O estresse calórico em gado leiteiro especializado torna-se um fator limitante para a produção de leite no estado do Rio Grande do Sul durante os meses de maior índice temperatura-umidade. O impacto fisiológico sobre o animal tem repercussão não somente sobre o metabolismo animal, mas também na quantidade e na qualidade do leite produzido. Não existem estudos prévios sobre o grau de impacto que o estresse por calor possa causar em gado da raça Holandesa no Rio Grande do Sul com enfoque no metabolismo e na qualidade do leite. O presente projeto estudou as alterações que o estresse calórico ocasiona em vacas leiteiras especializadas sobre indicadores clínicos, produtivos e metabólicos. Um total de 450 observações foram realizadas durante dois anos consecutivos em uma fazenda leiteira de alta produção da região do Planalto Médio do Rio Grande do Sul. O grau de estresse calórico foi considerado quando o índice temperatura-umidade (THI) ficou acima de 80. O estresse calórico foi evidente sobre os indicadores clínicos (temperatura corporal e frequência respiratória) e causou redução de 17% da produção de leite, bem como diminuição na quantidade de lactose e aumento na CCS, porém sem afetar o teor de gordura nem de proteína. Os indicadores metabólicos mais afetados foram proteínas totais, albumina e ureia, com respostas compatíveis com grau de desidratação leve, glicose com aumento atribuído à maior secreção de cortisol, e colesterol com aumento atribuído à menor secreção de tiroxina, em animais em estresse por calor. Lactato foi menor em animais estressados, sendo seu mecanismo objeto de futuros estudos. Ficou evidente uma condição de alcalose respiratória e a resposta compensatória de acidose metabólica. Conclui-se que o estresse calórico nos animais estudados repercute em mudanças clínicas, produtivas, metabólicas e ácido-básicas. / Heat stress is a limiting factor for milk production in high yielding dairy cows in Rio Grande do Sul (Brazil) during the months with the highest temperature-humidity index (THI). The physiological impact caused by high THI has not only consequences in the animal’s metabolism, but also in the animal’s milk yield and milk composition (quality). To our knowledge, there are no previous studies that related the impact of heat stress on metabolism and milk composition of high yielding Holstein cows in RG. The objective of the present study was to evaluate the effects of heat stress on clinical, productive, and metabolic parameters in high yielding dairy cows. A total of 450 observations were taken during 2 consecutive years in a commercial dairy farm in the RG’s plateau region. Heat stress was characterized as a THI greater than 80. Clinical parameters (rectal temperature and respiratory frequency) was clearly affected by heat stress as well as reduction of milk yield (17%), milk lactose, and increased milk somatic cells count However, milk fat and milk protein were not affected by heat stress. The metabolic parameters that were greatly affected by heat stressed Holstein cows were total protein, albumin, and blood urea concentrations corresponding to cow’s slight degree of dehydration; glucose concentration was increased and associated with a higher secretion of cortisol; and cholesterol concentration was increased due to lower secretion of tiroxine. Blood lactate concentration was lower in heat stressed animals when compared with non-stressed animals but the specific mechanism is still to be determined. Therefore, heat stressed cows evidently showed a state of respiratory alkalosis that was compensated by a state of metabolic acidosis. In conclusion, cows that experienced heat stress in the present study had altered clinical, productive, metabolic and acid-base parameters when compared with non-stressed cows.

The diploma thesis deals with monitoring imidazoles in selected types of beverages. The aim is to detect imidazoles in drinks by High Performance Liquid Chromatography with the use of Mass Spectrometry (HPLC-MS/MS). The coumpounds that were detected are 2-Methylimidazole, 4-Methylimidazole and 2-Acetyl-4(5)-(1,2,3,4-tetrahydroxybutyl)-imidazole. The theoretical part concerns the origin of imidazoles, its occurrence and influence on human health. There is also a brief introduction to technology of production of beverages containing imidazoles. The practical part statistically compares imidazoles concentration amongst separated types of dark beers, cola beverages, coffee beans and instant coffees. The end of the thesis focuses on determining a dependency of imidazoles on roast time in Ethiopia coffee beans.

L’objectif de cette étude est de comprendre les relations entre les organisations constructives, formelles et spatiales et les modes d'appropriation de la façade des maisons dans un quartier résidentiel à Hanoi, au Vietnam. Elle présente les analyses et les caractéristiques des murs de la façade des maisons du point de vue morphologique et de l'appropriation des espaces. La recherche comporte quatre chapitres. Le premier chapitre présente d’abord une introduction générale de la ville de Hanoi et du quartier Bui Thi Xuan. Ce chapitre présente également la pertinence de l’étude des murs de façade des maisons du quartier Bui Thi Xuan, ainsi que les modes d’appropriation de la façade. Le deuxième et le troisième chapitre présentent le cadre conceptuel, théorique et méthodologique de la recherche. Ces chapitres contiennent les notions de mur et de façade, la structure du mur de façade, les modes d’appropriation de la façade et de ses espaces, et la méthodologie de recherche. Le quatrième chapitre fait état des résultats de la recherche, décrivant et interprétant les caractéristiques de la façade des maisons et les relations entre les organisations constructives, formelles et spatiales et les modes d’appropriation de la façade du quartier Bui Thi Xuan. La recherche permet de comprendre les caractéristiques principales de la façade des points de vue constructif, formel et spatial et de montrer l’influence de ces organisations sur les modes d’appropriation de la façade par le contrôle que les habitants ont sur les espaces, à l'intérieur et à l'extérieur, d'un bâtiment et les usages de ces espaces. Ce mémoire décrit également la relation entre les fonctions des espaces intérieurs et les organisations spatiales et formelles de la façade de maisons dans le quartier Bui Thi Xuan. / The researching purpose of the thesis is to understand relationships between structure, form, space organization and ways of using the housing's façade in the quarter Bui Thi Xuan, Hanoi. The thesis will make analysis and describe main characters of the housing's façade from the angle of morphology and space use. Researching contents include 4 chapters. Chapter I will state an overview on the situation of Hanoi and Bui Thi Xuan ward, as well as the necessity of the research on the wall of housing's facades in the quarter Bui Thi Xuan and ways of using the housing's façade. Chapters II and III will indicate scientific bases and methodologies of the research in the thesis. These two chapters will focus on clarifying basic concepts of the housing wall, housing's façade as well as its structure, ways of using the façade and researching methodologies. Chapter IV will mention researching results of the thesis by describing and explaining main characters of the housing's façade, the relationship among structure, forms, space organization and ways of using the housing's façade in the quarter Bui Thi Xuan. The thesis will make contributions to clarifying main characters of the architecture of the façade from the angles of structure, form and space as well as indicate the influence of the façade's architecture on ways of using the façade by managing and controlling the indoor and outdoor space of local residents. Finally, this thesis also describes the relation between the functions of interior spaces and the form-space organization of housing's façade in the quarter Bui Thi Xuan.

Ce mémoire s'interroge sur les impacts de la densité sur la qualité d'habitation dans les parcelles résidentielles du quartier Bui Thi Xuan à Hanoi. Il a pour objectif d'explorer les relations entre (1) la densité, (2) l'organisation et l'aménagement et (3) la qualité d'habitation au niveau de la parcelle résidentielle, afin de développer des directives pour contrôler la densité et ses impacts sur la qualité d'habitation. Il s'agit d'une recherche qualitative exploratoire, qui utilise également l'analyse typo-morphologique et l'analyse corrélationnelle. Le recherche montre que, sous certaines conditions, les habitants peuvent accéder à la satisfaction résidentielle dans un contexte de densité élevée et, donc, que certains facteurs d'aménagement et de design peuvent améliorer la qualité d'habitation dans une situation de densité élevée.

Les cellules du système immunitaire sont capables de reconnaître et d'éliminer les cellules cancéreuses prévenant ainsi l'apparition de cancers. Parmi celles-ci, l'activité antitumorale est principalement attribuée aux lymphocytes T CD4 helper de type 1 (Thl). Les lymphocytes CD4 sont activés lors de la reconnaissance d'un antigène (Ag) de tumeur présenté par le complexe majeur d'histocompatibilité de classe II (CMH-II). Ils possèdent des propriétés cytotoxiques propres et activent les autres cellules immunitaires. Dans un premier temps, nous nous somme intéressés au mécanisme de présentation sur le CMH-II de la télomérase (hTERT). La protéine hTERT est capable d'interagir avec les HSPGs facilitant ainsi son internalisation par les DC. Elle emprunte ensuite les voies endolysosomale et cytosolique pour générer des peptides nommés UCP présentés dans le contexte HLA-DR. Cette découverte soutient son utilisation en immunothérapie associée aux chimiothérapies. Nous avons ensuite identifié quatre peptides dérivés de hTERT restreints HLA-DP4 puis comparé leur immunogénicité avec les UCP. Cette analyse a mis en évidence la supériorité des UCP en termes d'immunoprévalence et d'immunodominance. Enfin, nous avons étudié l'impact de l'acquisition d'une résistance à l'oxaliplatine sur le profil antigénique de lignées tumorales de cancers colorectaux (CCR). L'évaluation des réponses immunitaires de patients atteints de CCR nous a permis d'identifier des peptides immunogènes dérivés d'Ag surexprimés après une exposition à l'oxaliplatine. En conclusion, ces travaux pourront participer à l'amélioration des stratégies d'immunothérapie et d'immunomonitoring ciblant les lymphocytes CD4 Thl. / Immune cells are able to recognize and eliminate cancer cells to prevent from cancer development. Among them, antitumoral activity is mainly attributed to CD4 T helper 1 (Thl) cells. CD4 Thl cells are activated upon recognition of tumor antigen presented on the Major Histocompatibility Complex class II (MHC-II) molecules. These cells possess their own cytotoxic capacities and activate other immune cells. Firstly, we were interested in the mechanism of presentation of the catalytic subunit of telomerase (hTERT) which is an attractive tumor antigen target for immunotherapies. hTERT protein can interact with cell surface HSPGs facilitating its internalization by DC. Then, hTERT uses thé endo-lysosomal and cytosolic proteolysis pathways to generale immunogenic peptides named UCP (Universal Cancer Peptide) presented in HLA-DR context. This discovery is an additional argument in favor of using hTERT as a target for cancer immunotherapies. Then, we identified four novel hTERT-derived peptides presented by HLA-DP4 and compared their immunogenicity with UCP. This analysis highlighted the superiority of UCP in term of immunoprevalence and immunodominance. This stresses the importance of considering MHC-II locus for immunotherapy strategies stimulating CD4 T cells. Finally, we studied the impact of oxaliplatin treatment and/or oxaliplatin résistance acquisition on CRC antigenome. Evaluation of immune responses in CRC patients permitted the identification of immunogenic peptides derived from antigens upregulated after oxaliplatin exposition. In conclusion, this work could participate in the improvement of cancer immunotherapies and immunomonitoring targeting CD4 Thl cells.

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