Anecdotal evidence suggested that immature lemon sharks (Negaprion brevirostris) occur at the Chandeleur Islands in southeastern Louisiana. From May 2009 to August 2011, the Nekton Research Laboratory at the University of New Orleans regularly sampled habitats at the Chandeleur Islands to confirm the presence of immature individuals of this species. During these efforts, 147 immature lemon sharks (neonates, young-of-the-year, and juveniles) were collected. Each shark was PIT tagged and a tissue sample was taken for genetic analyses. Sizes ranged from 56 – 177 cm total length. Sharks showed a preference for sandy substrate and smaller individuals showed significant preference for shallow waters. Collection data for N. brevirostris were obtained from various locations around the Gulf of Mexico for comparison. Based on a review of current literature, collection data, and microsatellite analysis it was possible to classify the Chandeleur Islands as an elasmobranch nursery ground under the definition presented by Huepel et al. (2007). Current literature and high densities of N. brevirostris suggests that the Chandeleur Islands are the only area in the northern Gulf of Mexico where neonatal and YOY lemon sharks have been recorded. Results from a combination of SPOT 5 satellite tags, PIT tags, and FLOY tags show that immature N. brevirostris at the Chandeleur Islands remain in the vicinity of the islands for several months. The abundance of juvenile sharks across years provides evidence of continuous use of these islands as a pupping area. Genetic analysis supports this information with 7 of 15 mothers returning across years. The combination of this information indicates that the Chandeleur Islands are the northern- and western-most documented nursery ground for this species. Special care should be given to this habitat as CPUE for N. brevirostris decreased significantly during this research following the 2010 Deepwater Horizon disaster and subsequent oil prevention measures. Genetic research indicates a high level of inbreeding and genetic separation between the Chandeleur Islands population and other known populations in Florida, Belize, and the Bahamas.

When an animal’s pigmentation matches the background across various types of environments, it is potentially an example of cryptic pigmentation, most likely as a response to natural selection by visually oriented predators. One example of cryptic pigmentation is phenotypic plasticity, meaning that an organism can exhibit different phenotypes in different environments. The freshwater isopod Asellus aquaticusliving in stands of reeds tends to have darker pigmentation than individuals living amongst lighter-coloured stoneworts, which has been suggested to result from visual predation. A recent study showed, however, that pigmentation in A. aquaticus is partly plastic, influenced by the nutritional composition in their diet. Here, I performed a laboratory experiment on A. aquaticusto see if the nutritional composition in stoneworts decreases pigmentation. Isopods were provided with a diet of either decaying leaves or stoneworts. The experiment took place over four weeks and pigmentation and growth were analysed at 0, 15 and 31 days. I found that pigmentation in A. aquaticusincreased significantly on both diets. And, there was no difference between both diets in amount of change in pigmentation. The fact that isopods that were feeding on stoneworts did not become lighter to match their background colour preferably depend on a high nutritional composition in the provided food, considering they also more than doubled their weight. In other words, phenotypic plasticity due to different diets between habitats is not the explanation to lighter coloured isopods living amongst stoneworts. However, these results do not exclude that differences can arise over a longer time or differs between different species of stoneworts.

A calibração de instrumento é reconhecida como um importante processo para a garantia de qualidade de dados obtidos a partir de um laser scanner terrestre (TLS). Um aspecto importante na garantia da qualidade de nuvem de pontos tridimensionais capturadas com instrumentos TLS é a calibração geométrica. Erros sistemáticos inerentes aos instrumentos, se não corrigidos, podem degradar a acurácia da nuvem de pontos obtida pelo scanner. A modelagem destes erros sistemáticos e o uso de metodologias de calibração para estimativa dos coeficientes do modelo permitem quantificar e avaliar a qualidade e a acurácia dos sistemas lasers scanners terrestres. Identificar os diferentes erros inerentes ao equipamento ou ao processo de medição é um fator de grande importância para certificá-los, comprovando sua conformidade com a precisão nominal definida pelos fabricantes. Esta dissertação apresenta propostas de diferentes metodologias para aferição e calibração de laser scanners terrestres. A primeira metodologia refere-se à auto-calibração de TLS que permite obter os parâmetros de calibração referentes aos erros sistemáticos de distância (??), colimação (?C), direção horizontal (??) e o erro de índice vertical (??). Dois equipamentos foram submetidos à auto-calibração, um equipamento novo, recém-fabricado, modelo Faro Focus 3D X330, que foi utilizado como referência, e um equipamento antigo, modelo Faro Photon 80, que devido ao tempo de constante uso foi submetido à aferição. Os resultados comprovaram a eficiência da metodologia de auto-calibração na determinação dos parâmetros de correção sistemática adicional, indicando que o scanner novo apresentou resultados dentro das especificações e o modelo antigo, resultados acima dos valores de precisão definidos pelo fabricante. Visando facilitar os procedimentos de campo e escritório para fins de calibração de TLS foram propostas duas metodologias com a utilização de peças fabricadas para uso no presente trabalho, visando a obtenção da acurácia tridimensional de um TLS. A primeira consiste na utilização de uma placa de aço com nove furos sobre os quais são alojadas nove esferas de poliacetal. A segunda consiste na utilização de um sistema tridimensional de planos perpendiculares, através do qual pode-se obter a acurácia 3D do TLS. Os resultados obtidos comprovam a eficiência das duas metodologias propostas, aplicadas em procedimentos de calibração em laboratório utilizando varreduras em equipamentos de curto alcance. Por fim foram realizados testes para determinação dos parâmetros de calibração relativos ao erro de zero ou constante aditiva, o erro de escala e o erro cíclico em linhas bases de calibração EDM, utilizando-se a rede de pilares da USP. Os resultados comprovam a necessidade de contar com distâncias entre pilares menores para utilização em TLS de curto alcance, porém, para laser scanners com maior autonomia de distância se mostrou um método eficiente. / Instrument calibration is recognized as an important process for quality assurance of data obtained from a terrestrial laser scanner (TLS). An important aspect in ensuring the quality of three-dimensional point cloud captured with TLS instruments is geometric calibration. Systematic errors inherent in the instruments, if not corrected, can degrade the accuracy of the cloud of points obtained by the scanner. The modeling of these systematic errors and the use of calibration methodologies to estimate the coefficients of the model allow quantifying and evaluating the quality and accuracy of the laser systems. Identifying the different errors inherent in the equipment or the measurement process is a factor of great importance to certify them, proving their conformity with the nominal precision defined by the manufacturers. This dissertation presents proposals of different methodologies for calibration of terrestrial laser scanners. The first methodology refers to TLS self-calibration, which allows to obtain the calibration parameters for systematic errors of distance (??), collimation (?C), horizontal direction (??) and vertical index error (??). Two devices were submitted to self-calibration, a new, newly manufactured Faro Focus 3D X330 model, which was used as reference, and an old equipment, Faro Photon 80 model, which due to the time of constant use was subjected to the calibration . The results proved the efficiency of the self-calibration methodology in determining the additional systematic correction parameters, indicating that the new scanner presented results within the specifications and the old model, values above the precision values defined by the manufacturer. In order to facilitate the field and office procedures for TLS calibration purposes, two methodologies were proposed with the use of prefabricated parts to obtain the three-dimensional accuracy of a TLS. The first proposes the use of a steel plate with nine holes on which are housed nine spheres of polyacetal. The second refers to the use of a three-dimensional system of perpendicular planes, where from the point cloud of the different planes the 3D accuracy of the TLS can be obtained. The results obtained prove the efficiency of the two proposed methodologies, applied in laboratory calibration procedures using short-range scans. Finally, tests were carried out to determine the calibration parameters related to the error of zero or additive constant, the scale error and the cyclic error in EDM calibration baselines, using the USP\'s network of columns. The results confirm the need for adequacy of the distance between columns for use in short-range TLS, but for laser scanners with greater distance autonomy an efficient method was shown.

Nas últimas décadas tem-se verificado um significativo aumento na quantidade de contaminantes que são liberados no ambiente, destacando-se os agrotóxicos como um dos mais utilizados e nocivos. Os agrotóxicos são utilizados para o controle de doenças, pragas e plantas invasoras e, apesar de sua eficiência, seus efeitos em nível de ecossistema e saúde humana são preocupantes. No município de Bom Repouso/MG, devido à prática agrícola há intenso uso de agrotóxicos, os quais são aplicados nas lavouras de morango e batata sem controle mais efetivo, não sendo verificada nenhuma avaliação ambiental física, química e biológica, ou que incluísse os testes de toxicidade terrestres. Dentro desse contexto, o presente estudo procurou avaliar a aplicabilidade dos testes ecotoxicológicos padronizados internacionalmente para organismos terrestres, além de avaliar os impactos ambientais decorrentes das atividades agrícolas no município de Bom Repouso. Para tanto, ensaios de toxicidade (testes de evitamento, toxicidade aguda e crônica) com a espécie Eisenia andrei (ANNELIDA, OLIGOCHAETA), além de análises físicas e químicas, foram realizados com amostras de solo coletadas nas monoculturas de morango e batata, e em área de mata preservada. Nas análises físicas e químicas dos solos foram detectadas concentrações de metais e agrotóxicos em concentrações abaixo de valores orientadores definidos em legislação vigente, ressaltando-se que ambos também ocorreram em áreas de mata preservada. Elevadas concentrações de alumínio foram detectadas nos solos, porém não existem valores orientadores estabelecidos e provavelmente são características do tipo de solo da área de estudo. Não foi verificada toxicidade aguda aos organismos-teste, enquanto que nos testes de evitamento verificou-se que os organismos evitaram os solos de área de cultivo de morango e batata, preferindo os da mata; porém não é possível afirmar se esse resultado se deve à presença de contaminantes ou às propriedades físicas e químicas dos solos. Em relação aos efeitos subletais, a perda de peso não foi caracterizada como efeito de toxicidade, e os efeitos sobre a reprodução, para a maioria dos solos testados, não foram significativos, com exceção de duas amostras coletadas em área de mata e uma amostra de área de batata. Este resultado pode ter sido influenciado pelas concentrações de agrotóxicos não detectados (mas identificados em estudos anteriores), embora as características ácidas do solo também possam ter maior representatividade. Especificamente para as áreas de mata, as concentrações de alumínio detectadas nos solos e a dificuldade de ajuste de umidade provavelmente também influenciaram os resultados. Em função dos resultados obtidos, verifica-se que ainda são necessárias alterações nos procedimentos dos testes ecotoxicológicos com organismos terrestres, com adaptações para testes com amostras de solos naturais. Em relação ao município de Bom Repouso, são evidentes os problemas ambientais decorrentes do uso de agrotóxicos, sendo necessária uma avaliação de risco que permita uma visão sistêmica da situação ambiental e de saúde dos moradores da região. / In the last decades there has been a significant increase in the amount of contaminants that are released into the environment, especially pesticides as one of the most used and harmful. The pesticides are used to control diseases, plagues and invaded plants and, despite its efficiency, its effects on the ecosystem level and human health are disturbing. In the Bom Repouso/MG municipality, due to the agricultural practice, there is an intensive use of pesticides, which are applied in strawberry and potato crops without more effective control, and it is not checked any biological, chemical and physical environmental assessment, which would include tests for terrestrial toxicity. In this context, this current study sought to evaluate the applicability of ecotoxicological tests internacionally standardized for terrestrial organisms and to evaluate the environmental impacts of agricultural activities in the Bom Repouso/MG municipality. Therefore, toxicity tests (tests of avoidance, chronic and acute toxicity) with the species Eisenia andrei (ANNELIDA, OLIGOCHAETA), in addition physical and chemical analysis, were performed with soil samples collected from monocultures of strawberry and potato, in addition preserved forest. In the chemical and physical analysis of the soils were detected concentrations of metals and pesticides in concentrations below the guiding values defined in current legislation, emphasizing that both also occurred in areas of preserved forest. High concentrations of aluminum were detected in soils, but there are no established guinding values and probably these are characteristics of the soil type of the study area. It was not observed acute toxicity to the test-organisms, whereas in tests of avoidance, it was observed that the organisms avoided the soils of the cultivation of strawberry and potato, preferring the forest, but it is not possible to state whether this result is due to the presence of contaminants or the chemical and physical properties of the soils. With respect to the sub lethal effects, the weight loss was not characterized as an effect of toxicity, and the effects on reproduction, for the most soils tested, were not significant, except for the two samples collected in the forest area and one sample in the potato area. This result may have been influenced by the concentrations of pesticides not detected (but identified in previous studies), although the acid soil characteristics may also have greater representation. Specifically for the forest areas, the concentration of aluminum detected in soils and the difficulty of the moisture adjusting, probably also influenced the results. Depending on the results, it observes that are still necessary changes in the procedures ecotoxicological tests with terrestrial organisms, with adjustments for tests with samples of natural soils. With reference to the Bom Repouso municipality, are obvious the environmental problems and because of the use of pesticides, it is necessary an assessment risk that allows a systemic view of the environmental situation and of the health of region residents.

There is a growing realisation that pre-disaster planning is an effective approach to building the resilience of nations to adverse events. There is mounting evidence that little has been done in terms of pre-disaster planning, not only in the United Arab Emirates (UAE) but also throughout much of the Islamic world. The reasons for this are twofold. Firstly, there are staggering economic developments, largely based on oil and gas revenues post World War 2, which substantially change the livelihoods, and therefore the vulnerability, of local populations. In the case of UAE, this was a move from a nomadic Bedouin pastoral culture to one of living in modern urban areas. Secondly, cities in the UAE have developed to a point where they are now global cities. City growth and development is being driven by the massive growth in immigration of foreign nationals and international businesses. In the UAE, there are seven foreign nationals for every UAE citizen. These developments have substantially changed the risk profile of the UAE. Many of the risk management strategies practiced when the UAE was mainly a nomadic society are no longer appropriate. Similarly, immigrants will bring with them different kinds risk management strategies, depending on their place of origin. Though the UAE is multi-cultural, Islam is an important part of the culture of the Emirates. The research investigates the role of Islam in disaster risk reduction. The research used a mixed methods approach for date collection. Secondary research developed the overview of the UAE vulnerability. Primary research had two parts. The first was data collection from groups of male and female community members and stakeholders in each Emirate to provide a comparative analysis of risk perception and response. The second comprised key stakeholder interviews and a focus group who had broad for disaster risk reduction. This research presents the first hazard history of UAE. A vulnerability viewpoint is used to evaluate the hazard history and findings are presented in the paradigm of natural hazards research. An evaluation of UAE’s institutionalisation of Disaster Risk Reduction (DRR) strategies in the context of its international obligations, e.g. the Hyogo Framework, is undertaken. Central to the argument about the difficulties of implementing DRR is the role of Islamic culture. The research offers the results of fieldwork that explore experience of disaster and emergency at personal, community and institutional level. It offers observations, from personal experience, of the difficulty of delivering interventions in traditional Arab architecture/land use patterns for emergency services as well as the challenges of the new, high rise, concrete cities. Most importantly, it looks to the governance issue of the Muslim faith, including the Quran itself, to see if there is any obligation or requirement to take community DRR seriously. It is this emphasis on understanding Muslim faith, the backbone of local lives, which underlie new directions for DRR in UAE. The research finds that there is too great a focus on institution building as opposed to improving community preparedness. It also finds there is strong support for a greater role of the Mosques in building community resilience. The research ends with an outline of the different vulnerabilities in each UAE Emirate but also with an emphasis on the importance of Muslim faith as the backbone of the total national community and the stepping-stone to a community based DRR.

A presença do marsúpio fechado possibilitou aos isópodos terrestres a total independência do meio aquático para a reprodução, permitindo aos mesmos a colonização de habitats terrestres variados. Em seu interior, a prole é nutrida e oxigenada através de estruturas temporárias, chamadas cotilédones, as quais surgem durante o período ovígero das fêmeas e são exclusivas do grupo Crinocheta. O presente estudo teve como objetivo descrever padrões dos cotilédones, analisados em 37 espécies de isópodos terrestres distribuídas entre as famílias: Agnaridae, Armadillidae, Armadillidiidae, Balloniscidae, Bathytropidae, Detonidae, Dubioniscidae, Philosciidae, Platyarthridae, Porcellionidae, Pudeoniscidae, Scleropactidae e Trachelipodidae, verificando se ocorre variação de comprimento ao longo das fases de desenvolvimento embrionário, sendo que para isto foram selecionadas seis espécies: Armadillidium nasatum, A. vulgare, Atlantoscia floridana, Balloniscus sellowii, Benthana cairensis e Porcellio scaber. Armadillidium vulgare e B. sellowii também foram estimados quanto à proporção comprimento dos cotilédones/ tamanho da fêmea. Entre as 13 famílias estudadas foram identificados seis formatos (tipos) de cotilédones e sete arranjos diferentes de número e distribuição. O comprimento foi estabelecido como: curto, médio e longo. Armadillidium vulgare, A. floridana e B. cairensis não apresentaram diferença no comprimento dos cotilédones durante os estágios embrionários sendo que este foi evidenciado para as demais espécies, uma vez que B. sellowii e P. scaber apresentaram aumento da fase de ovo para embrião, diminuindo na fase de manca. Já em A. nasatum ocorre um aumento gradual até a fase de manca, onde então regridem drasticamente. O comprimento dos cotilédones de A. vulgare e B. sellowii é proporcional ao tamanho da fêmea. Durante os estudos realizados outra novidade foi registrada: a presença de uma “extensão marsupial”. Para maiores informações sobre esta estrutura, foi necessário identificar quais espécies a apresentavam, o número de indivíduos abrigados em seu interior e diferenças na estrutura entre as espécies que portavam tal extensão e as que possuem o marsúpio fechado restrito aos cinco pares de oostegitos. Seis espécies apresentaram extensão marsupial, a qual possibilita o abrigo de aproximadamente ¼ do total da prole. XI Este marsúpio não apresenta formato distendido como o encontrado nas demais espécies o que vem a influenciar diretamente a alimentação da fêmea, pois com o desenvolvimento da prole ocorrendo em direção aos órgãos desta, conforme avançam as fases, aumenta a pressão interna, comprimindo seu interior. As diferenças morfológicas registradas aqui representam estratégias reprodutivas adotadas pelas espécies, ao longo da evolução, podendo estar relacionadas (ou não) à filogenia dos grupos. / The presence of the closed brood pouch made it possible for terrestrial isopods to have full independence of the aquatic environment for reproduction, allowing them to colonize varied terrestrial habitats. Inside, the offspring is nourished and oxygenated by temporary structures, called cotyledons, which emerge during the ovigerous period of females and are unique to the group Crinocheta. This study aims to describe patterns of cotyledons, analyzed in 37 species of terrestrial isopods distributed among the families: Agnaridae, Armadillidae, Armadillidiidae, Balloniscidae, Bathytropidae, Detonidae, Dubioniscidae, "Philoscidae" Platyarthridae, Porcellionidae, Pudeoniscidae, Scleropactidae and Trachelipodidae , checking if there is variation in length along the stages of embryonic development, and for this, six species were selected as models: Armadillidium nasatum, A. vulgare, Atlantoscia floridana Balloniscus sellowii, Porcellio scaber and Benthana cairensis. Armadillidium vulgare and B. sellowii were also estimated concerning the proportion of cotyledon length / female size. Among the 13 studied families six formats (types) of cotyledons were identified as well as seven different arrangements of numbers and distribution. The length was established as: short, medium and long. Armadillidium vulgare, A. floridana and B. cairensis showed no difference in the length of the cotyledons during the embryonic stages while this was evidenced for the other species, since B. sellowii and P. scaber showed increased egg stage to the embryo, decreasing during the manca. Nevertheless in A. nasatum a gradual increase until the phase of manca occurs, which then regresses dramatically. The length of the cotyledons of A. vulgare and B. sellowii is proportional to female size. XIII During the carried out studies another new feature was recorded: the presence of an " marsupial extension." For obtaining further information about this structure it was necessary to identify the species that presented it, the number of individuals housed within, and differences in structure between species that harbored such extension and the others which had the closed pouch restricted to five pairs of oostegits. Six species showed marsupial extension, which provides shelter for approximately a quarter of the total offspring. This brood pouch does not have a distended format as the one found in other species, which directly influences the feeding of the female, because due to the fact that the offspring development occurs towards its organs as the stages advance, internal pressure increases, compressing its interior. The morphological differences reported here represent reproductive strategies adopted by the species, through evolution and could be related (or not) to the phylogeny of the groups.

A ordem Isopoda é um dos o grupo mais diverso dentre os crustáceos, sendo composta por dez subordens. Os representantes da subordem Oniscidea, conhecidos como “tatuzinhos de jardim”, obtiveram grande sucesso no domínio do ambiente terrestre. Para isso, foram necessárias várias adaptações morfológicas, fisiológicas e comportamentais, tais como comportamento gregário para diminuição da perda de água, presença de marsúpio fechado para reprodução e a presença de pulmões pleopodais. Apesar do grupo apresentar ampla uma distribuição geográfica, as espécies apresentam limitada capacidade de dispersão. Essa baixa dispersão resulta em isolamento de populações e alta diversidade genética. Dessa forma, o número de espécies dos isópodos é subestimado, sendo necessários mais esforços taxonômicos a fim de ampliar o conhecimento para o grupo. Frequentemente, revisões taxonômicas resultam em ampliação do número de espécies, reforçando a importância destes estudos para o grupo. Identificações usualmente se baseiam em pequenas variações morfológicas, o que muitas vezes dificulta a distinção entre espécies, sendo dados moleculares representam uma importante ferramenta para a delimitação das relações de parentesco entre espécies. O gênero Neotroponiscus ocorre na America do Sul e possui uma grande diversidade de espécies distribuídas ao longo da Mata Atlântica Brasileira. Oito espécies são conhecidas na literatura e foram revisadas para o levantamento de caracteres, necessários para os estudos filogenéticos. Além disso, neste trabalho, cinco novas espécies novas foram identificadas. Com base em dados morfológicos e moleculares a monofilia do gênero foi testada, e o grupo foi recuperado como monofilético. As relações de parentesco entre Neotroponiscus e os integrantes da família Bathytropidae foi testada e a família foi recuperada como um grupo parafilético, corroborando para hipóteses anteriores. Estudos futuros com uma abordagem biogeográfica serão importantes para elucidar os padrões de distribuição das espécies de Neotroponiscus. / The order Isopoda is one of the most diverse groups among crustaceans. Species from the suborder Oniscidea, commonly known as woodlice, were very successful in conquering the terrestrial environment. For that, many morphological, physiological and behavioral adaptations were necessary, such as, closed marsupium for reproduction, presence of pleopodal lungs, and gregarious behavior to diminish water losses. Although the group has large geographical distribution, species have limited dispersion capacity. This low dispersion results in population isolation and high genetic diversity. Therefore, the number of species of terrestrial isopods is greatly underestimated and more taxonomical studies are necessary in order to broaden the knowledge on the group. Taxonomical revisions on terrestrial isopods frequently result in higher number of species reinforcing the importance of these studies for the fore the mentioned group. Identification is usually based on subtle morphological differences, so molecular data is an important tool to elucidate the relationship within the group. The genus Neotroponiscus occurs in South America and has high species diversity throughout the Atlantic Forest. A total of eight species are known from the literature and were reviewed to identify characters that are necessary for phylogenetic studies. In this study, five new species were identified and described. Based on morphological and molecular data, the monophyly of the group was tested and the group was confirmed as monophyletic. The relationship between Neotroponiscus and the other species from the family Bathytropidae were also tested, showing that the family represents a paraphyletic group, which corroborates previous suggestions. Future studies with biogeographic approuch will be important to elucidate the distribution pattern of the genus Neotroponiscus.

L’augmentation et le renforcement des usages d’Internet rend nécessaire l’évolution des réseaux existants. Cependant, on constate de fortes inégalités entre les zones urbaines, bien desservies et qui concentrent l’essentiel des investissements, et les zones rurales, mal desservies etdélaissées. Face à cette situation, les utilisateurs de ces zones se tournent vers d’autres moyensd’accès, et notamment vers les accès Internet par satellite. Cependant, ces derniers souffrentd’une limitation qui est le délai important induit par le temps de propagation du signal entre la terre et l’orbite géostationnaire. Dans cette thèse, nous nous intéressons à l’utilisation simultanée d’un réseau d’accès terrestre, caractérisé par un faible débit et un faible délai, et d’un réseau d’accès satellite, caractérisé par une forte latence et un débit plus important. D’autre part, les réseaux dediffusion de contenus ou CDNs, constitués d’un grand nombre de serveurs de cache, apportentune réponse à l’augmentation du trafic et des besoins en termes de latence et de débit.Cependant, localisés dans les réseaux de cœur, les caches restent éloignés des utilisateurs etn’atteignent pas les réseaux d’accès. Ainsi, les fournisseurs d’accès Internet (FAI) se sontintéressés au déploiement de ces serveurs au sein de leur propre réseau, que l’on appelle alorsTelCo CDN. La diffusion des contenus nécessite idéalement l’interconnexion des opérateurs CDNavec les TelCo CDNs, permettant ainsi la délégation de la diffusion à ces derniers. Ils sont alorsen mesure d’optimiser la diffusion des contenus sur leur réseau dont ils ont une meilleureconnaissance. Ainsi, nous nous intéresserons à l’optimisation de la livraison de contenus sur unréseau hybride satellite / terrestre intégré à une chaîne de livraison CDN. Nous nous attacheronsdans un premier temps à décrire une architecture permettant, grâce à l’interconnexion de CDNs,de prendre en charge la diffusion des contenus sur le réseau hybride. Dans un second temps,nous étudierons l’intérêt de la connaissance des informations apportées par le contexte CDN pour le routage sur une telle architecture. Dans ce cadre, nous proposerons un mécanisme de routage fondé sur la taille des contenus. Finalement, nous montrerons la supériorité de notre approche sur l’utilisation du protocole de transport multichemin MP-TCP / The increase and reinforcement of Internet uses make necessary to improve existing networks.However, we observe strong inequalities between urban areas, well served and which concentratethe major part of investments, and rural areas, underserved and forkasen. To face this situation,users in underserved areas are moving to others Internet access, and in particular satellite Internetaccess. However, the latter suffer from a limitation which is the long delay induced by thepropagation time between the earth and the geostationnary orbit. In this thesis, we are interresedin the simultaneous use of a terrestrial access network, characterized by a low delay and a lowthroughput, and a satellite access network, characterized by a high throughput and an long delay.Elsewhere, Content Delivery Networks (CDNs), consisting of a large number of cache servers,bring an answer to the increase in trafic and needs in terms of latency and throughput. However,located in core networks, cache servers stay far from end users and do not reach accessnetworks. Thus, Internet Service Providers (ISPs) have taken an interest in deploying their ownCDNs, which will be referred to as TelCo CDNs. The content delivery ideally needs theinterconnection between CDN operators and TelCo CDNS, allowing the delegation of the contentdelivery to the TelCo CDNs. The latter are then able to optimize the content delivery on theirnetwork, for which they have a better knowledge. Thus, we will study the optimization of thecontents delivery on a hybrid satellite / terrestrial network, integrated in a CDN delivery chain. Wewill initially focus on the description of a architecture allowing, thanks to a CDN interconnection,handling contents delivery on the hybrid network. In a second stage, we will study the value of theinformation provided by the CDN context in the routing on such architecture. In this framework, wewill propose a routing mechanism based on contents size. Finally, we will show the superiority ofour approach over the multipath transport protocol MP-TCP

Thesis (B.S.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, 1979. / MICROFICHE COPY AVAILABLE IN ARCHIVES AND ENGINEERING. / Includes bibliographical references. / by Stanley Richard Rotman. / B.S.

The use of digital three-dimensional (3D) data has increased over the last two decades as private and public firms have begun to realize its utility. Mobile Terrestrial Laser Scanning (MTLS) or Mobile Mapping Systems (MMS), which utilizes LiDAR (Light Detection and Ranging) data collection from a moving platform along with advances in positioning systems—e.g., Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS), Inertial Navigation Systems (INS), and Distance Measurement Instruments (DMIs)—have paved the way for efficient, abundant, and accurate 3D data collection. Validation and control targets are vital to ensure relative and/or absolute accuracy for MTLS projects. The focus of this dissertation is to evaluate several types of targets and the positional spacing of said targets for MTLS.<div><br></div><div>A mostly planar two-dimensional (2D) targeting system (painted target on ground) is commonly used to constrain, register, and validate the 3D point clouds from MTLS. In this dissertation, 3D objects—a sphere and a cube—were evaluated with varied angles of incidence and point densities as more appropriate alternatives to constrain and validate the 3D MTLS point clouds. Next, a planar circular 2D target—with the use of the raw intensity of the LiDAR pulse as another measured dimension—was evaluated as a proof of concept to also constrain and validate 3D LiDAR data. A third and final component of this dissertation explored analyses of INS data to determine the positional spacing of control and validation targets in MTLS projects to provide maximum accuracy for all data points.<br></div>