Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-02T19:33:10Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 GURGEL_Gustavo_2014.pdf: 765800 bytes, checksum: ca7309aa8f769879f66415dca6d740b2 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-04-23 / Financiadora de Estudos e Projetos / Rural credit was implemented in Brazil with the intention of accelerating the process of modernization of agriculture and provides capital for funding, investment and commercialization of agricultural production, it has been offered at rates below market rates. The subsidized interest rates are the main attraction of rural credit and strengthen its importance in agriculture as a financing instrument. But problems such as the concentration of resources in producers with higher income, access to credit and capital substitution may compromise the effectiveness of the credit in their purposes. Some studies have reported positive impacts of rural credit in supply and producers income as well as in demand for agricultural inputs. Given the importance of the agricultural sector and considering all the problems associated with credit, is questioned what impact the rural credit demands in agricultural inputs. The work is based on the theory of the firm in competitive markets, assuming that the producer faces restrictions on the purchase of inputs and minimizes the production cost given a production level. From the minimum cost function derive the conditional demands of inputs, which can be influenced by the availability of credit and its interest rate. In the empirical analysis Transcendental Logarithmic (Translog) function was used, that assumes no restrictions on the relationship between the inputs a priori. / O crédito rural foi implantado no Brasil com a intenção de acelerar o processo de modernização da agricultura e fornecer capital para o custeio, investimento e comercialização da produção agrícola, tendo sido ofertado a taxas inferiores as taxas de mercado. As taxas de juros subsidiadas são o grande atrativo do crédito rural e fortalecem sua importância na agricultura como instrumento financiador. Porém problemas como a concentração de recursos em produtores de maior renda, acesso ao crédito e substituição de capital próprio podem vir a comprometer a eficácia do crédito em seus fins. Alguns trabalhos relatam impactos positivos do crédito rural na oferta e na renda agrícola, bem como na demanda dos insumos agrícolas. Dada a importância do setor agropecuário e considerando todos os problemas associados ao crédito, questiona-se qual o impacto do crédito rural nas demandas por insumos agrícolas. O trabalho se baseia na teoria da firma em mercados competitivos, assumindo que o produtor enfrenta restrição na aquisição de insumos e minimiza o custo de produção dada uma determinada quantidade do produto. A partir da função de custo mínimo derivam-se as demandas condicionadas dos insumos, as quais podem ser influenciadas pela disponibilidade de crédito e pela sua taxa de juros. Na análise empírica foi utilizada a função Transcendental Logarítmica (Translog) que não assume restrições na relação entre os insumos a priori.

Submitted by Marco Antônio de Ramos Chagas (mchagas@ufv.br) on 2016-10-25T09:49:34Z No. of bitstreams: 1 texto completo.pdf: 575599 bytes, checksum: 08bd335807cb49ffd62d511d8cb84503 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-10-25T09:49:34Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 texto completo.pdf: 575599 bytes, checksum: 08bd335807cb49ffd62d511d8cb84503 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2002-02-21 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / A influência de uma localidade sobre os municípios vizinhos é sempre vista com interesse, pois gera uma interdependência nas regiões em estudo. Assim, necessita-se saber como a localização afeta a resposta da produção agrícola às alterações de preços ou de políticas públicas. O objetivo geral deste trabalho é determinar a importância dos efeitos e inter-relações decorrentes da localização geográfica para a resposta da produção agrícola aos preços, na região Centro-Oeste, no período de 1975-1995/1996. Especificamente, pretende-se avaliar os efeitos espaciais sobre demanda de fatores e oferta de produtos e a importância dos preços dos fatores e preços dos produtos para a resposta à produção agrícola no Centro-Oeste brasileiro. Este estudo contribui para a literatura econômica, ao conciliar um modelo de função de lucro translog com efeitos de dependência espacial nos resíduos do sistema de parcelas de lucros. A estimação baseia-se na literatura da econometria espacial, utilizando-se o método de equações aparentemente não-relacionadas com erros espacialmentecorrelacionados. Existem evidências econométricas da dependência espacial nos resíduos do modelo, confirmadas pelo teste de hipótese para os parâmetros espaciais. Ocorreram altas autocorrelações espaciais positivas nos produtos, com parâmetros espaciais sempre acima de 0,91. Isto demonstra a influência de outros fatores não incluídos no modelo, os quais afetam os resíduos, exclusivamente, pela localização. Comparando-se os resultados do modelo tradicional com o modelo espacialmente transformado, percebe-se uma diferença substancial, haja vista os resultados muito superiores estatisticamente do modelo transformado espacialmente. Ao se avaliarem as áreas de Bodoquena, Campo Grande e Três Lagoas, no Mato Grosso do Sul; Cáceres e Cuiabá, no Mato Grosso; e Campo Alegre de Goiás e Rio Verde, em Goiás, tem-se substituição entre arroz, feijão e milho, e algumas complementaridades entre milho e leite. Entre os fatores, apenas óleo diesel e terra arrendada foram complementares entre si. Com exceção de Três Lagoas, as áreas selecionadas apresentaram oferta-preço elástica para milho. Políticas que visem ao aumento da produção de milho devem ser implementadas de modo que não ocorram quedas de preços, pois as quedas na produção seriam mais que proporcionais. As culturas básicas como arroz e feijão apresentaram, em geral, oferta-preço inelástica. Políticas agrícolas que pretendam aumentar a oferta de grãos devem considerar, de modo mais explícito, a questão da localização. Neste estudo, verifica-se que os produtores de cada área respondem, de modo diferente, às alterações nos preços de produtos e fatores. Os efeitos espaciais foram muito importantes, já que alteraram, de forma decisiva, as elasticidades calculadas e mostraram que todos os produtos analisados sofreram esses efeitos. Enfatiza-se estudos com cortes seccionais e dados geograficamente dispostos devem ser avaliados quanto à presença de dependência espacial. / The influence of one location over its neighbors is always seen with interest, because it creates interdependence among the studied areas. So, it is important to know how localization affects agricultural supply response to changes in prices or public policies. The main purpose of this study is to determine the importance of effects and inter-relations due to geographic localization over the supply response to agricultural prices, in the Center-West, in the period between 1975-1995/1996. Specifically, the goals are to evaluate the spatial effects in the input demand and output supply; and, to evaluate the importance of input and output prices in the Brazilian Center-West agricultural supply response. The contribution to the economic literature is to combine a translog profit function model with error spatial dependence in the profit share system. The estimation follows the spatial econometric literature, using seemingly unrelated regressions methods. There are econometric evidences of xviiispatial dependencies in the residuals, confirmed by the spatial parameters hypothesis test. There were high positive spatial autocorrelation in products, with spatial parameters always bigger than 0.91. This demonstrates an influence of other factors not included in the model, modifying the residuals only due to localization. Comparing the results from the standard model with the spatially transformed one, it’s seen a huge difference, with statistically much better results for the spatially transformed model. Evaluating areas of Bodoquena, Campo Grande and Três Lagoas in Mato Grosso do Sul, Cáceres and Cuiabá in Mato Grosso, and Campo Alegre de Goiás and Rio Verde in Goiás, there are substitution relations among rice, beans and corn, and some complementarities between corn and milk. Among factors, only diesel and rented land were complements. With exception to Três Lagoas, the selected areas showed supply price-elastic for corn. Policies looking for increases in corn production must care about price reduction, because the supply decrease would be more than proportional. Basic crops like rice and beans had, in general, inelastic supply. Agricultural policies designed to increase grain supply must have the localization problem explicitly. In the present study it is shown that the producers of each area respond differently to changes in output and input prices. The spatial effects in this study were very important, changing decisively the calculated elasticities, and showing that all analyzed products suffer from these effects. It is emphasized that cross-sectional studies with geographically disposed data must be evaluated for spatial dependence. / Tese importada do Alexandria

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The objective of this study is to determine Virginia dairy producers’ competitiveness in an industry that is experiencing changing policy and marketing conditions. The competitiveness of Virginia dairy producers is examined in a National Dairy Model that compares both producers’ cost of production across market areas and spatial relationships among producers and consumers. The National Dairy Model (NDM) is a mathematical programming model that minimizes the total costs of producing milk and the assembly costs of shipping dairy products to the final consumer. A state's cost of production in the NDM is determined with a translog cost function. The cost functions are estimated with data collected in the 1989 and 1993 dairy versions of the Farm Costs and Returns Survey (FCRS). The supply and demand information in the NDM is annual data for 1994. Transportation costs are determined with current hauling rates and actual mileage between supply and demand points. Once the costs of production and spatial components of the NDM are formulated, the NDM is solved using the General Algebraic Modeling System (GAMS). The NDM is evaluated under the guidelines of several different scenarios. For example, some alternative marketing scenarios that provide important information about the future of the dairy industry are (1) simulations where the hauling rates are varied, (2) scenarios in which the U.S. becomes a major participant in the export market, and (3) situations where the marketing environment leads to increasing costs of production. Another alternative scenario involves only the spatial dimension of the NDM. Given the current marketing conditions in the dairy industry, the results of the NDM indicate that Virginia dairy producers are competitive in a marketing environment where the location of milk production is determined by a producer's costs of production and location advantages. Using Virginia's translog cost function, the cost per cwt. at the mean of the FCRS production data is $10.60. The cost estimate applies to Virginia's representative dairy farm where the average herd size is 91 cows and annual production per cow is 14,160 pounds. With these estimates and the fact that Virginia producers are near large population centers, the results of the NDM show that Virginia dairy farms are competitive in a deregulated market. / Ph. D.

The improper aggregation of commodities can have important consequences when estimating a system of group demand equations. Generally, aggregates are created under the assumptions that intra-group preferences are homothetic and the consumer's utility function is weakly separable over some partition. These assumptions place severe restrictions on the model that can significantly impact parameter and elasticity estimates. An alternative to imposing weak separability is to employ the Generalized Composite Commodity Theorem, which requires the relative intra-group commodity prices to be independent of the group price index. This study compares the results of estimating a demand system for composite beef, pork, and poultry products under the assumptions of weak separability and the Generalized Composite Commodity Theorem. Another important issue related to aggregation is the specification of an appropriate group price index. Price indices consistent with linear homogeneous preferences (a subset of the homothetic class of preferences) and non-homothetic intra-group preferences are identified and it is shown that several of the commonly employed indices are biased in the absence of complete price data. / Master of Science

La traduction n’est pas une pratique linéaire qui part d’un texte-source (Ts) pour arriver à un texte-cible (Tc). La traduction est un exercice de compréhension et de ré-expression d'un discours qui suppose la mobilisation de connaissances linguistiques et thématiques. Les étapes du processus de traduction (compréhension du texte de départ, médiation culturelle et linguistique, mise en forme du texte d'arrivée) ne sont plus considérées comme une simple séquence de décodage et de recodage des messages. La progression des sciences cognitives au cours des vingt dernières années a permis de nourrir une réflexion multidisciplinaire aux frontières des neurosciences, de la psychologie, de la philosophie, de la linguistique et de l'intelligence artificielle. L’essentiel dans notre thèse consiste à découvrir la phase de « déverbalisation » lors de l’acte traduisante, un processus mentale qui ne peut être compris sans les apports des sciences cognitives. Parmi les nombreuses méthodes expérimentales sur le processus de la traduction on distingue entre la méthode de collection de données in vivo, c'est-à-dire prises sur le vif pendant l’opération traduisante, et la méthode de collection de données in vitro, c’est à dire après que le traducteur a eu fini de traduire. Dans cette recherche, en appliquant deux méthodologies TAPs(Think-aloud-protocols) et le logiciel Translog, on va étudier les problèmes rencontrés dans l’acte de traduction français-persan par nos participants ainsi que les stratégies utilisées par eux pour résoudre les problèmes linguistique et culturelles. / The translation is not a linear act starting from a text source to reach the final text. The steps of the translation process (comprehension of the original text, cultural and linguistic mediation, shaping the target text) aren’t considered as a simple sequence of decoding and recoding messages. The progress of cognitive science in the last twenty years has helped feed a multidisciplinary study at the frontiers of neuroscience, psychology, philosophy, linguistics and artificial intelligence. The essential point of our thesis is to find the phase of " deverbalization " during the translation process. This is a mental process that couldn’t be understood without the contributions of cognitive science. Among the many experimental methods in the process of translation distinguishes between the method of data collection in vivo, that is to say, taken on the spot during the translation process, and the method of collection of in vitro data, is once the translator has finished translating. In this research, using a combination of the two process- oriented Approaches to study professional translation online: verbal reporting, better known as TAPs (think- aloud protocols), and Translog program for logging keyboard activity, we will examine the problems encountered in the act of translation French -Persian by our participants and the strategies used by them to solve linguistic and cultural problems.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-02T19:33:12Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 SILVA_Maria_Aparecida_2013.pdf: 1779146 bytes, checksum: 4286b3a26b02309aed6d6018eb2386bd (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-05-21 / This thesis aims to investigate the relations of substitution between Saving Accounts and DI Funds during the period of December 2004 and December 2012. The Brazilian basic interest rate SELIC rate has reduced over 10 percentage points during this period. Such a downward movement affected the returns on financial assets, i.e., their "prices", defined as opportunity costs in relation to the SELIC rate. The hypothesis is that substitution relationship between Saving Accounts and DI Funds have changed over time due to different levels of SELIC rate prevailing during the analyzed period. The dual approach and the nonlinear seemingly unrelated equations model (INSUR model) are used to estimate the demands via Translog functional form. Morishima elasticities of substitution are calculated in seven points of the sample in order to measure the substitution effect over the time and to evaluate possible asymmetry of elasticities. The results confirm the hypothesis that different levels of SELIC have engendered different patterns of relations of substitution between the analyzed assets. The conclusion is that the anew relations of substitution have expanded the role of Saving Accounts as instrument of private savings over DI Funds. / O objetivo deste estudo é investigar as relações de substituição entre as Cadernetas de Poupança e os Fundos DI, entre dezembro de 2004 e dezembro de 2012, período marcado pela redução na taxa básica de juros brasileira taxa SELIC em mais de 10 pontos percentuais. Esta queda acentuada afetou as rentabilidades dos ativos financeiros, i.e., seus preços , definidos aqui em termos de custos de oportunidades em relação à própria taxa SELIC. A hipótese do trabalho é que as relações de substituição entre Cadernetas de Poupança e Fundos DI se alteraram motivadas pelos diferentes níveis de taxa SELIC praticados ao longo do período analisado. Emprega-se a abordagem dual e o modelo não linear de equações aparentemente não relacionadas (sigla em inglês, INSUR) para estimar as demandas via a forma funcional Translog. As elasticidades de substituição de Morishima são calculadas em sete pontos médios da amostra, visando avaliar a evolução das magnitudes das relações de substituição ao longo do tempo, bem como sua possível assimetria. Os resultados obtidos confirmam a hipótese de que diferentes níveis de taxa SELIC engendram padrões de relações de substituição diversos entre os dois bens monetários analisados. Conclui-se que as diferentes relações de substituição verificadas levaram à ampliação do papel das Cadernetas de Poupança como instrumentos de poupança privada em detrimento dos Fundos DI.

台灣屬海島型經濟，天然資源不足，有待工業化的推行，來刺激經濟發展。從過去華 僑投資條例及外國人投資條例的頒佈和修正可知，政府對這直接外人投資在基本上是 採觀迎的態度，鼓勵外資的流入，此正符合資本在國際間自由移動的結果，藉以達到 資源最有效的分配與利用。 在以往對外資的研究，薛琦（６８）利用經濟部投審會民國六十四年以前的資料，將 全部產業做分析外資與我國出口及就業關係。薛琦（７２）再利用民國七十年資料分 析外資對台灣產業技術移轉關係。TAIN-JY CEN AND DE-PIAO TANG（７６）則利用民 國六十九年的資料，研究台灣電子業的生產特性。 本文之目的主要在研究民國六十四年至七十一年間台灣地區外資廠商生產函數的特性 。研究範圍包含外國人和華僑投資的廠商，資料係取自經濟部投審議委員會對外資廠 商的普查資料，並以紡織業、橡膠製品業，化學品製造業，非金屬製造業、機械儀器 業、電子電器業等七個產業為代表。 本文研究方法，利用TRANSLOG 模型來探討各產業外資廠商的生產函數，並以此檢定生產因素間是替代關係或為互補 關係，生產函數規模報酬是固定、遞增或是遞減，以及外資廠商的經營效率和技術進 步情形。

In the first paper the effect of accessibility upon rent is investigated for office properties located in Downtown Stockholm. Starting from the firm’s cost minimization problem, a translog hedonic model is derived. The results suggest the model has good predictive power in explaining the variation in the log of the rent. A negative rent gradient is obtained with a base approximately 90 meters from the postulated focal point. It appears as if Space Syntax adds important information to the understanding of the intraurban office rent pattern. The second paper investigates assumed capitalisation rates in 3026 discounted cash flow valuations of office properties in Stockholm, Gothenburg and Malmö during the time period 1998-2004. The study investigates determinants of property-level variation in cap rates and how going in and exit cap rates relate to each other. Exit cap rates exhibit substantial variation across properties. Part of this cross-sectional variation can be attributed to the location of the property, part of it is due to other characteristics of the property. Exit cap rates are differentiated between properties of the same type on the same market segment, which shows that valuers apply property level fine-tuning when setting exit cap rates. Properties with low market rent and high long-run vacancy assumption typically have high exit cap rates. Properties in peripheral parts of a city typically have higher exit cap rates than properties in central parts. The implicitly assumed going-in cap rate (defined as assumed net operating income year one divided by estimated market value) follows a similar pattern as the exit cap rate but exhibits more temporary, property-specific variation. Going-in cap rates are strongly influenced by temporary deviations of vacancy rates and rents from assumed “normal” levels of vacancy and rent. The difference between going-in and exit cap rates is influenced by assumed short-run growth in net operating income in the way stipulated by theory: high assumed short-run growth is associated with going-in cap rates being lower than exit cap rates. / QC 20101115

The purpose of the thesis is to introduce novel measure of real marginal cost in the New Keynesian Phillips Curve (NKPC) and compares its performance with conventional mea- sures such as output gap and labour share of income. Real marginal cost is derived from a flexible function whereas labour share is based on restrictive assumption of Cobb-Douglas technology. Dynamic correlations and results of NKPC indicate that real marginal cost is better than ad hoc measure of output gap and labour share. Given the heterogeneity in price setting behaviour across sectors, cost functions and NKPC are estimated for the agriculture, manufacturing and other sectors of Pakistan's economy. Real marginal cost is derived from static and dynamic cost functions. In the presence of adjustment costs, dynamic cost functions that are consistent and integrated with their static systems are required. Such dynamic translog cost functions are estimated after testing the theoretical properties and existence of long term relationships in the static functions. Cost attributes, marginal cost, total factor productivity, technological progress, demand and substitution elasticities are derived from static and dynamic functions. Three specifications of forward looking and hybrid form of the Phillips curves are estimated with real marginal cost, output gap and labour share. Results indicate that hybrid specifications perform better than the forward looking models in terms of goodness of fit and statistical significance. Further, comparison of Phillips curves estimated with real marginal cost, output gap and labour share indicate that real marginal cost performs better in explaining inflation dynamics in Pakistan. The results indicate that forward looking behaviour dominates and high level of nominal rigidities persists in Pakistan. Finally, hybrid form of the NKPC is estimated for a panel of sixteen Asian economies. With the consideration of heterogeneity and aggregation bias, the mean group, random coefficient and weighted average coefficients are derived from individual estimates. The unobserved time variant common factors cause cross correlation in the errors that may lead towards inconsistent estimates. Therefore, cross section averages of the explanatory and the dependent variables are augmented in hybrid specification to capture the effect of latent variables. Findings suggest that the discount factor is almost 0.94, the nominal rigidities are 33% and the weights of expected and past inflation are 66% and 33% respectively. Nominal rigidities of the Asian economies are lower than the estimates for US and Euro areas. The weights of expected and past inflation of the Asian economies are consistent with the US but lower than the estimates from the Euro areas.