Understanding transcriptional regulation quantitatively is a crucial step towards uncovering and ultimately utilizing the regulatory semantics encoded in the genome. Transcription of a gene is induced by the binding of site-specific transcription factors (TFs) to so-called cis-regulatory-modules (CRMs). The frequency and duration of the binding events are influenced by the concentrations of the TFs, the binding affinities and location of the transcription factor binding sites (TFBSs) in the CRM as well as the properties of the TFs themselves (e.g. effectiveness, competitive interaction with other TFs). Modeling these interactions using a mathematical approach, based on sound biochemical and thermodynamic foundations, enables the understanding and quantitative prediction of transcriptional output of a target gene. In the thesis I introduce the developed framework for modeling, visualizing, and predicting the regulation of the transcription rate of a target gene. Given the concentrations of a set of TFs, the TFBSs in a regulatory DNA region, and the transcription rate of the target gene, the method will optimize its parameters to generate a predictive model that incorporates the regulatory mechanism of the observed gene. I demonstrate the generalization ability of the model by subjecting it to standard machine learning and hypothesis testing procedures. Furthermore, I demonstrate the potential of the approach by training the method on a gene in D. melanogaster and predicting the output of the homologous genes in 12 other Drosophila species where the regulatory sequence has evolved substantially but the regulatory mechanism was conserved. Finally, I investigate the proposed role-switching behaviour of TFs regulating the development of D. melanogaster, which suggests that SUMOylation is the biological mechanism facilitating the switch.

Understanding transcriptional regulation quantitatively is a crucial step towards uncovering and ultimately utilizing the regulatory semantics encoded in the genome. Transcription of a gene is induced by the binding of site-specific transcription factors (TFs) to so-called cis-regulatory-modules (CRMs). The frequency and duration of the binding events are influenced by the concentrations of the TFs, the binding affinities and location of the transcription factor binding sites (TFBSs) in the CRM as well as the properties of the TFs themselves (e.g. effectiveness, competitive interaction with other TFs). Modeling these interactions using a mathematical approach, based on sound biochemical and thermodynamic foundations, enables the understanding and quantitative prediction of transcriptional output of a target gene. In the thesis I introduce the developed framework for modeling, visualizing, and predicting the regulation of the transcription rate of a target gene. Given the concentrations of a set of TFs, the TFBSs in a regulatory DNA region, and the transcription rate of the target gene, the method will optimize its parameters to generate a predictive model that incorporates the regulatory mechanism of the observed gene. I demonstrate the generalization ability of the model by subjecting it to standard machine learning and hypothesis testing procedures. Furthermore, I demonstrate the potential of the approach by training the method on a gene in D. melanogaster and predicting the output of the homologous genes in 12 other Drosophila species where the regulatory sequence has evolved substantially but the regulatory mechanism was conserved. Finally, I investigate the proposed role-switching behaviour of TFs regulating the development of D. melanogaster, which suggests that SUMOylation is the biological mechanism facilitating the switch.

Understanding transcriptional regulation quantitatively is a crucial step towards uncovering and ultimately utilizing the regulatory semantics encoded in the genome. Transcription of a gene is induced by the binding of site-specific transcription factors (TFs) to so-called cis-regulatory-modules (CRMs). The frequency and duration of the binding events are influenced by the concentrations of the TFs, the binding affinities and location of the transcription factor binding sites (TFBSs) in the CRM as well as the properties of the TFs themselves (e.g. effectiveness, competitive interaction with other TFs). Modeling these interactions using a mathematical approach, based on sound biochemical and thermodynamic foundations, enables the understanding and quantitative prediction of transcriptional output of a target gene. In the thesis I introduce the developed framework for modeling, visualizing, and predicting the regulation of the transcription rate of a target gene. Given the concentrations of a set of TFs, the TFBSs in a regulatory DNA region, and the transcription rate of the target gene, the method will optimize its parameters to generate a predictive model that incorporates the regulatory mechanism of the observed gene. I demonstrate the generalization ability of the model by subjecting it to standard machine learning and hypothesis testing procedures. Furthermore, I demonstrate the potential of the approach by training the method on a gene in D. melanogaster and predicting the output of the homologous genes in 12 other Drosophila species where the regulatory sequence has evolved substantially but the regulatory mechanism was conserved. Finally, I investigate the proposed role-switching behaviour of TFs regulating the development of D. melanogaster, which suggests that SUMOylation is the biological mechanism facilitating the switch.

Um dos grandes desafios enfrentados pela indústria do petróleo é reduzir o impacto causado pela cristalização indesejável de hidrocarbonetos parafínicos de elevada massa molar em tubulações e equipamentos de produção. A cristalização de parafinas em petróleo é normalmente detectada através da determinação da temperatura inicial de aparecimento de cristais (TIAC), que pode ser estimada através de modelagem termodinâmica com base na composição do petróleo. Os objetivos deste trabalho são: estudar os principais modelos termodinâmicos adotados para descrever a precipitação de parafinas; verificar a validade desses modelos para os petróleos brasileiros e determinar qual modelo é o mais adequado para esses óleos. Para tanto, três formas de cálculo da razão entre as fugacidades das fases sólida e líquida e cinco modelos para calcular os coeficientes de atividade dos componentes em cada fase são aplicados aos dados de composição de vinte e três petróleos brasileiros. Os resultados mostram que o modelo ideal de múltiplas fases sólidas e o modelo de Escobar-Remolina geram valores bastante abaixo da TIAC experimental. Para os modelos de única fase sólida ideal, de Won e de Coutinho, foi possível observar que: a) a grande maioria dos erros é negativa; b) que estes se distribuem melhor em torno de zero quando se utiliza a correlação de Coutinho para o cálculo dos valores de i; c) os valores de erro médio para os modelos de Coutinho, de Won e ideal com única fase sólida se equivalem, qualquer que seja o modelo utilizado para o cálculo de i, exceto para o caso em que todos os compostos presentes na fase líquida podem precipitar; d) os valores obtidos através do modelo de Coutinho apresentam erro sistemático em relação ao modelo ideal de única fase sólida; e) as diferentes formas de se calcular a razão entre as fugacidades da fase sólida e líquida (i) influenciam fortemente a capacidade preditiva dos modelos, o que não era esperado; f) o perfil do primeiro cristal formado nos petróleos é influenciado pelas moléculas mais pesadas presentes nos resíduos, o que mostra a necessidade de se desenvolver metodologias precisas e robustas de caracterização de resíduos; g) a inclusão de uma estimativa para a composição dos resíduos efetivamente melhorou o desempenho dos modelos em petróleos médio; h) em petróleos pesados, houve um aumento do erro de previsão da TIAC devido à pouca ou nenhuma quantidade de parafinas nos resíduos desses óleos. A necessidade de uma melhor caracterização dos resíduos de petróleos é corroborada pelo fato da TIAC calculada pelos modelos ser, via de regra, mais baixa que a TIAC experimental e pela melhora no desempenho dos modelos quando se estimou a composição dos resíduos, em petróleos médios / A major challenge faced by the oil industry is to reduce the impact of undesirable crystallization of high molecular weight paraffins in pipelines and production equipments. The paraffin crystallization is usually detected by measuring the wax appearance temperature (WAT), which can be estimated from composition based thermodynamic modeling. The goals of this work are: to study the main thermodynamic models adopted for paraffin crystallization description, to check models performances for Brazilian crudes and to determine the best model for these oils. For this, composition data from twenty-three Brazilian oils were used. For the thermodynamic modeling of wax precipitation in these crude oils, three forms of calculating the ratio between the solid and the liquid phase fugacities and five models to calculate the activity coefficients of components in each phase were used. The results showed that the ideal model for multiple solid phases and the Escobar-Remolina model give results far below the experimental WAT. For the single solid ideal, Won and Coutinho models, the points to be mentioned are described as follows: a) most of the errors is negative; b) the errors distribution is better when the correlation used for i calculation is the number 2; c) the average errors for ideal, Won and Coutinho models are equivalent, except when all the oil components are considered to precipitate; d) the results obtained from Coutinho model presents systematic error in relation to the ideal model; e) the different ways to calculate the ratio between the solid and the liquid phase fugacities strongly influence the predictive ability of models, which was not expected; f) the composition profile of the first crystal formed in the oil is influenced by the heavier molecules in the residue, which shows the need of developing robust and accurate methods of heavy fractions characterization; g) the inclusion of an estimate for the residue composition effectively improved the performance of models for intermediate crude; h) for heavy oil, there was an increase in prediction error due to the little amount of paraffinic compounds in these residues. The need for better characterization of the residues is corroborated by the fact that the calculated WAT is normally lower than the experimental WAT and by the improvement on the models performance when the estimation of the residue composition was done for intermediate crudes

Um dos grandes desafios enfrentados pela indústria do petróleo é reduzir o impacto causado pela cristalização indesejável de hidrocarbonetos parafínicos de elevada massa molar em tubulações e equipamentos de produção. A cristalização de parafinas em petróleo é normalmente detectada através da determinação da temperatura inicial de aparecimento de cristais (TIAC), que pode ser estimada através de modelagem termodinâmica com base na composição do petróleo. Os objetivos deste trabalho são: estudar os principais modelos termodinâmicos adotados para descrever a precipitação de parafinas; verificar a validade desses modelos para os petróleos brasileiros e determinar qual modelo é o mais adequado para esses óleos. Para tanto, três formas de cálculo da razão entre as fugacidades das fases sólida e líquida e cinco modelos para calcular os coeficientes de atividade dos componentes em cada fase são aplicados aos dados de composição de vinte e três petróleos brasileiros. Os resultados mostram que o modelo ideal de múltiplas fases sólidas e o modelo de Escobar-Remolina geram valores bastante abaixo da TIAC experimental. Para os modelos de única fase sólida ideal, de Won e de Coutinho, foi possível observar que: a) a grande maioria dos erros é negativa; b) que estes se distribuem melhor em torno de zero quando se utiliza a correlação de Coutinho para o cálculo dos valores de i; c) os valores de erro médio para os modelos de Coutinho, de Won e ideal com única fase sólida se equivalem, qualquer que seja o modelo utilizado para o cálculo de i, exceto para o caso em que todos os compostos presentes na fase líquida podem precipitar; d) os valores obtidos através do modelo de Coutinho apresentam erro sistemático em relação ao modelo ideal de única fase sólida; e) as diferentes formas de se calcular a razão entre as fugacidades da fase sólida e líquida (i) influenciam fortemente a capacidade preditiva dos modelos, o que não era esperado; f) o perfil do primeiro cristal formado nos petróleos é influenciado pelas moléculas mais pesadas presentes nos resíduos, o que mostra a necessidade de se desenvolver metodologias precisas e robustas de caracterização de resíduos; g) a inclusão de uma estimativa para a composição dos resíduos efetivamente melhorou o desempenho dos modelos em petróleos médio; h) em petróleos pesados, houve um aumento do erro de previsão da TIAC devido à pouca ou nenhuma quantidade de parafinas nos resíduos desses óleos. A necessidade de uma melhor caracterização dos resíduos de petróleos é corroborada pelo fato da TIAC calculada pelos modelos ser, via de regra, mais baixa que a TIAC experimental e pela melhora no desempenho dos modelos quando se estimou a composição dos resíduos, em petróleos médios / A major challenge faced by the oil industry is to reduce the impact of undesirable crystallization of high molecular weight paraffins in pipelines and production equipments. The paraffin crystallization is usually detected by measuring the wax appearance temperature (WAT), which can be estimated from composition based thermodynamic modeling. The goals of this work are: to study the main thermodynamic models adopted for paraffin crystallization description, to check models performances for Brazilian crudes and to determine the best model for these oils. For this, composition data from twenty-three Brazilian oils were used. For the thermodynamic modeling of wax precipitation in these crude oils, three forms of calculating the ratio between the solid and the liquid phase fugacities and five models to calculate the activity coefficients of components in each phase were used. The results showed that the ideal model for multiple solid phases and the Escobar-Remolina model give results far below the experimental WAT. For the single solid ideal, Won and Coutinho models, the points to be mentioned are described as follows: a) most of the errors is negative; b) the errors distribution is better when the correlation used for i calculation is the number 2; c) the average errors for ideal, Won and Coutinho models are equivalent, except when all the oil components are considered to precipitate; d) the results obtained from Coutinho model presents systematic error in relation to the ideal model; e) the different ways to calculate the ratio between the solid and the liquid phase fugacities strongly influence the predictive ability of models, which was not expected; f) the composition profile of the first crystal formed in the oil is influenced by the heavier molecules in the residue, which shows the need of developing robust and accurate methods of heavy fractions characterization; g) the inclusion of an estimate for the residue composition effectively improved the performance of models for intermediate crude; h) for heavy oil, there was an increase in prediction error due to the little amount of paraffinic compounds in these residues. The need for better characterization of the residues is corroborated by the fact that the calculated WAT is normally lower than the experimental WAT and by the improvement on the models performance when the estimation of the residue composition was done for intermediate crudes

rOrientador: Martin Azna / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Química / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-22T13:28:41Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 SilvaJunior_JulioLopesda_M.pdf: 4182616 bytes, checksum: 6423419dacba1304ffd5dce09c359c97 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013 / Resumo: O 2,5-dimetilfurano (DMF) é um biocombustível promissor que pode ser produzido a partir da desidratação da frutose por catálise ácida em um reator bifásico. Para o projeto, operação e otimização do processo de produção do DMF são indispensáveis dados de equilíbrio de fases, visando as etapas de separação e purificação, bem como dados de propriedades termofísicas dos componentes envolvidos, úteis no cálculo das propriedades de transporte. Entretanto, dados de equilíbrio líquido-líquido (ELL) envolvendo o DMF são, até o momento, inexistentes na literatura. Este trabalho teve como objetivo principal determinar experimentalmente dados de ELL de sistemas ternários água + DMF + solventes presentes nas etapas de separação do processo de produção do DMF em reator bifásico, bem como desenvolver a metodologia analítica mais apropriada. Foram usados como solventes 1-butanol, 2-butanol e 1- hexanol e as linhas de amarração foram obtidas nas temperaturas de 25°C e 40°C, a pressão atmosférica de aproximadamente 95,0 kPa. Três técnicas analíticas foram testadas: 1) densimetria e refratometria, 2) cromatografia gasosa com padronização interna e 3) cromatografia gasosa com titulação volumétrica de Karl Fischer, sendo empregada esta última metodologia na determinação da composição das fases em equilíbrio. O ELL do sistema ternário acetato de etila + 1-butanol + água a 20°C foi determinado e comparado com dados disponíveis na literatura para validação da metodologia analítica. Os resultados mostram que os sistemas estudados apresentam regiões de grande imiscibilidade e altos valores de seletividade para o DMF; portanto, estes álcoois foram considerados bons solventes para aplicação no processo de produção do DMF. Fez parte ainda dos objetivos do trabalho determinar as propriedades densidade, índice de refração e viscosidade do DMF puro, obtidos usando um densímetro de tubo em U vibrante, um refratômetro e um viscosímetro de bola em queda, respectivamente, em uma faixa de temperatura entre 15 e 60°C. Os dados de ELL obtidos foram satisfatoriamente correlacionados com o modelo NRTL para o cálculo do coeficiente de atividade, com desvio médio quadrático na composição menor que 2% para todos os sistemas; novos parâmetros de interação binária foram determinados nesta correlação. A qualidade dos dados experimentais foi verificada pelas equações de Bachman e Othmer-Tobias, que mostraram um coeficiente de correlação R2> 0,97 em todos os casos / Abstract: 2,5-Dimethylfuran (DMF) is a promising biofuel that can be produced by dehydration of fructose by acid catalysis in a biphasic reactor. For the design, operation and optimization of DMF production process, phase equilibrium data are necessary, aiming the separation and purification steps, as well as thermophysical properties of the involved compounds, useful in the calculation of transport properties. However, liquid-liquid equilibrium (LLE) data of systems including DMF are not available in the literature at the present time. The main objective of this work was to determine experimentally LLE data of ternary systems water + DMF + solvents present in the separation steps of DMF production process in biphasic reactor, as well to develop the most suitable analytical methodology. 1-Butanol, 2-butanol and 1-hexanol were used as solvents and the tie-lines were determined at 25°C and 40°C and at atmospheric pressure of about 95.0 kPa. Three analytical techniques were tested: 1) densimetry and refractometry, 2) gas chromatography with internal standard method and 3) gas chromatography combined with Karl Fischer volumetric titration, the latter used in the equilibrium phases composition determination. LLE data of ternary system ethyl acetate + 1-butanol + water at 20°C was determined and compared with those available in the literature for validation of the analytical methodology. The results show that the studied systems have large immiscibility region and high selectivity values for the DMF; therefore, these alcohols are considered good solvents for application in DMF process production. Also, new measurements of pure DMF density, refractive index and viscosity were performed, obtained by using a vibrating U-tube densimeter, a refractometer and a falling ball viscometer, respectively, in the temperature range 15 to 60°C. The obtained LLE data were satisfactorily correlated with the NRTL model for the activity coefficient calculation, with root mean square deviation in composition less than 2% for all systems; new binary interaction parameters were determined in this correlation. The quality of the experimental data was ascertained by Bachman and Othmer-Tobias equations, with a correlation coefficient R2 > 0.97 for all cases / Mestrado / Desenvolvimento de Processos Químicos / Mestre em Engenharia Química

Orientadores: Maria Alvina Krähenbühl, Antonio José de Almeida Meirelles / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Química / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-21T14:59:57Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Falleiro_RafaelMauricioMatricarde_D.pdf: 3711901 bytes, checksum: 63d1fa258a93673deab7ea40c5ebf7d8 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012 / Resumo: O presente trabalho visa determinar dados de equilíbrio líquido-vapor (ELV) de sistemas binários de ácidos graxos com ésteres etílicos através da calorimetria exploratória diferencial (Differential Scanning Calorimetry - DSC). Essa é uma técnica analítica de grande precisão que envolve métodos de análises térmicas amplamente usadas no estudo de transições físicas, apresentando algumas vantagens em relação às técnicas convencionais (ebuliometria), em que se destacam: o menor tempo de operação e a utilização de pequenas quantidades de amostra. O preço elevado dos compostos graxos tornou-os inapropriados de serem estudados neste trabalho através de técnicas convencionais, pois a quantidade necessária de reagente ultrapassa os 100 g. Este fato levou a busca por um método alternativo (DSC) capaz de obter dados de ELV de sistemas binários até então inéditos na literatura especializada. A metodologia baseada no método da pressão total foi eficaz para a determinação da temperatura de ebulição de compostos graxos, cuja pressão de vapor foi investigada entre 10 e 70 mmHg, enquanto que os sistemas binários foram medidos a 20 mmHg, utilizando-se de quantidades muito pequenas de amostra (4,0 a 6,0 mg). Para todos os sistemas propostos foram preparadas amostras em diferentes concentrações, cuja fração molar do componente mais volátil variou em 0,1 abrangendo todo o intervalo entre 0 e 1. A modelagem termodinâmica permitiu a determinação dos parâmetros de interação binária de modelos convencionais utilizados para descrever a não idealidade da fase líquida, pois eles são necessários para o projeto de equipamentos para a produção de biodieseis e essenciais para aperfeiçoar os processos de purificação / Abstract: This study aims to determine vapor-liquid equilibrium (VLE) data of binary systems of fatty acid and ethyl esters by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). This is a highly accurate analytical technique that involves thermal analysis methods used extensively in the study of physical transitions. DSC has some advantages over conventional techniques (ebulliometry) like shorter time and use of small amounts of sample. The high price of fatty compounds made them unsuitable to be studied by conventional techniques, since the required amount of reagent is higher than 100 g. This fact resulted to a search for an alternative method (DSC) able to get data for VLE binary systems thitherto unprecedented in the literature. The methodology based in the total pressure method was effective for determining the boiling temperature of the fatty compounds. The vapor pressure was investigated between 10 and 70 mmHg, while the binary systems were measured at 20 mmHg, using very small sample amounts (4.0 to 6.0 mg). For all the systems proposed, samples were prepared at different concentrations whose molar fraction of the more volatile component varied 0.1 spanning the range 0 to 1. The thermodynamic modeling allowed the determination of binary interaction parameters of conventional models used to describe the non-ideality of the liquid phase. These data are necessary for the design of equipment for the biodiesels production and essential to improve the purification process / Doutorado / Desenvolvimento de Processos Químicos / Doutor em Engenharia Química

Ce travail de thèse s’inscrit dans le domaine de la chimie métallo-supramoléculaire. Plus particulièrement, nous avons développé une chimie d’auto-assemblage afin de créer des architectures à plusieurs composants formés à partir de motifs TiO4N2. D’un point de vue synthétique, l’objectif de ce travail résidait dans l’analyse des conséquences de modifications structurales apportées à l’un des composants, le ligand azoté bidentate, sur la nature des architectures générées. C’est autour du ligand 2,2’-bipyrimidine que ces variations structurales se sont concentrées. En effet, c’est à partir de ce ligand que l’hélicate circulaire [Ti3(L)3(bpym)3], qui nous a servi de composé de référence tout au long de cette thèse, a été créé. Le premier facteur examiné concernait l’introduction de groupements de taille croissante sur le squelette de la 2,2’-bipyrimidine. Puis, la conséquence d’une réduction de la taille d’un des cycles du ligand azoté bidentate a été évaluée. Enfin, la denticité du ligand azoté a été changée. Le deuxième but de cette thèse était d’explorer l’importance relative des facteurs enthalpiques et entropiques dans des réactions d’auto-assemblage à base de métaux de transition. Nous avons pu ainsi proposer une méthodologie générale de modélisation thermodynamique qui ne fait appel qu’au seul logiciel PACHA, moyennant la connaissance des structures tridimensionnelles des produits de départ et d’arrivée. / The subject of this thesis belongs to the field of metallosupramolecular chemistry. We have developed a self-assembled chemistry in order to create multicomponent architectures formed around TiO4N2 units. From a synthetic point of view, the major goal of this work was to analyse the consequences of structural variations performed on one component on the resulting self- assembled architectures. These variations involved the 2,2'-bipyrimidine ligand as this ligand was employed to create a circular helicate [Ti3(L)3(bpym)3], which was used as a reference compound throughout this thesis. The first factor considered concerns the introduction of groups of different sizes on the backbone of the 2,2'-bipyrimidine. Then, the consequence of a ring size reduction of the nitrogenous bidentate ligand was evaluated. Finally, the denticity of the nitrogenous ligand was changed. The second aim of this thesis was to model the enthalpy and entropy factors governing these self-assembled reactions driven by titanium (IV) centers. We were able to propose a general thermodynamic modeling methodology by using the PACHA software, through the sole knowledge of crystalline structures of the starting and final products.

La cristallisation du sel dans les pores peut conduire à l'expansion d'une variété de milieux poreux, y compris le béton, la pierre ou les sols. Par exemple, les attaques sulfatiques de matériaux cimentaires peuvent conduire à des cristallisations du gypse ou de l’ettringite, qui peuvent causer un endommagement et limiter la durabilité des structures en béton. Une meilleure compréhension de la façon dont la cristallisation induit la déformation des matériaux cimentaires est une condition préalable à la conception de moyens efficaces pour atténuer les effets néfastes de la cristallisation du sel. Dans cette thèse, nous cherchons à comprendre comment la cristallisation conduit à l'expansion, pour les matériaux à base de ciment dans le cas spécifique de la présence d'ions sulfatiques, qui est un cas pertinent pour la compréhension des attaques sulfatiques. La principale originalité de l'étude a été de réaliser des expériences avec des matériaux granulaires compactés dans des cellules œdométriques ou isochores. Les échantillons testés ont été fabriqués par broyage de pâtes de C3S, de pâtes de ciment Portland ordinaire, ou des mélanges des phases dont ces pâtes sont constituées (par exemple, monosulfoaluminate AFm), puis de les compacter dans des éprouvettes cylindriques sur une hauteur de 2 cm. Dans les cellules, les échantillons compactés sont très perméables et peuvent être saturés avec des solutions de sulfate de sodium en moins d’1 heure. Dans une cellule œdométrique, l'échantillon est empêché de se dilater radialement, mais est autorisé à se dilater axialement: nous avons mesuré comment des injections de solutions induisent une expansion axiale. Dans une cellule isochore, l'échantillon est empêché de se dilater à la fois radialement et axialement: nous avons mesuré comment des injections de solutions provoquent le développement de contraintes axiales et radiales. Un point notable des cellules isochores que nous avons développées est que toute solution s’évacue le long de l'échantillon et peut être récupérée: ainsi, à partir des mesures des concentrations et des volumes de solutions d'entrée et de sortie, la quantité de sulfates restant dans l'échantillon au cours des expériences pourrait être déterminée. En parallèle des mesures de déformation/contrainte, nous avons effectué des caractérisations minéralogiques et microstructurales des échantillons en utilisant une variété de techniques, notamment : la fluorescence X, l’analyse thermogravimétrique, la diffraction des rayons X, la résonance magnétique nucléaire d'aluminium et la microscopie électronique à balayage avec analyse aux rayons X. Les évolutions des concentrations de sortie et de la minéralogie au cours du processus d'injection ont pu être bien prédites avec le logiciel CHESS de modélisation géochimique. Les résultats expérimentaux de la campagne, en conjonction avec les résultats des caractérisations minéralogiques et microstructurales, ont permis de révéler quels sont les principaux paramètres qui régissent l'expansion. Grâce à ce protocole original que nous avons développé, l'expansion ou le développement de contraintes a commencé immédiatement après l'injection de la solution, s’est stabilisé au bout de quelques jours à quelques semaines, et la cristallisation a eu lieu de façon homogène sur toute la hauteur de l'échantillon. En outre, nous avons montré que la cristallisation du gypse contribue à l'expansion. Dans les tests isochores, nous montrons que les deux cristallisations d'ettringite et de gypse peuvent induire des contraintes, et que l'amplitude de ces contraintes dépend linéairement du volume de ces cristaux formés. Les conclusions tirées de cette étude expérimentale permettent de mieux comprendre les processus physiques par lesquels la cristallisation induit une expansion ou des contraintes dans des solides poreux, et permettent d’orienter la modélisation des attaques sulfatiques dans les matériaux cimentaires / In-pore crystallization can lead to expansion of a variety of porous media, including concrete, stone, or soils. For instance, sulfate attacks of cement-based materials can lead to crystallizations of gypsum or ettringite, which may cause damage and limit the durability of concrete structures. A better understanding of how crystallization induces deformation of cementitious materials is a prerequisite to designing efficient ways of mitigating the detrimental effects of salt crystallization. In this thesis, we aim at understanding how crystallization leads to expansion, for cement-based materials in the specific case of the presence of sulfate ions, which is relevant for sulfate attacks. The main originality of the study was to perform experiments with granular materials compacted into oedometric or isochoric cells. The tested samples were manufactured by grinding C3S pastes, regular Portland cement pastes, or mixtures of phases of which those pastes are made (e.g., monosulfoaluminate AFm), and then compacting them within the cell into 2-cm-high cylindrical specimens. In the cells, the highly permeable compacted samples could be flushed with sodium sulfate solutions in less than 1 hour. In an oedometric cell, the sample is prevented from expanding radially, but is allowed to expand axially: we measured how injections of solutions induced an axial expansion. In an isochoric cell, the sample is prevented from expanding both radially and axially: we measured how injections of solutions induced the development of axial and radial stresses. A salient feature of the isochoric cells we developed is that all solution flushed throughout the sample could be recovered: thus, from the measurements of concentrations and volumes of input and output solutions, the amount of sulfate remaining in the sample over the experiments could be determined. In parallel to the deformation/stress measurements, we also performed the mineralogical and microstructural characterizations of the samples before and after testing by using a variety of techniques, including X-ray fluorescence, thermogravimetric analysis, X-ray diffraction, aluminum nuclear magnetic resonance and scanning electron microscopy with X-ray analysis. The evolutions of the output concentrations and of the mineralogy over the injection process could be well predicted with the geochemical modeling software CHESS. Experimental results of the campaign, in conjunction with results from mineralogical and microstructural characterizations, made it possible to reveal what the main parameters are that govern expansion. Thanks to the original protocol we developed, expansion or development of stresses started immediately after the injection of solution, stabilized after a few days to a few dozen days, and crystallization occurred homogeneously throughout the height of the sample. One interesting conclusion is that, even when ettringite crystallizes in macropores, i.e., outside of the C-S-H gel porosity, ettringite can lead to an expansion. Also, we showed that gypsum crystallization contributes to expansion. In isochoric testing, we showed that both crystallization of ettringite and of gypsum can induce stresses, and that the magnitude of those stresses is linearly related to the volume of those crystals formed. The conclusions drawn from this experimental study make it possible to better understand the physical processes through which crystallization induces expansion or stresses in porous solids, and thus to orient the modeling of sulfate attacks in cement-based materials

Orientador: Fernando Antonio Cabral / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia de Alimentos / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-18T13:55:53Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Gomes_DanielaCaioAndre_M.pdf: 2263142 bytes, checksum: 6a08300201853fde99cabfc0824e3b26 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011 / Resumo: Corrigiu-se empiricamente o parâmetro a da equação de estado de Peng-Robinson para o CO2 em função da temperatura e pressão, para que a equação pudesse calcular corretamente a fugacidade do dióxido de carbono em condições supercríticas. Em princípio, o intuito foi verificar se a modelagem termodinâmica com esta correção poderia correlacionar melhor os dados de equilíbrio de fases de sistemas constituídos de dióxido de carbono supercrítico e substâncias de interesse presentes em alimentos. Para testar esta hipótese, os seguintes sistemas bifásicos constituídos de dióxido de carbono supercrítico e componentes graxos foram selecionados da literatura: CO2 ¿ esqualeno, CO2 ¿ ácido oleico, CO2 ¿ tricaprilina, CO2 ¿ éster etílico de EPA, CO2 ¿ éster etílico de DHA, CO2 ¿ alfa-tocoferol, CO2 ¿ alfa-tocoferol, CO2 ¿ trioleína, CO2 ¿ tripalmitina. Tais escolhas são decorrentes do crescente interesse de se recuperar esses componentes minoritários de óleos brutos ou dos subprodutos resultantes do processamento convencional de óleos e gorduras, devido a sua importância na manutenção da saúde humana. Além disso, tem crescido o interesse por produtos naturais isentos de solventes orgânicos indesejáveis. Nesse sentido, os processos de extração com dióxido de carbono supercrítico vêm suprir esta demanda atual, pois é um solvente inerte que não agride o meio ambiente. Os resultados mostraram que as propriedades críticas que são estimadas por métodos de contribuição de grupos influenciaram mais no desempenho da modelagem termodinâmica que a correção do parâmetro a da equação de estado de Peng-Robinson. As maiores correções do parâmetro foram obtidas nas condições de maiores valores de temperatura e menores de pressão. No geral, a correção do parâmetro a não diminuiu o desvio em relação aos valores experimentais quando comparados aos valores obtidos sem a correção do parâmetro. No entanto, em alguns sistemas observou-se que a correção deste parâmetro para as condições de pressões elevadas modificou o comportamento dos valores de solubilidade calculados, produzindo valores mais próximos aos experimentais / Abstract: Corrected empirically the parameter a of the Peng- Robinson equation of state of for CO2 as a function of temperature and pressure, so that the equation could correctly calculate the fugacity of carbon dioxide in supercritical conditions. In principle, the aim was to verify whether the thermodynamic modeling with this correction could better correlate the phase equilibrium data from system consisting of supercritical carbon dioxide and substances of interest in food. To test this hypothesis, the following two-phase systems consisting of supercritical carbon dioxide and fatty components were selected from the literature: CO2 - squalene, CO2 - oleic acid, CO2 - tricaprylin, CO2 - ethyl ester of EPA, CO2 - DHA ethyl ester, CO2 - ?-tocopherol, CO2 - ?-tocopherol, CO2 - triolein, CO2 - tripalmitin. Such choices are the result of growing interest to recover these minor components of crude oils or byproducts resulting from conventional processing of oils and fats, due to its importance in maintaining human health. In addition, interest has grown in natural products free of undesirable organic solvents. In this sense, the processes of extraction with supercritical carbon dioxide come meet this current demand, it is an inert solvent that does not harm the environment. The results showed that the critical properties are estimated by group contribution methods of influence over the performance of thermodynamic modeling that the correction of the parameter to the equation of state of Peng-Robinson. The larger corrections of the parameter were obtained under conditions of higher temperatures and under pressure. In general, the correction of the parameter a does not diminish the deviation from the experimental values when compared to values obtained without the correction parameter. However, in some systems it was observed that the correction of this parameter for the conditions of high pressures changed the behavior of the solubility values calculated, yielding values closer to experimental / Mestrado / Engenharia de Alimentos / Mestre em Engenharia de Alimentos