Despite the fact that cogeneration (CHP) and tri-generation (CHCP) are among the most efficient ways to produce electricity and thermal energy, there is still some unexploited potential for these techniques. One could say that the circumstances for using these techniques are better now than ever. Some of the reasons for applying CHP and CHCP are: the techniques are well understood, their application could generate some profit, and the required technology is available. Moreover, there is increasing concern in regards to energy security, the need to increase the energy efficiency in power generation and distribution as well as to lower the emissions from fossil fuel combustion. CHP/CHCP promoters and developers face difficulties when analyzing the conditions and proposing a plan of application. On one hand, there are some external barriers which have to be torn down by means of energy regulation schemes. These may include economic incentives, easy and safe interconnection to the grid to export electricity and have backup if necessary, and access to the market to sell the surplus of electricity at a fair price. On the other hand, there are some internal barriers such as the difficulty evaluating potential energy savings, emission reduction, and economic performance of a project based on the circumstances of a specific site; lack of awareness; unwillingness to invest in CHP/CHCP projects; and difficulty in selecting and sizing the equipment which would give the maximum benefits in terms of life cycle cost, energy savings and emission reduction. Nowadays, it is possible to develop software tools which use simulations and optimization algorithms to evaluate several options, compare them and chose the ones that give the optimum performance with respect to an objective function defined by the user. In this project, the general context for the application of cogeneration and tri-generation projects was studied including factors which have an impact on its feasibility and performance. Moreover, a survey of the exiting feasibility analysis tools was done, and a case study was chosen and analyzed. Next, a model was developed using the software Trnsys for the simulation and Matlab for the optimization. The model was tested by evaluating the study case. The result of the simulation and optimization gives several possible equipment size combinations. The tradeoff between two different objective functions such as net present value and primary energy savings or emission reduction is presented in Pareto front diagrams. The main conclusion of this project is that by using Trnsys and Matlab, it is possible to develop more complex models which, when applying optimization algorisms, could become a very useful and helpful tool that CHP/CHCP developers could use to speed up the analysis of projects while contributing to the goal of deploying these techniques.

En la práctica profesional de la ingeniería civil, generalmente, se consideran los componentes del movimiento del suelo de forma independiente y desestimando la componente vertical en los análisis sísmicos. Sin embargo, ya existen estudios que invalidan dichos supuestos, y, es por tal, que el análisis sísmico debería considerar el efecto de todas las componentes del sismo a fin de estimar cualquier respuesta en la estructura. En este estudio se propondrán factores de amplificación para los espectros generados por los análisis uni-direcconales, con el fin de extenuar el efecto tri-direccional del sismo. Dichos factores se realizarán por medio del análisis de 54 estructuras caracterizadas por distintos parámetros dinámicos. Y, además, utilizando ángulos de incidencia cada 10° y 11 registros sísmicos para el ATH. Las respuestas máximas se compararán con las del espectro propuesto por la Norma E0.30 [1], obteniendo así reglas lineales para los factores de amplificación. / In the professional practice of civil engineering, generally, the components of the ground movement are considered independently and disregarding the vertical component in seismic analyzes. However, there are already studies that invalidate these assumptions, and, therefore, the seismic analysis should consider the effect of all the components of the earthquake in order to estimate any response in the structure. In this study, amplification factors will be proposed for the spectra generated by the uni-directional analyzes, in order to exhaust the tri-directional effect of the earthquake. Said factors will be carried out through the analysis of 54 structures characterized by different dynamic parameters. And, in addition, using incidence angles every 10 ° and 11 seismic records for the ATH. The maximum responses will be compared with those of the spectrum proposed by Standard E0.30, thus obtaining linear rules for the amplification factors. / Trabajo de investigación

International Telemetering Conference Proceedings / October 28-31, 1996 / Town and Country Hotel and Convention Center, San Diego, California / Aerospace Report No. TOR-0059(6110-01)-3, section 1.3.3 outlines the design and performance requirements of SGLS (Space Ground Link Subsystem) services. GDP Space Systems has developed a single card slot FSK (Frequency Shift Keying)/AM (Amplitude Modulation) demodulator. An application of this service is the US Air Force Satellite Command and Ranging System. The SGLS signal is tri-tone-FSK, amplitude modulated by a modified triangle wave at half the data rate. First generation FSK/AM demodulators had poor noise performance because the signal tones were filtered and processed at IF frequencies (65, 76 and 95 kHz). Second generation demodulators suffer from "threshold" due to non-linear devices in the signal path before the primary noise filtering. The GDP Space Systems demodulator uses a 0-Hz- IF topology and avoids both of these shortcomings. In this approach, the signal is first noncoherently down converted to baseband by linear devices, then it is filtered and processed. This paper will discuss the GDP 0-Hz-IF FSK/AM (SGLS) demodulator.

This thesis aims to address a vital gap that has emerged in the digital identity regulatory discourse: how can the legal regulation of digital identity mirror the global nature of digital identity and be compatible with national local difference? Digital identity, or the digital representation of an individual, is a complex concept, which manifests in myriad forms (e.g. authenticators, claims, data or information, identifiers, presence, relationship representations and reputation) and natures. As such, it engages a gamut of legal domains ranging from criminal law, constitutional law, human rights law, law of identity schemes, contract law, intellectual property law, tort law and data protection law. Digital identity is global and local in its nature, influence and effects. Yet, the digital identity regulatory discourse has primarily developed in and focussed on the digitally advanced West, leaving out countries like India which are developing strong digital presences, with their own digital identity perceptions and needs. This situation is adverse to the sustained future of digital identity. Thus, the contribution of this thesis lies in filling this gap and preparing the ground for a dialogue between different countries with different national agendas through building international and local awareness of how similarities and differences operate in respect of digital identity, its regulation and providing a modest solution to help preserve the global and local dimensions of digital identity and its regulation. To this end, the thesis carried out comparative legal research on the legal regulation of digital identity using the UK and India as base jurisdictions. The original hypothesis was that that immense differences in the legal regulation of digital identity between the comparator countries would emerge. Yet, though differences were evident, considerable degrees of similarity also emerged, not just on the superficial level of mere identity of rules, but also in legal practice, in large part attributable to India’s penchant for legal transplants. While the transplantation of Western law did not result in a full-scale rejection of the transplanted laws in relation to digital identity in India, there are indications of anomalies caused by the imposition of Western cultural norms through law on an Indian society ill prepared for it. Thus there has resulted a tension between the local and the global, the indigenous and the externally imposed. The challenge is thus to resolve this, taking into account, on the one hand the need to maintain the global nature and relevance of digital identity and the other, the need to accommodate and be responsive to local differences. The thesis proposes a tentative solution called the tri-elemental framework (TeF) which draws from the Indian philosophical and legal concept of dharma (and its elements of Sad Achara, Vyavahara and Prayaschitta) and learns from the most universally relevant digital identity proposal, De Hert’s right to identity. The solution provides one way in which the law regulating digital identity, whatever its nature, can be made sense of and acquire cultural meaning appropriate to local contexts.

No description available.

Parmi les paramètres influençant l'inférence d'arbres phylogénétiques, nous nous sommes penchés d'une part sur (i) l'utilisation et l'efficacité de différents marqueurs et (ii) l'influence de la radiation évolutive (la succession rapide d'événements de spéciation) dans la construction d'arbres phylogénétiques et, d'autre part, sur l'applicabilité du modèle de substitution nucléotidique GTR (General Time Reversible). La première partie de ce travail étudie l'évolution des cétacés en se basant sur les séquences des génomes mitochondriaux, sur le motif d'insertion de rétroposons SINEs (short interspersed elements) nouvellement isolés et les loci nucléaires de ces derniers. Le choix des cétacés est motivé par la présence, durant leur évolution, de radiations évolutives, qui sont propices au tri différentiel de lignées généalogiques: si des séquences de gènes ou des allèles restent polymorphes entre des événements de spéciations, il est possible, et même probable, d'observer une incompatibilité entre les histoires évolutives de ces marqueurs, malgré que celles-ci soient bien correctes. Nous abordons l'étude du tri différentiel des lignées généalogiques par le biais des SINEs, dont l'insertion aléatoire et irréversible confère à ces marqueurs un risque de convergence particulièrement faible. Notre approche multi-marqueur nous permet de reconstruire un arbre robuste à partir duquel nous analysons ces différents marqueurs à l'aide des rapports signal/bruit (la qualité du contenu informatif du marqueur) et effort/signal (les efforts à mettre en oeuvre pour obtenir du signal phylogénétique). Nous discutons également les relations conflictuelles/incorrectes obtenues à partir des différents marqueurs, notamment des motifs d'insertion de SINEs pour lesquels nous décrivons un test objectif nous permettant de différencier le tri différentiel de lignées généalogiques et la convergence. Les modèles de substitutions nucléotidiques sont à la base de nombreuses méthodes d'inférence phylogénétiques. Parmi ces modèles, le modèle GTR est un des plus complets et des plus utilisés. Waddell and Steel [1997] ont décrit une procédure qui permet d'estimer les distances et les taux instantanés de substitution pour des séquences évoluant selon les hypothèses du modèle GTR. Il existe néanmoins des conditions qui rendent cette procédure, et donc l'utilisation du modèle GTR, inapplicables. Nous avons simulé l'évolution de séquences d'ADN le long de 12 arbres caractérisés par un ensemble de conditions biologiquement plausibles (différentes longueurs de branches, des conditions de (non-)homogénéité de la matrice de taux instantanés de substitution et différentes longueurs de séquences). Pour chaque ensemble de conditions, nous avons évalué (i) l'applicabilité du modèle GTR et (ii) la qualité des alignements obtenus à partir des données simulées. Nos résultats indiquent que l'inapplicabilité de la procédure de Waddell and Steel [1997] peut effectivement être considérée comme un problème pratique car elle apparaît avant les difficultés d'alignement (étape nécessaire et préalable à toute inférence phylogénétique). La probabilité de cette inapplicabilité dépend du taux de substitution et de la taille des données.

No description available.

Multi band technology helps in getting multiple operating frequencies using a single microwave device. This thesis presents the design of dual and tri band microwave devices using coupled transmission line structures. Chapter 2 presents the design of a novel dual band transmission line structure using coupled lines. In chapter 3, Design of a dual band branch line coupler and a dual band Wilkinson power divider are proposed using the novel dual band transmission line structure presented in the previous chapter. In chapter 4, Design of a tri band transmission line structure by extending the dual band structure is presented. The Conclusion and future work are presented in chapter 5.

La consommation est désormais élargie à toutes les phases et comprend le tri des déchets. Les explications avancées jusqu’ici sur la performance du tri sont insatisfaisantes. Le tri des déchets présente deux spécificités : il est porté par la famille (et non l’individu) et ses modalités sont imposées par les Pouvoirs Publics. Ce travail est ancré dans la théorie de la pratique sociale qui permet l’étude d’une routine de consommation à l’intersection entre les niveaux micro- et macro-sociaux. L’objet de cette recherche est de mettre en évidence la construction de la pratique sociale du tri des déchets dans les familles. La démarche méthodologique est qualitative, basée sur des observations participantes, des entretiens semi-directifs et des mimes. Les résultats mettent en évidence (1) la structure de la pratique organisée selon les faires, les objets et les engagements ; (2) les liens qui unissent ces éléments au travers des processus d’appropriation, de réalisation et de renforcement et (3) la dynamique de la pratique, par laquelle les familles entrent dans celle-ci. La contribution majeure de ce travail réside en l’apport d’un cadre théorique permettant la compréhension à l’échelle familiale du processus de construction de la pratique sociale du tri à l’échelle de la société. / Today, consumption is enlarged to all stages and includes recycling. Explanations on performance given so far still remain unsatisfying. Two specificities characterize recycling : it is supported by the family (and not the individual) and its rules are imposed by public policies. This research is anchored in social practice theory that allows the study of a consumption routine at the crossroads between micro- and macro-social levels. The aim of this research is to highlight the building up of recycling’s social practice in families. The methodology is qualitative, based on participant observations, semi-structured interviews and mimes. Results highlight : (1) practice structure organized around doings, objects and engagement ; (2) links unifying those elements through appropriation, realisation and reinforcement and (3) practice dynamic, that allows families involvement into it. The main contribution of this work relies on the understanding of the building process at a familial level of the recycling practice at a societal level.

[pt] A presente pesquisa trabalha a questões da Trí­plice Fronteira. Pelo termo, entendo as múltiplas dinâmicas político-históricas associadas direta ou indiretamente à suposta atuação de agentes do terrorismo internacional ou seus financiadores na região onde confluem as fronteiras de Brasil, Argentina e Paraguai. Analiso o processo de representação desta área como potencial foco de ameaça à  segurança dos Estados Unidos: em outras palavras, estudo o processo de securitização da Trí­plice Fronteira. Após uma breve introdução sobre esta região e os parâmetros metodológicos que orientam minha pesquisa, promovo um diálogo entre a teoria da securitização da Escola de Copenhague e a literatura da Geopolítica Crítica para pensar a articulação de discursos hegemônicos sobre a Trí­plice Fronteira. Em seguida, analiso (1) a Polí­tica Externa do governo George W. Bush, (2) o relacionamento histórico entre os Estados Unidos e o fenômeno do terrorismo político e, por fim, (3) as formas de inserção da América Latina na agenda de segurança dos Estados Unidos. A aná¡lise dos discursos norte-americanos sobre a Tríplice Fronteira me permite, por fim, mapear as diferentes fases históricas do processo de representação discursiva deste espaço como um foco de ameaça e assim entender tanto os métodos quanto as formas através das quais a Tríplice Fronteira foi inserida na agenda norte-americana de Guerra ao Terror. / [en] This research deals with the issue of the Tri-border Area. By this term, I mean the political and historical dynamics directly or indirectly related to the alleged presence of international terrorism agents or theirs sponsors in the region where the borders of Brazil, Argentina and Paraguay meet. I focus my attention on the process of representation of this area as a potential source of threats to the security of the United States: in other words, I analyze the process of securitization of the Tri-border Area. After a brief introduction about this region and the methodological parameters that guide my research, I promote a dialogue between the Copenhagen School's Securitization Theory and the Critical Geopolitics literature as a way of thinking about the articulation of hegemonic discourses about the Triborder Area. Then I examine (1) U.S. Foreign Policy under George W. Bush, (2) the historical relationship between the United States and the phenomenon of political terrorism and, finally, (3) the ways in which Latin America has been present in security concern of the United States. Analyzing the discourses about the Tri- border Area I map the distinct historical periods related to the discursive representation of this space as a source of threat so that I can understand both the methods and that ways by which the Tri-border area has been included in the War on Terror.