No description available.

Komořany Lake, regarded as one of the most important sites of the Czechoslovak Quaternary, was situated at the southern foot of the Krušné hory Mountains, northwest from the Starý Most town, between the villages of Souš, Komořany, Ervěnice, Dřínov, Albrechtice, Černice and Dolní Jiřetín. Due to its size, Komořany Lake belonged to the largest bodies of water in the Czechoslovak Republic (25 km2 ) and due to the quantity of organogenic sediments get into the focus of paleoecologists. Gyttji sediments which occupy comparatively thick position in the lake infilling, formed a continuous record from the Last Glacial period to the Subatlantic period and up to now have been processed mainly from the paleoecological point of view. In this work the organogenic sediments are studied from the sedimentary record using modern geochemical methods (TOC/TN and d13C) for the first time in Komořany Lake history. The work was based on profiles (PK-1-C, PK-1-Ch, PK-1-I and PK-1-W) which were taken between 1977-1983 before a complete exploitation of Komořany Lake sediments as a result of coal mining in the Most Basin in the 1980's.

No description available.

Late Mississippian, Mauch Chunk Group strata constitute a westward-thinning clastic wedge of strata up to 1000m thick that developed in the Central Appalachian Basin over a ~ 7 million year time interval. Included within the Mauch Chunk Group are multiple incised-valley fills and a distinctive prodeltaic succession of laminated sandstones and mudstones. Calculated estimates of drainage basin areas for incised-valley fills in the Mauch Chunk Group range from > 1,000,000 km2 for the Stony Gap Sandstone to < 100,000 km2 for the Princeton Formation. Drainage area estimates are consistent with detrital zircon geochronology and petrographic data and suggest that the Stony Gap and Ravencliff incised-valley fills were derived from distal, northern and northwestern cratonic sources that dispersed sediment into NE-SW-oriented, longitudinal incised-valley drainages and that the Princeton Formation was derived from proximal tectonic highland sources along the eastern margin of the Appalachian Basin which dispersed sediment into a transverse incised-valley. The Pride Shale overlies the Princeton incised valley fill and records a hierarchy of tidal periodicities is preserved in the Pride Shale. Microlaminated, semi-diurnal sandstone-siltstone/shale couplets record the dominant ebb tide of the day. Up to 17 semi-diurnal couplets are stacked into neap-spring (fortnightly) tidal cycles. Neap-spring cycles are arranged in thickening and thinning that record seasonal cycles driven by the annual monsoon. Total organic carbon (TOC) values are a proxy for annual climatic cycles. TOC contents are higher within intermonsoonal and lower within monsoonal components of annual cycles reflecting, respectively, lesser and greater dilution by terrestrial flux. / Master of Science

The development of Supply Chain Management has occurred gradually over the latter half of the last century, and in this century will continue to evolve in response to the continual changes in the business environment. As organizations exhaust opportunities for internal breakthrough improvements, they will increasingly turn toward the supply chain for an additional source of untapped improvements. Manufacturers in particular can benefit from this increased focus on the chain, but the gains realized will vary by the type of supply chain. By applying basic production control principles to the chain, and effectively using tools already common at the production line level, organizations address important supply chain considerations. Both the Theory of Constraints and the factory physics principles behind the Constant WIP concepts focus on the system constraint with the aim of controlling inventory. Each can be extrapolated to focus on a system whose boundaries span the entire supply chain.

The purpose of this study was to characterize the leachate from a landfill in Pennsylvania that had been pretreated by activated sludge and propose the most efficient treatment for this effluent. These samples had been pretreated in a sequencing batch reactor that also was operated to remove nitrogen by nitrification/denitrification. The SBR samples were found to have low BOD, high COD, high TOC and a very low BOD/COD ratio. These SBR decant samples have poor UV transmittance and hence quench UV light. Five treatment methods were evaluated, coagulation, ultrafiltration, combined coagulation/ultrafiltration, combined ultrafiltration/oxidation and combined filtration/fentons. These processes were tested for their ability to remove BOD and TOC and also to evaluate the improvement in UV transmittance. It was found that coagulation; Ultrafiltration and Ultrafiltration combined with coagulation do not work in improving the transmittance properties though there is a significant BOD and TOC removal with these processes. Ultrafiltration combined with oxidation was found to work the best in terms of TOC removal. In this study, four oxidants, KMnO?, H?O?, NaOCl and Fenton's reagent were used. It was observed that Fenton's reagent was capable of removing 90% TOC at a dose of 1g/L each of iron salt and hydrogen peroxide at a pH of 4.5. Since Fentons reagent was found to be the most effective method, hence, efforts were made to optimize the oxidation process with Fenton's. The two parameters which were studied were the initial pH and the chemical dosage. The initial pH was varied from a value of 2.5 to 6.5. The range of iron salt and peroxide dose used was from 0.05 to 0.1 g/L. Additional studies were conducted using samples filtered through a 0.45 um filter and oxidized with Fenton's reagent. The Fenton's process for oxidation of filtrates from the 0.45?m filter was also optimized with respect to pH and chemical dosage to determine the most economical operating conditions. The maximum transmittance of 57% was obtained for an iron dose of 0.075 g/L and a peroxide dose of 0.075 g/L at a pH of 4.5. This is in comparison to the transmittance of unoxidized 1K ultrafiltrate which was found to be 21.5%. There was a significant difference in the performance of 1K and 0.45um filtrates in terms of TOC removal and percentage transmittance. The oxidation process for improving the UV transmittance of leachate can therefore be economically optimized depending upon the desired efficiency by varying the operational parameters. / Master of Science

Näringsämnena har en stor betydelse för sötvattnets organismer och ekosystem, varav de vanligaste näringsämnena som även är de viktigaste är fosfor (P), kväve (N) samt kol (C). Näringsämnena kommer inte enbart till sjön via nedfall och fixering utav mycket av näringsämnena kommer in till en sjö via vattendrag som till exempel älvar där Klarälven räknas in som en av Sveriges älvar. Syftet med denna studie är att ta fram en tidstrend mellan åren 1996 och 2013 för näringsämnena totalfosfor, totalkväve och TOC (totalt organiskt kol) för tio lokaler i norra Vänern för att kunna avgöra om de är lika, om det är något år som sticker ut, om det finns någon påverkan av Klarälven för de sjölokaler som tas upp och se om värdena av näringshalter kan kopplas till fiskförekomsten. Data samlades in och plottades i diagram för att kunna jämföras med varandra. Med sjölokalernas näringsvärde gjordes korrelationstester med älvarnas näringshalter för att se samband och därefter gjorde korrelation med sjölokalernas näringsvärden med andelen skördad fisk i samma lokaler. Resultatet visade att Ölman och Ölmeviken är väldigt eutrofierade medan resterande lokaler hade oligotrofa eller mesotrofa vatten och översvämningen i Karlstad 2000 visade avtryck i tidstrenden. Klarälvens påverkan på sjölokalerna visade sig inte vara så stor utan samband upptäcktes enbart mellan Kaplansådran och Hammarösjön för totalkvävet och för TOC upptäcktes samband mellan Hammarösjön och Sätterholmsfjärden med Kaplansådran. / The nutrient is very important for fresh water organisms and ecosystems, of which the most common nutrients also is the most important is phosphorus (P), nitrogen (N) and carbon (C). The nutrients will not only come into a lake through deposition and fixation, much of the nutrients is coming into the lake through rivers such as Klarälven in Sweden. The purpose of this study is to develop a temporal and spatial trend during 1996-2013 for the nutrients total phosphorus, total nitrogen and TOC (total organic carbon) for ten premises in northern Lake Vänern to determine if they are equal, if it is a year that stands out from the rest, if there is any influence of Klarälven for the lake premises and see if the values of the nutrient concentrations can be linked to the presence of fish. Data were collected and plotted in graphs to be compared with each other. Correlation test was made with the lake premises nutrient values and rivers nutrient value to see if there was a connection between the locations, same correlation was also made between the lake premises nutrient values and the percentage of fish harvested in the same premises. The result showed that Ölman and Ölmeviken is very eutrophic, while the remaining premises hade oligotrophic or mesotrophic water and the flooding in Karlstad in 2000 showed imprint in the time trend. The impact of Klarälven on the lake premises proved to not be so great, but the context was detected only between Kaplansådran and Hammarösjön for the total nitrogen and correlation for TOC between Hammarösjön and Sätterholmsfjärden with Kaplansådran was also detected.

During the last three decades, a number of studies based on national environmental monitoring data have found increased concentrations of total organic carbon (TOC) in surface waters in much of the northern hemisphere including Sweden. There are many hypothesis of what has been the main cause of this trend, including changes in land use, decreased atmospheric deposition of acidifying compounds and climate change. Different hypothesis may have different implications for quantifying pre-industrial levels and for future predictions of TOC concentrations, which in turn will have different implications for water classification according to the European Water Framework Directive, water management and drinking water treatment. To analyse the long term effects of industrialisation and climate change on TOC in surface waters there is a need for long term time series of data. Since environmental monitoring data in Sweden only extends back to the mid-1980s, other techniques must be used in order to reconstruct data. In this study, sediment cores from 17 lakes along a climatic and deposition gradient in Sweden were collected and analysed with visible near infrared spectroscopy (VNIRS), an analytical technique that makes it possible to reconstruct historic surface water concentrations of TOC to pre-industrial conditions. A previous study with VNIRS showed that TOC concentrations declined in response to sulfate deposition until peak sulfur deposition in 1980, and thereafter increased as a result of sharp reductions of sulfate emissions. It was noted that the rate of increase of TOC after 1980 was faster than the rate of decrease due to sulfate deposition before 1980. The purpose of this study was therefore to explore the hypothesis that increasing TOC concentrations have not only been due to recovery from acidification, but also due to changes in climate. It was possible to analyse the long term effects of industrialisation and climate change on surface water TOC by analysing the reconstructed TOC data together with climate data from the beginning of the 1900s, modelled data of atmospheric sulfate deposition and environmental monitoring data, with uni- and multivariate analysis methods. It was found that the recent increase in TOC concentrations could be explained by both decreases in acidifying atmospheric deposition and increased precipitation, while temperature may have a decreasing effect on TOC. It was also found that the rate of increase of TOC-concentrations has been faster in the colder northern parts of Sweden and slower in the warmer south. The results imply that TOC concentrations will continue to rise to unpreceded levels and should be of concern for drinking water treatment plants that will need to adapt their treatment processes in the future. / Under de senaste tre årtiondena har ett flertal studier baserade på data från nationella miljöövervakningsprogram rapporterat ökande koncentrationer av organiskt kol (TOC) i ytvatten på norra halvklotet inklusive Sverige. Det finns många hypoteser om vad som ligger bakom trenden, till exempel förändringar i markanvändning, minskad atmosfärisk deposition av försurande ämnen och klimatförändringar. Olika förklaringar till vad som ligger bakom den ökande trenden ger konsekvenser vid kvantifiering av förindustriella nivåer och för förutsägelser om framtida koncentrationer, vilket i sin tur ger konsekvenser för vattenklassificering enligt Ramvattendirektivet, vattenförvaltning och dricksvattenberedning. För att kunna analysera de långsiktiga effekterna av industrialisering och klimatförändringar på TOC i ytvatten behövs långa tidsserier av data. Då den svenska miljöövervakningen endast sträcker sig tillbaka till mitten av 1980-talet måste andra tekniker användas för att rekonstruera data. I den här studien har sedimentproppar från 17 sjöar längs en klimat- och depositionsgradient analyserats med visible near infrared spektroskopi (VNIRS), en analysteknik som gör det möjligt att rekonstruera TOC-koncentrationer i ytvatten till förindustriell tid. En tidigare studie med VNIRS visade att TOC-koncentrationer sjönk till följd av försurande nedfall fram till 1980 då nedfallet kraftigt minskade, varefter koncentrationer av TOC började öka. Det noterades i studien att ökningen av TOC efter 1980 varit snabbare än vad minskningen var före 1980 på grund av försurande nedfall. Syftet med den här studien var därför att undersöka hypotesen att den senaste tidens ökning av TOC inte bara berott på minskat nedfall av försurande ämnen, utan även på grund av klimatförändringar. Det var möjligt att undersöka de långsiktiga effekterna av industrialisering och klimatförändringar på TOC i ytvatten genom att analysera rekonstruerad TOC data, klimatdata från början av 1900-talet, modellerad sulfatdepositionsdata och miljöövervakningsdata med uni- och multivariata analysmetoder. Resultaten visade att den senaste tidens ökning av TOC kunde förklaras med både en minskande deposition av försurande ämnen och en ökad nederbörd, medan ökande temperaturer kan ha haft en minskande effekt på TOC. Resultaten visade även att förändringshastigheten av TOC-koncentrationer varit snabbare i de norra, kalla delarna av Sverige och långsammare i de varmare södra. Resultaten indikerar att koncentrationer av TOC kommer att öka till nivåer som aldrig tidigare skådats, vilket är något vattenreningsverk kommer att behöva anpassa sina reningsmetoder till i framtiden.

Uppsalas dricksvattenförsörjning baseras på konstgjord grundvattenbildning som innebär att vatten från Fyrisån får rinna ned till grundvattnet från infiltrationsbassänger. Detta examensarbete syftar till att undersöka vad som händer med naturligt organiskt material (NOM) i Uppsalaåsen vid konstgjord grundvattenbildning. De viktigaste processerna för minskning av NOM är biologisk avskiljning genom nedbrytning, fysikalisk-kemisk avskiljning genom sorption till metalloxider samt utspädning genom inblandning av naturligt grundvatten. Arbetet bestod av tre delar: 1) analys av vattenkemidata från grundvattenprover, 2) analys av extraktion av TOC, Al och Fe från jordprover för att undersöka utfällning av NOM med metalloxider samt 3) ett inkuberingsexperiment för att utvärdera potentialen för biologisk nedbrytning i löst organiskt material (DOC). Jordproverna hämtades från borrkärnor som tagits på fem platser längs åsen under sommaren 2014. Grundvattenprover togs i 19 brunnar minst en gång per månad från november 2014 fram till april 2015. TOC-halten i grundvattnet är som högst vid infiltrationsbassängerna, ca 15 mg/l. TOC- minskar med 30 % de första 200 metrarna i flödesriktningen men minskningen avtar under grundvattentransporten. I den omättade zonen avskiljs mindre än 10 %. Vattnet i Fyrisån har en varierande sammansättning över ett år, vilket också observerades i provtagningspunkter som ligger närmast infiltrationsanläggningarna. Analys av uran och stabila isotoper visar att dispersion i åsen utjämnar dessa variationer. Analys av UV-absorbans och fluorescens tyder på att det organiska materialet i grundvattnet byter karaktär i den mättade zonen och blir hydrofilt. Resultaten från extraktionerna i jordprover visar på god korrelation mellan Fe och TOC. Bidning till järnoxider antas därför vara den viktigaste avskiljningsmekanismen i åsen. Resultaten indikerar på anrikningar av humuskomplex i de ytligaste jordlagren under sandfiltren samt precis under grundvattenytan i närheten av bassängerna. Inkuberingsexperimentet utfördes genom att grundvatten från fem olika provpunkter sterilfiltrerades. 15 vattenprover tillsattes med inockulat innehållande mikroorganismer och övriga 15 sterila prover användes som referenser. TOC undersöktes varannan vecka på samtliga vattenprover under 1,5 månader. Efter två veckor minskade halten TOC i samtliga prover och referenser med cirka 25 % och var därefter relativt konstant. Sammanfattningsvis sker en snabb minskning av NOM i grundvattnet nära infiltrationsbassängerna. Det antas bero på adsorption till metalloxider och fasta partiklar och biologisk nedbrytning. Minskningstakten av NOM avtar med transportsträckan. Längre bort antas inblandning av naturligt grundvatten vara den viktigaste orsaken till att halten NOM minskar. / The drinking water supply in Uppsala is based on this technique which involves surface water from Fyrisån percolating to the ground water through an infiltration basin. This master thesis aims to evaluate the fate of natural organic matter (NOM) in the Uppsala esker during artificial groundwater recharge. The most important processes for the removal of NOM are biological degradation, physical-chemical sorption to metal complexes and dilution by mixing with natural ground water. The work consisted of three parts: 1) analysis of water chemistry data from groundwater samples, 2) analysis of extractions of TOC, Al and Fe from soil samples to evaluate deposition of NOM with metal oxides, and 3) an incubation test to evaluate the potential for biological degradation in dissolved organic carbon (DOC). Soil samples were collected from drill cores taken from five locations along the Uppsala esker in the summer of 2014. Ground water was sampled in 19 wells at least once every month from November 2014 to April 2015. The levels of TOC in ground water are highest at the infiltration basins, about 15 mg/l. The TOC levels drop by 30 % the first 200 meters in the flow direction, but the removal rate decreases during the ground water transport. Less than 10 % is removed in the unsaturated zone. The water in Fyrisån has a variation in composition during a year, which is also observered in sampling points close to the infiltration basins. Analysis of uranium and stable isotopes shows that dispersion in the esker evens these variations. The analysis of absorbance and fluorescence shows that the NOM changes character in the saturated zone and becomes less humificated and becomes hydrophilic. The results from the extractions in the soil samples show a good correlation between Fe and TOC. Complexes of NOM and iron oxides are thought to be the most important complex in the Uppsala esker. The extractions also indicate that enrichments of humus complexes in the uppermost soil of the infiltration basins and right below the ground water table in several locations near the basins. The incubation test was done by sterilization filtering of ground water from five different locations. Inoculate with microorganisms was added to 15 of these samples, while 15 without inoculate was used as reference samples. Analysis of TOC was done every two weeks during 1,5 months. The levels of TOC decreased by 25 % after two weeks in all samples and reference samples, and were stable afterwards. In summary, a quick decrease of NOM occurs in the groundwater close to the infiltration basins. This is mainly caused by sorption and biological degradation. The removal rate of NOM decreases with distance. Further away from the basins, the most important process for decrease of NOM is mixing with local ground water.

The aim of this work is to outline chosen methods to be applied in developing a business plan for ICT product / service. Work formulates a business plan, project management, theory of constraints (TOC) and Quality Function Deployment. The TOC is mainly devoted to the principles of causality and this principles is applied to the sales and marketing theoretically. The practical section is analyzing the product / service by using the method of Quality Function Deployment, focusing on the application of TOC instruments (clouds and trees) during the prepation of project realization. The last part is the business plan for a specific ICT service.