The copper smelting industry has under gone extreme change over the past three decades. These changes have reordered dramatically the demand for inputs and the way in which those inputs have been utilized. The stimulus for change has come from multiple sources, and chief among these stimuli has been the mandate to sharply curtail the atmospheric release of sulfur dioxide. Even though the total emissions were lower than those from steam generation of electricity and from the refinery and petro-chemical industry, the perceived local and regional impact of sulfur dioxide forced extreme changes in the utilization of fundamental inputs of capital, labor, energy and materials.This study attempts to analyze these input use changes by modeling the industry as a translog cost function and by generating a number of associated elasticities. In addition to the four basic inputs, the model includes as control variables output, and other variables that represent pollution abatement and technical change.The challenge of estimating a large model on a limited number of observations has delivered information that is more limited in scope than was originally desired. The proxy for technical change did not produce significant parameters and the pollution abatement proxy is limited in its participation in the results. The range of elasticities computed reveal a picture of an industry characterized by inelasticity, in general, labor and energy being part of the exceptions. The industry is found to be sensitive to output level in its degree of elasticity among inputs.The translog model is found to be an effective tool for industry analysis. The promise of detailed analytical information may be even greater at the firm level where data are more accurate and the number of observations far greater.

En este trabajo se analizarán las pesquerías del Centro- Sur de Chile para el periodo comprendido desde los años 1988 al 2002, la idea es analizar la dinámica de las variables clave en ellas y estimar funciones de costos de extracción. Los datos usados fueron obtenidos del Formulario Número 6 de Flota Propia del Instituto Nacional de Estadísticas. Para estimar la función de costos, la forma funcional escogida es la Trascendental Logarítmica debido a la flexibilidad de ésta en los supuestos elasticidades de sustitución entre los insumos y de economías de escala. Se estimaron diferentes modelos para encontrar aquel que mejor se adapte para explicar la función de costos de las pesquerías, primero se usó un modelo de regresión lineal y luego uno de Ecuaciones Aparentemente No Relacionadas, ambos estimados con diferentes variables explicativas. Se opta por éste último debido a que muestra un mejor acercamiento de las variables a las relaciones esperadas según la teoría. Finalmente se estiman las economías a escala existentes en la industria, encontrándose rendimientos crecientes a escala, lo cuales podrían ser los responsables del aumento del esfuerzo de pesca que se experimentó en el sector en las décadas de los ochenta y principios de los noventa.

This paper presents a translog model designed to estimate the elasticity of substitution between capital, non-production workers, and production workers using U.S. manufacturing data for the period 1988 to 1997. The elasticity of substitution estimates derived from the translog model suggest that production workers and capital are substitutes, as well as non-production and production workers. Although the estimates do not provide conclusive evidence regarding the degree of substitutability between non-production workers and capital, they do indicate that the degree of substitutability between production workers and capital is greater than it is between non-production workers and capital. / Master of Arts

貨幣需求在總體經濟學中一直扮演著重要的角色。同時，貨幣與貨幣性資 產間替代之研究亦是一般貨幣經濟學者關心的課題之一。因為瞭解了這層 關係後，對於如何定義貨幣、貨幣總計數之衡量及貨幣政策的制定等，將 會有所助益。傳統的貨幣需求分析，實質貨幣餘額需求為實質所得( 產 出 )，預期通貨膨脹率與名目利率的函數。但實證結果顯示，使用這些變 數對於貨幣需求的預測或是制定、評估貨幣政策時，並不十分有用。近來 ，許多學者嘗試以符合個體基礎的方式來估計貨幣需求。然而，大部份的 實證結果亦是令人沮喪。本論文將回顧估計貨幣需求的一般化個體─經濟 計量方法，並嘗試使用較新的個體─經濟計量模型─漸近理想化模型( The Asymptotically Id eal Model)來估計台灣地區的貨幣需求。同時也 討論下列問題：ぇ貨幣性資產間的替代性╱互補性。えAIM 與Translog貨 幣需求系統之比較。ぉ效用最大化條件之比較。お一階AIM貨幣需求系統 之動態分析。實證研究的主要結果如下：LTL、HTL貨幣需求系統，不但違 反滿足效用函數彎曲性的必要條件且與需求法則相違背。由一階 AIM貨幣 需求系統估計之彈性值發現，活期儲蓄存款加郵局存簿儲金與活期存款、 郵局劃撥儲金呈現淨互補的關係，印證了交易性存款與儲蓄性存款彼此替 代性不高的現象。就滿足效用最大化條件而言，一階AIM貨幣需求系統滿 足Regular ity條件的情況仍優於LTL、HTL貨幣需求系統。就一階AIM貨幣 性資產成長率之模擬而言，通貨淨額加支票存款之實際與模擬成長率配適 的最佳，其餘次之。

Submitted by Marilene Donadel (marilene.donadel@unioeste.br) on 2018-10-23T17:20:41Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Wagner_Franca_2018.pdf: 1672761 bytes, checksum: cbabb751327c3b80926b9fbde714a9e3 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-10-23T17:20:41Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Wagner_Franca_2018.pdf: 1672761 bytes, checksum: cbabb751327c3b80926b9fbde714a9e3 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-05-14 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / The global primary energy mix is mostly composed by nonrenewable resources and the use of which uses contributes to increase the greenhouse gas emissions. The consumption of oil and coal, responsible for attending 60% of the total energy demand between 1970 and 2015, is more likely to enhance the air pollution than the consumption of natural gas. Besides, some authors announce the impossibility of sustaining the demand of oil with conventional type only at around 2050, because of technical and economic constraints over the reserves. Technology has been playing a roll giving more flexibility to the interfuel substitution among fossil fuels, in many applications. That gives the opportunity to increase the share of natural gas in the primary mix, while reducing the consumptions of the other two. Moreover, the reserves of natural gas are larger in comparison with the ones of oil, allowing it to alleviate the pressure over the latter. From those perspectives, increasing the use of natural gas would contribute to reduce the negative environment externality and the extension of a possible shock to be unleashed in the energy supply. The objective of this dissertation is to seek for a substitutability between natural gas and the others fossil fuels in the primary energy demand, using the Morishima Elasticity of Substitution, between 1970 and 2015. The model started with a Translog cost function to obtain the input demand equations of each fuel and their cost share functions, applying Shephard’s lemma. The parameters of the econometric regression were estimated by the Seemingly Unrelated Regressions method, as means to measure the price elasticity, the Allen Elasticity of Substitution and the Morishima Elasticity of Substitution. The model was applied to the United States due to their significance in the global context of energy. The results showed that a single conclusion for the period as a whole is statistically insignificant. Based on own-price elasticities, there were clearly three structural brakes, statistically significant, which divided the time series in four intervals. In the interval 1970-1981, the natural gas had a complementary relation with oil and both were substitutes for coal. In the intervals 1982-1995 and 1996-2008, there was substitutability among natural gas and oil, although limited. In the most recent interval, all of the fuels were complements to each other. Putting together the elasticities of substitution and the price elasticities analysis, we conclude that factors exogenous to the free market relations, such as government interventions, were determinants to demand decisions. The lack of a continuous and consistent relation of substitution between natural gas and the other two fossil fuels, warns that the concerns presented in this work may have being neglected and a transition from a polluted and finite mix to another cleaner and renewable, bridged by natural gas, is not occurring in the world’s largest economy. / A matriz mundial de energia primária é composta predominantemente por recursos não renováveis e cujo consumo contribui para a intensificação do efeito estufa. O consumo do petróleo e do carvão, combustíveis que supriram mais de 60% da demanda total de energia entre 1970 e 2015, é mais intensivo na geração de poluentes do que o consumo do gás natural. Além disso, alguns autores datam para próximo de 2050 a impossibilidade de sustentar a demanda de petróleo, pelo esgotamento técnico e econômico das reservas do tipo convencional. A tecnologia vem dando flexibilidade para que haja a substituição dentre os combustíveis fósseis, em várias aplicações. Isso gera a oportunidade de aumentar o consumo do menos poluidor, o gás natural, em substituição aos outros dois. O gás natural também possui reservas relativamente maiores do que as do petróleo, o que permite a ele aliviar parte da pressão colocada sobre este último. Por estas perspectivas, aumentar a participação do gás natural contribui para a mitigação da externalidade ambiental e reduz a magnitude de uma possível crise causada por um choque de oferta. O objetivo geral desta dissertação é responder se há uma relação de substituição entre o gás natural e os outros combustíveis fósseis na demanda de energia primária, pela Elasticidade de Substituição de Morishima, no período entre 1970 e 2015. O modelo partiu de uma função de custos do tipo Translog para chegar às equações de demanda condicionada de cada combustível e às equações de participação de custo, aplicando o lema de Shepard. Os parâmetros da regressão econométrica foram estimados pelo método Seemingly Unrelated Regressions e usados para os cálculos das elasticidades da demanda aos preços, de substituição de Allen e de substituição de Morishima. O modelo foi aplicado aos Estados Unidos, dada a significância deste país no contexto mundial de energia. Os resultados mostraram que uma única conclusão para todo o período é estatisticamente insignificante. Com base nas elasticidades aos próprios preços, foi possível identificar três quebras estruturais, estatisticamente significativas, dividindo o período em quatro intervalos. No intervalo 1970-1981, o gás natural se mostrou complementar ao petróleo e, estes dois, substitutos ao carvão. Nos intervalos 1982-1995 e 1996-2008 foi identificada uma relação de substituibilidade entre o gás natural e o petróleo, apesar de limitada. No mais recente, todos os combustíveis tiveram relações de complementariedade. Aliando estas às interpretações das elasticidades-preço, concluiu-se que fatores externos ao mercado, como interferências de governo, foram mais determinantes para as decisões de demanda. Não ter sido possível encontrar uma relação de substituição entre o gás natural e os outros dois fósseis, de forma contínua e consistente, deixa o alerta de que as preocupações levantadas podem estar sendo negligenciadas e que a transição de uma matriz predominantemente suja e finita para outra mais limpa e renovável, mediada pelo gás natural, não está em curso na maior economia do mundo.

Processen vid översättning av fasta fraser har hittills inte skänkts mycket uppmärksamhet inom den processorienterade översättningsvetenskapen. Denna deskriptiva studie försöker bidra med empiriskt material angående vissa aspekter av översättningsprocessen vid översättning av svenska fasta fraser till tyska. I undersökningen med sex tvåspråkiga försökspersoner, varav tre yrkesverksamma översättare och tre personer utan översättningserfarenhet, användes en kombination av en produktbaserad metod och processinriktade metoder som skrivloggning med Translog och retrospektion för att finna ut vilka översättningsstrategier vid översättningen av idiom och andra fasta fraser som väljs, på vilka vägar försökspersonerna kommer fram till sina slutliga val och om det kan skönjas några skillnader mellan yrkesöversättarna och lekmännen. Resultaten visar bl.a. att det var vanligast att översätta med parafrasering samt med en målspråksfras med liknande betydelse och liknande eller olik form, och att försökspersonerna kom fram till sina slutliga val med enbart få provisoriska skriftliga motsvarigheter, men genom en del längre överväganden kring betydelse och stil. Angående skillnader mellan de två testgrupperna framträder rätt tydligt att yrkesöversättarna överlag var försiktigare med användningen av direkta frasmotsvarigheter än de oerfarna deltagarna, men använde sig av parafrasering i mycket större utsträckning, samt att funderingar kring stilnivå, målgrupp och textfunktion i denna grupp var mera utpräglade. / The process in translating idioms and other fixed expressions has not yet been given much attention in process oriented translation studies. In this study involving three professional translators and three bilingual participants without any training or experience in translation, types and frequency of chosen translation strategies, the ways in which the participants arrived at their final choices, as well as possible differences between the two groups of participants were investigated, using a combination of product and process oriented methods such as keystroke logging with Translog and retrospection. Results indicate that paraphrasing and translation with an expression with similar meaning and similar or different form are the strategies most frequently used in both groups, and that there are only few occurrencies of preliminary versions in the writing process, but quite many examples of negotiation of meaning and style as expressed in the verbalizations. Compared with the novices the professional translators tended to be more cautious in their use of idiomatic equivalents and to consider aspects like target group or style and function of the target text more carefully.

<p>Denna uppsats har baserats på den Nya Keynesianska Phillipskurvan (NKPC) som utvecklades av Gali och Gertler (1999). Det huvudsakliga syftet var att skatta den svenska Phillipskurvan och sedan hitta de relevanta faktorer som påverkar inflationen. Den ursprungliga NKPC relaterar inflation till marginalkostnad och framtida inflationsförväntningar. Den enda skillnaden mellan Galis och Gertlers och Bengt Assarssons specifikation av Phillipskurvan, är att han använder en Translog kostnadsfunktion som ett alternativ till Cobb-Douglas kostnadsfunktionen för att mäta marginalkostnaden. På grund av detta har inflationsnivån i ekonomin inte bara påverkas av förändringen i löner som i fallet med Cobb-Douglas kostnadsfunktion. Vårt resultat visar å ena sidan att ökad produktion, löner och pris på material (insatsvaror) har lett till inflationsökning i Sverige. Å andra sidan har vårt resultat visat att prishöjningen på kapital drar ner inflation. Dessa resultat visar att användningen av translog kostnadsfunktion, i stället för en Cobb-Douglas funktion, har en fördel.</p> / <p>This paper is based on the New Keynesian Phillips Curve (NKPC) which was developed by Gali and Gertler (1999). The main purpose was to estimate the Swedish Phillips curve and then find the relevant determinants of inflation. The baseline NKPC model relates inflation to marginal cost and expected future inflation. The only difference between Gali and Getler’s specification of the Phillips curve and Bengt Assarsson’s is that he uses a Translog cost function, instead of Cobb- Douglas cost function to measure marginal cost. Because of that, inflation is not explained only by labor income share as in the Cobb-Douglas case. Our results indicate on one hand that the increase in output, wages and price of materials (intermediate inputs) is associated with increase in Swedish inflation. On the other hand, we found that the Swedish inflation is negatively affected by increase in price of capital. These results illustrate that the use of translog cost function instead of Cobb-Douglas function when measuring marginal cost has an evident advantage.</p>

Denna uppsats har baserats på den Nya Keynesianska Phillipskurvan (NKPC) som utvecklades av Gali och Gertler (1999). Det huvudsakliga syftet var att skatta den svenska Phillipskurvan och sedan hitta de relevanta faktorer som påverkar inflationen. Den ursprungliga NKPC relaterar inflation till marginalkostnad och framtida inflationsförväntningar. Den enda skillnaden mellan Galis och Gertlers och Bengt Assarssons specifikation av Phillipskurvan, är att han använder en Translog kostnadsfunktion som ett alternativ till Cobb-Douglas kostnadsfunktionen för att mäta marginalkostnaden. På grund av detta har inflationsnivån i ekonomin inte bara påverkas av förändringen i löner som i fallet med Cobb-Douglas kostnadsfunktion. Vårt resultat visar å ena sidan att ökad produktion, löner och pris på material (insatsvaror) har lett till inflationsökning i Sverige. Å andra sidan har vårt resultat visat att prishöjningen på kapital drar ner inflation. Dessa resultat visar att användningen av translog kostnadsfunktion, i stället för en Cobb-Douglas funktion, har en fördel. / This paper is based on the New Keynesian Phillips Curve (NKPC) which was developed by Gali and Gertler (1999). The main purpose was to estimate the Swedish Phillips curve and then find the relevant determinants of inflation. The baseline NKPC model relates inflation to marginal cost and expected future inflation. The only difference between Gali and Getler’s specification of the Phillips curve and Bengt Assarsson’s is that he uses a Translog cost function, instead of Cobb- Douglas cost function to measure marginal cost. Because of that, inflation is not explained only by labor income share as in the Cobb-Douglas case. Our results indicate on one hand that the increase in output, wages and price of materials (intermediate inputs) is associated with increase in Swedish inflation. On the other hand, we found that the Swedish inflation is negatively affected by increase in price of capital. These results illustrate that the use of translog cost function instead of Cobb-Douglas function when measuring marginal cost has an evident advantage.

<p>In the first paper the effect of accessibility upon rent is investigated for office properties located in Downtown Stockholm. Starting from the firm’s cost minimization problem, a translog hedonic model is derived. The results suggest the model has good predictive power in explaining the variation in the log of the rent. A negative rent gradient is obtained with a base approximately 90 meters from the postulated focal point. It appears as if Space Syntax adds important information to the understanding of the intraurban office rent pattern.</p><p>The second paper investigates assumed capitalisation rates in 3026 discounted cash flow valuations of office properties in Stockholm, Gothenburg and Malmö during the time period 1998-2004. The study investigates determinants of property-level variation in cap rates and how going in and exit cap rates relate to each other.</p><p>Exit cap rates exhibit substantial variation across properties. Part of this cross-sectional variation can be attributed to the location of the property, part of it is due to other characteristics of the property. Exit cap rates are differentiated between properties of the same type on the same market segment, which shows that valuers apply property level fine-tuning when setting exit cap rates. Properties with low market rent and high long-run vacancy assumption typically have high exit cap rates. Properties in peripheral parts of a city typically have higher exit cap rates than properties in central parts.</p><p>The implicitly assumed going-in cap rate (defined as assumed net operating income year one divided by estimated market value) follows a similar pattern as the exit cap rate but exhibits more temporary, property-specific variation. Going-in cap rates are strongly influenced by temporary deviations of vacancy rates and rents from assumed “normal” levels of vacancy and rent. The difference between going-in and exit cap rates is influenced by assumed short-run growth in net operating income in the way stipulated by theory: high assumed short-run growth is associated with going-in cap rates being lower than exit cap rates.</p>

大陸自七零年代以來經濟快速發展，各界對大陸的市場前景和投資環境看好，紛紛登陸設廠。為因應經濟快速發展，中國政府積極發展國內之基礎建設，從八零年代過後加強重點建設，將能源、交通、教育及科學做為經濟發展的重點策略。而值得我們注意的是，公共資本的貢獻不僅僅是帶來經濟成長，也將會為產業帶來正向的外部效果，因此探討公共資本對產業帶來的效應，是否有助於提升產業生產力，進而降低產業生產成本，是個值得我們關注的議題。 　　本研究以中國製造業廠商做為分析對象，將分別區分成不同產業及不同區域之廠商進行實證研究，針對同性質的廠商進行成本函數之建構，用以估計廠商之公共資本成本彈性，進而闡釋究竟哪些公共資本對製造業廠商有正向的外部效應，並更進一步探討公部門及私部門投入要素間的關係。 　　本研究利用1998年至2006年工業企業數據調查資料庫之跨時橫斷面資料進行迴歸檢定分析，其結果發現基礎建設及教育資本會帶來正向的外部效益，可以有效降低製造業之成本，且教育資本比基礎建設對廠商的邊際效益大；而研發資本則無法提升廠商的生產效率。本文推論，中國研發資本投入遠遠低於基礎建設及教育資本，故研發資本並無法顯著提升製造業之生產力。因此中國於公共事業發展上，應以基礎建設及教育為發展要點，且教育方面的公共投資是最具效率的政策工具，將更有益於製造業廠商的生產。