pump of 5D4 metastable level from the ground state). In this dissertation the luminescence properties of Tb3+ doped low silica calcium aluminosilicate glasses are reported and analyzed. The intensity of green luminescence increases proportionally to the concentration while the blue luminescence is strongly reduced with the increase of Tb3+ concentration from 0.5 up to 15.0 wt%. In the case of 488 nm excitation, a saturation behavior of the green emission is observed at intensities two orders of magnitude smaller than expected for bleaching of the ground state population. Using a rate equation model, we show that this behavior can be explained by an excited state absorption (ESA) from 5D4 to upper levels, with an absorption cross section two orders of magnitude larger than the ground state absorption. The effect of ESA could also be observed by the shortening of the green emission risetime with the increase of pump intensity. We infer that the CR is not the only loss mechanism responsible for the 5D3 depopulation. Cooperative upconversion from a pair of excited ions (5D3:5D3 or 5D3:5D4) and other mechanisms involving upper lying states (4f5d, charge transfer, host matrix, defects, etc.) may play a significant role. Time-resolved Z-scan measurements were also performed at 488 nm high order nonlinearities were observed (n2, n4, etc.). From n2, Δαp and Δσ of the order of 10-25 cm3 and 10-20cm2, respectively, were obtained. This Δαp value is the highest ever reported for a RE doped material, it seems to be due to the low energy value of the 4f5d state in Tb3+.

Le transfert d'énergie par résonance de type Förster (FRET) est un transfert d'énergie non radiatif d'un donneur à un accepteur à proximité. En raison de sa dépendance de la distance extrêmement sensible entre env. 1 et 20 nm, FRET joue un rôle important dans la nanobiotechnologie. Ainsi FRET peut être utilisé comme système de transduction du signal, mais aussi pour l'estimation de la distance entre le donneur et l'accepteur.Les accepteurs de FRET utilisés dans ce travail étaient des nanocristaux semi-conducteurs (quantum dots, QD). Ce type de luminophore est bien connu pour ses propriétés photophysiques supérieures. Leur absorption forte et spectralement large, et leur photoluminescence (PL) brillante et spectralement fine et de l'accordabilité spectrale de la PL sont idéalement adaptés aux applications de FRET. La combinaison des QDs comme accepteurs de FRET avec des complexes luminescents de terbium (CLT) comme donneurs permet des grandes distances de FRET (> 10 nm). La distance de FRET est caractéristique d'une paire FRET et décrit la distance à laquelle l'efficacité de FRET est égale à 50%. CLT sont idéal comme donneurs de FRET parce qu'ils fournissent des longues durées de vie des états excités à l'ordre de la milliseconde. Cette longue période de décroissance de PL permet de mesurer en temps décalé pour une répression d’autofluorescence et la PL des QDs directement excités, ce qui augmente fortement la sensibilité de détection. Les bandes d'émission de PL structurés de CLT et la PL accordable de QDs sont idéales pour l'application dans le diagnostic multiplexé.La thèse se compose de deux parties. Dans la première le couple FRET CLT-QD a été utilisé dans des immunodosages de FRET homogènes pour la détection de marqueurs biologiques antigène prostatique spécifique (TPSA), énolase specifique des neurones (NSE), antigène carcino-embryonnaire (CEA), et le récepteur du facteur de croissance épidermique (EGFR). La sensibilité du dosage immunologique a été optimisé en utilisant des différents types d'anticorps IgG, F (ab')2, F (ab), et pour EGFR un anticorps de chaîne lourde unique. Des limites de détection picomolaires étaient réalisées en utilisant des échantillons de sérum de petit volume et des mesures sur des lecteurs de microplaques cliniques. Une étude détaillée des différents systèmes de FRET en utilisant la spectroscopie résolue en temps a été réalisée pour étudier l'influence des différents anticorps sur la distance, la fonctionnalité, et la sensibilité des immunodosages. L'étude a été complétée par la mesure de NSE et CEA dans un format duplexé et des échantillons réels de patients.Dans la deuxième partie le FRET pour des mesures de distance nanométriques (réglette moléculaire ou spectroscopique) étaient étudiés. FRET en résolution temporelle a permis de calculer la distance entre le donneur et l’accepteur. Par conséquent, deux stratégies de liaisons différentes ont été étudiées pour établir une proximité entre le CLT et le QD : la reconnaissance biotine-streptavidine et l’auto-assemblage médié par polyhistidine. Une étude en résolution temporelle détaillée a été effectuée avec des QDs de différentes tailles, formes et revêtements de surface combiné avec des CLT liés à trois différentes biomolécules. L'analyse des courbes de décroissance multiexponentielle des donneurs et accepteurs permettait à obtenir des informations sur la taille, la forme et la biofonctionnalité des bioconjugués CLT-QD. Les résultats étaient en accord avec d'autres méthodes d'analyse de structure, telles que la microscopie électronique à transmission (MET) ou la diffusion de lumière dynamique (DLS), mais avec l'avantage d'une mesure homogène à la résolution 3-dimensionelle (impossible pour le MET), sans l'inclusion d'une couche d'hydratation (l’inconvénient de DLS) et en faible concentration dans le même environnement que celui utilisé pour l'application biologique. / Förster resonance energy transfer (FRET) is a non-radiative energy transfer from a donor to an acceptor in close proximity. Due to its extremely sensitive distance dependence in the 1 – 20 nm range, FRET plays an important role in nanobiotechnology. Thereby FRET can be used as signal transduction system but also for the distance estimation between donor and acceptor. The selected FRET acceptors in this work were semiconductor nanocrystals (quantum dots, QDs). This type of luminophore is well known for its superior photophysical properties. Their strong and broad absorption and their bright, narrow-band, and size-tunable photoluminescence (PL) emission make QDs ideally suited for FRET application. Combing QDs as FRET acceptors with luminescent terbium complexes (LTC) as FRET donors offers exceptionally large Förster distances of more than 10 nm. The Förster distance is characteristic of a FRET pair and is the distance at which the FRET efficiency equals 50 %. A large Förster distance is desirable as it offers the detection of biological interactions over large distances. LTC are suitable FRET donors for QDs because they provide long excited-state lifetimes in the millisecond range. This long PL decay time enables time-gated measurements for the suppression of autofluorescence and PL of directly excited QDs, which strongly increases the detection sensitivity. Additionally, the structured PL emission bands of LTCs together with the size-tunable PL emission bands of QDs make this FRET pair ideal for the application in multiplexed diagnostics, which is the measurement of multiple biomarkers in a single sample.The PhD thesis consists of two parts. In the first part the LTC-QD FRET pair was used within homogeneous FRET immunoassays for the detection of the biomarkers prostate specific antigen (TPSA), neuron-specific enolase (NSE), carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA), and epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR). The immunoassay sensitivity was optimized using different types of antibodies IgG, F(ab’)2,F(ab), and for EGFR single heavy chain antibodies, which differ largely in their size. The use of small-volume serum samples and measurements on clinical as well customized fluorescence plate readers result in picomolar detection limits for all measured biomarkers. In addition to these QD-based in vitro diagnostic tests, a detailed study of the different FRET-systems using time-resolved spectroscopy was performed. The investigation revealed the influence of the different antibodies on distance, functionality, and sensitivity of the FRET immunoassays. The study was completed by the measurement of NSE and CEA in a duplexed format and real patient samples were investigated.The second part was to use FRET for nanometric distance measurements as molecular or spectroscopic ruler. Time-resolved FRET measurements enabled the calculation of the distance between donor and acceptor. Therefore two different binding strategies were investigated to establish a close proximity between the LTC-donor to the QD-acceptor, namely biotin-streptavidin recognition and polyhistidine mediated self-assembly. A detailed time-resolved study was performed of QDs with different sizes, shapes, and surface coatings in combination with LTC bound to three different host biomolecules, which also possessed different sizes, shapes, orientations, and binding conditions. The analysis of the multi-exponential decay curves of donor and acceptor allowed to obtain information about the size, shape, and biofunctionality of the investigated QD bioconjugates. The results were in agreement with other structural analysis methods, such as transmission electron microscopy (TEM) or dynamic light scattering (DLS), but with the advantage of a homogeneous measurement with three-dimensional resolution (not possible for TEM), without the inclusion of a hydration shell (drawback for DLS), and at low concentration in the same environment as used for the biological application.

Apresentamos uma série de novos resultados acerca dos vidros aluminosilicato de cálcio com diferentes concentrações de sílica (7,0 e 34,0% em massa) dopados com o íon Tb3+ (Tb4O7 = 0,05 - 15,0% em massa). A partir de medidas de absorção, excitação, emissão e tempos de decaimento; discutimos detalhadamente os mecanismos de emissão verde e azul do Tb3+ neste sistema vítreo. As emissões na região do azul (nível 5D3) foram analisadas tanto pela excitação direta no UV (emissão de Stokes) quanto por conversão ascendente de energia (emissão anti-Stokes), após a excitação em 488 nm (excitação ressonante com o nível 5D4). Para excitação em 325 nm, verificou-se que a intensidade da luminescência verde aumenta linearmente com a concentração, enquanto a emissão azul é fortemente reduzida com o aumento da concentração de Tb3+. No caso da excitação em 488 nm, observou-se uma forte saturação das emissões no verde, para intensidades duas ordens de grandeza menores que o esperado (Isat = 2,3×106 W/cm2). Por meio de um sistema de equações de taxa, mostramos que esse comportamento pode ser explicado pelo mecanismo de absorção do estado excitado e por uma seção de choque de absorção (5D4 → 5D3) aproximadamente duas ordens de magnitude maior do que a observada na transição 7F6 → 5D4. Espectros de excitação e emissão realizados a baixa temperatura (6 K) evidenciaram a presença de emissões atribuídas à matriz hospedeira. Medidas de Z-scan resolvidas no tempo, com excitação em 488 nm também foram realizadas e nos permitiram calcular a variação da polarizabilidade (Δαp) das amostras. A concentração de sílica apresentou forte influência nas propriedades não lineares aferidas. Para a amostra com menor concentração de sílica (7,0% em massa), o valor de Δαp é aproximadamente 10 vezes maior do que para a amostra com maior concentração de sílica (34% em massa). / We present a series of new results concerning Tb+3 (Tb4O7 = 0,05 - 15,0 wt.%) doped calcium aluminosilicate glasses with different silica concentrations (7.0 and 34.0 wt.%). Through optical absorption, excitation spectra, photoluminescence, and fluorescence decay measurements, the blue and green Tb+3 emission are discussed in detail. Emissions in the UV-blue region (5D3 level) were analyzed by direct UV excitation (Stokes emission) and by upconversion (anti-Stokes emission), resonant excitation with level 5D4 level. For the excitation at 325 nm, the intensity of the green luminescence increases linearly with the Tb+3 concentration. In opposite, the blue emission is strongly reduced with increasing the Tb+3 concentration from 0.5 to 15.0% (wt%). In the case of the 488 nm excitation, strong saturation of the green emissions was observed for pump intensity two orders of magnitude lower than expected (Isat = 2,3×106 W/cm2). By means a rate equations system, we explain this behavior by the excited state absorption and by an absorption cross section (5D4 → 5D3) approximately two orders of magnitude larger than 7F6 → 5D4 transition. Excitation and emission spectra were performed at low temperature (6 K) in the Tb doped LSCAS glass. These spectra showed matrix emission bands. Time-resolved Z-scan measurements were performed (at 488 nm). From these measurements, we determine the polarizability change (Δαp) in Tb doped glasses. The silica concentration presents a great influence on the nonlinear properties measured. The Δαp value in low silica calcium aluminosilicate glass (7.0 wt.%) is approximately 10 times higher than the value determined the sample with a higher silica content (34.0 wt.%).

L'un des luminophores utilisés dans les lampes trichromatiques est un phosphate mixte de lanthane-cérium-terbium La_1-x-yCe_xTb_yPO₄. Ses propriétés optiques et morphologiques doivent être adaptées à son utilisation. Ce travail concerne l'étude et l'optimisation de ces propriétés. Comme le luminophore est obtenu par calcination d'un précurseur, il apparaît que cette étape a une influence sur son rendement quantique, c'est à dire sur son efficacité. C'est la nature de l'atmosphère de calcination qui est déterminante. La morphologie finale du luminophore peut être contrôlée par l'ajout, avant l'étape de calcination, d'un composé au précurseur. La nature de ce composé dépend des impuretés présentes dans le précurseur et provenant de la synthèse de celui-ci.