Orientador: Robson Francisco Carvalho / Resumo: A caquexia associada ao câncer é uma síndrome caracterizada pela grave perda de tecido musculo esquelético; que se estima que afeta mais de 50% de todos os pacientes com câncer e resulta em menor qualidade de vida devido a fadiga, fraqueza, redução da função imune, resistência à insulina e baixa tolerância e resposta à quimioterapia. Notavelmente, 20% das mortes relacionadas ao câncer são diretamente causadas pela caquexia. A principal limitação de que atualmente não há terapia direcionada, é o uso de abordagens tradicionais que não tratam a complexidade em sistemas biológicos, caracterizada por interações não-lineares de redes de regulação genética (GRN, do inglês Gene Regulatory Networks). Por esse motivo, ainda é necessária uma identificação dos componentes da GRN e uma compreensão quantitativa de sua integração temporal no controle das respostas celulares. Adquirir tal conhecimento é fundamental para capturar detalhes mecanicistas essenciais para direcionar estratégias terapêuticas para uma doença complexa, como a caquexia do câncer. Neste trabalho, examinamos a expressão genética do músculo esquelético em dois abordagens metodológicos diferentes: usando dados de expressão de genes estáticos e dinâmicos. Estruturamos nosso trabalho da seguinte maneira: o Capítulo 1 apresenta uma caracterização quantitativa das vias de sinalização e uma reconstrução de GRN no tecido musculo esquelético em ratos portadores de carcinoma de pulmão de Lewis (LLC, do inglês Lewis lung carcinoma... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: Cancer cachexia is a syndrome characterized by the severe skeletal muscle wasting tissue; that affects more than 50% of all cancer patients and results in lower quality of life due to compromised fatigue, weakness, decreased immune function, insulin resistance and poor tolerance and response to radio and chemotherapy. Remarkably, approximately 20% of cancer-related deaths are estimated to be directly caused by cachexia. There is currently no effective targeted therapy and the main limitation lays on the traditional approaches that not deal with the inherent complexity, characterized by non-linear interactions, of gene regulatory networks (GRN). Thus, a clear identification of the components of gene regulation, and a quantitative understanding of their temporal integration to control cellular responses is fundamental for capture essential mechanistic details that will ultimately enable the development of direct therapeutic strategies for the treatment of cancer cachexia. Here, we examine genome-wide gene expression of muscle wasting under two different frameworks, using static and dynamic gene expression data. We structure this approach as follow: Chapter 1 presents a quantitative characterization of the signaling pathways and a GRN reconstruction of muscle wasting in Lewis Lung Carcinoma (LLC) tumor-bearing mice by integrating static mRNAs and microRNAs expression profiles. The results show that LLC mice reduced body weight in 20% and presented muscle and fat tissue wasting a... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Doutor

Apoptosis-induced proliferation (AiP) is a compensatory mechanism to maintain tissue size and morphology following unexpected cell loss during normal development, and may also be a contributing factor to cancer growth and drug resistance. In apoptotic cells, caspase-initiated signaling cascades lead to the downstream production of mitogenic factors and the proliferation of neighboring surviving cells. In epithelial Drosophila tissues, the Caspase-9 homolog Dronc drives AiP via activation of Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK); however, the specific mechanisms of JNK activation remain unknown. Using a model of sustained AiP that produces a hyperplastic phenotype in Drosophila eye and head tissue, I have found that caspase-induced activation of JNK during AiP depends on extracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) generated by the NADPH oxidase Duox. I found these ROS are produced early in the death-regeneration process by undifferentiated epithelial cells that have initiated the apoptotic cascade. I also found that reduction of these ROS by mis-expression of extracellular catalases was sufficient to reduce the frequency of overgrowth associated with our model of AiP. I further observed that extracellular ROS attract and activate Drosophila macrophages (hemocytes), which may in turn trigger JNK activity in epithelial cells by signaling through the TNF receptor Grindelwald. We propose that signaling back and forth between epithelial cells and hemocytes by extracellular ROS and Grindelwald drives compensatory proliferation within the epithelium, and that in cases of persistent signaling, such as in our sustained model of AiP, hemocytes play a tumor promoting role, driving overgrowth.