As ligas de Al utilizadas na indústria aeroespacial com finalidade estrutural apresentam microestrutura complexa devido aos tratamentos termo-mecânicos a que são submetidas visando o aumento da resistência mecânica. Estas ligas se caracterizam pela presença de um grande número de intermetálicos (IMs) em sua microestrutura, os quais possuem atividade eletroquímica diferente da matriz provocando problemas de corrosão localizada devido à formação de microcélulas galvânicas. Na última década a espectroscopia de impedância eletroquímica (LEIS) tem se estabelecido como uma poderosa técnica na elucidação de aspectos locais relacionados à corrosão, e também tem servido para estudos de aspectos teóricos referentes à distribuição de potencial e corrente na superfície de eletrodos e suas correlações com a reatividade superficial. Esta técnica se baseia na análise de diferentes impedâncias locais obtidas por meio de um bi-eletrodo posicionado nas proximidades do eletrodo de trabalho. O presente trabalho visa estudar a corrosão localizada da liga de Al 7475-T761, utilizada na estrutura de asas e na fuselagem de aeronaves, em meios contendo íons sulfato por meio de espectroscopia de impedância eletroquímica global (EIS) e por LEIS, associadas à caracterização microestrutural por MEV/EDS. Os resultados dos estudos com as técnicas eletroquímicas globais, juntamente com a caracterização microestrutural, confirmaram que o aumento local do pH devido à reação catódica sobre os IMs é um dos fatores mais importantes na incidência corrosão localizada da liga de Al. Este fenômeno leva à dissolução local da película passiva e a uma importante despolarização da reação de oxidação do Al com grande aumento da corrosão. Já os estudos com o eletrodo de disco rotatório (EDR) mostraram que os íons sulfato melhoram o desempenho da película passiva formada sobre a matriz da liga, e evidenciaram o ataque preferencial dos IMs ricos em cobre por estes íons. No que se refere aos estudos realizados com a LEIS, os mesmos foram desenvolvidos principalmente com pares galvânicos modelos Al 7475/Cu visando simular a atividade eletroquímica que ocorre na interface entre os IMs e a liga. Este enfoque apresentou um aspecto inovador ao empregar pela primeira vez uma liga comercial como um dos componentes de um par galvânico simulado em estudos com a LEIS. Os resultados obtidos com este estudo confirmaram as previsões de modelos teóricos já desenvolvidos para os efeitos da geometria do eletrodo sobre a reatividade na superfície do mesmo, e também mostraram que o bi-eletrodo foi sensível a pequenas mudanças na atividade eletroquímica na interface do par galvânico, o que foi confirmado pelas análises por MEV/EDS. Outro aspecto inovador do presente trabalho com relação ao uso da LEIS foi que, pela primeira vez, foi utilizado um tri-eletrodo para a obtenção dos diagramas de impedância locais. Este sistema permite medir simultaneamente as componentes radial e normal da corrente local, possibilitando um maior refinamento da compreensão dos fenômenos interfaciais locais. Os resultados das medidas com este novo sistema apresentaram boa concordância com o modelo teórico desenvolvido para a resposta de impedância local apresentado neste trabalho, indicando que o mesmo pode se constituir em uma poderosa ferramenta para uma melhor compreensão dos processos interfaciais locais. / Aluminum alloys used in the aerospace industry with structural purpose exhibit a complex microstructure due to thermal and mechanical treatments they are submitted for improving their strength. The microstructure of these alloys is characterized by the presence of a great number of intermetallic (IM) particles, the electrochemical activity of which is different from the matrix leading to the onset of localized corrosion phenomena associated with local galvanic cells. In the last decade local electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (LEIS) has been used as a powerful tool to elucidate local features associated with corrosion and also to study theoretical issues related to current and potential distributions at electrode surfaces and their correlation with surface reactivity. This technique is based on the calculation and analysis of different local impedances acquired by a bi-electrode probe positioned in the vicinity of the electrode surface. The aim of the present work is to study localized corrosion of Al alloy 7475-T761, used with structural purpose in aircraft wings and fuselages, in sulfate containing media using global electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and LEIS associated with microstructural characterization by SEM/EDS. The results of the investigations with the global techniques together with the microstructural characterization confirmed that local pH increasing at the matrix/IM interface due to the cathodic reaction on the IMs is the most important cause for the localized corrosion of the alloy. This process leads to local dissolution of the passive layer and to an important depolarization of the Al oxidation reaction leading to a great increase in the corrosion rate of the metal. On the other hand the investigations using the rotating disk electrode (RDE) revealed that sulfate ions increase the anticorrosion performance of the passive layer and are particularly aggressive at Cu-rich IMs. Regarding the studies with the LEIS technique they were mainly performed using an Al 7475/Cu model electrode aiming to simulate the electrochemical activity at the IM/alloy interface. This approach was new as, to the best of our knowledge, it was the first time a commercial alloy was used as one of the component of a model electrode for local electrochemical investigation. The results were in accordance with theoretical models already developed for the effects of geometry induced current and potential distributions on the electrode surface reactivity, and also showed that the bi-electrode was sensitive to minute change of the electrochemical activity at the interface of the galvanic couple, which was confirmed by SEM/EDS analysis. Another originality of the present work regarding the use of LEIS was that, for the first time, a tri-electrode was used to acquire the local impedance diagrams. This system allows the simultaneous measurement of the normal and radial components of the local current making possible a better comprehension of the local interfacial phenomena. The results of the measurements with this new system were in good agreement with the theoretical model for the local electrochemical response presented in this work, indicating that it can be a valuable tool for a better comprehension of the local interfacial processes.

Submitted by Marlene Santos (marlene.bc.ufg@gmail.com) on 2017-09-04T18:41:46Z No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Igor Cézar Silva Braga - 2017.pdf: 70087425 bytes, checksum: ae19e7f77dfd72abcaac00b9fa6bfbe1 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Luciana Ferreira (lucgeral@gmail.com) on 2017-09-15T14:10:20Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Igor Cézar Silva Braga - 2017.pdf: 70087425 bytes, checksum: ae19e7f77dfd72abcaac00b9fa6bfbe1 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-09-15T14:10:20Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Igor Cézar Silva Braga - 2017.pdf: 70087425 bytes, checksum: ae19e7f77dfd72abcaac00b9fa6bfbe1 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-06-09 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / Arches are structural elements of curvilinear form transmitting normal efforts of simple compression and with wide applicability in civil engineering, being used in bridges, domes, soccer stadiums and so on. Therefore, studies that involve physical and geometric parameters to analyze the behavior of arches are necessary. This work aims to study the static and dynamic instability of tri-articulated discrete arcs, with axial and rotational rigidities the supports and under the action of a time dependent load. The arche is evaluated is a discrete and continuous system. The discrete system consists of three degrees of freedom that describe the vertical displacement and two horizontal displacements; the continuous system composed of two degrees of freedom, with an axial displacement and another in the direction radial. For the discrete system a parametric analysis was performed by varying the axial stiffness and rotational rigidities in the supports, besides the height of the arch, considering first the post-critical path study, with the influence of the parametric variation in the obtained results and the effect of the symmetry breaking in the instability by point limit or snap through, with the appearance of dynamic jumps. The natural frequency analysis is a function of the height/span ratio and the rigidities in the boundary conditions of the structures. The dynamic analysis was initiated through the instability boundaries, where it is observed how the displacements were established according to the parameters adopted, the obtained answers were proved by time responses, bifurcation diagrams and attraction basins, noting the influence of these factors in the dynamic behavior of the discrete arch. The analysis of the continuous system was established in the variation of the modified slenderness of the flexibility in the supports, observing the interference of the parameters in the post-critical path in general and in the load of the axial compression. With the asymmetry in the flexibility of the supports, the loops coming from the dynamic jumps arise. / Arcos são elementos estruturais de forma curvilínea com função de transmitir esforços normais de compressão simples e com ampla aplicabilidade na engenharia civil, pois têm o artificio estrutural de vencer grandes vãos, sendo usados em pontes, cúpulas, estádios de futebol e etc. Portanto, estudos que envolvam parâmetros físicos e geométricos para análise do comportamento de arcos se fazem necessários. Este trabalho tem como objetivo o estudo da instabilidade estática e dinâmica de arcos discretos tri-articulados, com rigidezes axiais e rigidezes rotacionais nos apoios e sob a ação de uma carga dependente do tempo. O arco é avaliado nos sistemas discreto e contínuo, sendo que o sistema discreto é composto por três graus de liberdade que descrevem um deslocamento vertical e dois deslocamentos horizontais e o sistema contínuo composto por dois graus de liberdade, sendo um deslocamento axial e outro na direção radial. Para o sistema discreto foi feita uma análise paramétrica variando a rigidez axial e as rigidezes rotacionais nos apoios, além da altura do arco, considerando primeiramente o estudo do caminho pós-críticos, com a influência da variação paramétrica nos resultados obtidos e do efeito da quebra de simetria na instabilidade por ponto limite ou snap through, com o aparecimento de saltos dinâmicos. A análise da frequência natural é em função da razão altura/vão e das rigidezes nas condições de contorno das estruturas. A análise dinâmica foi iniciada através das fronteiras de instabilidade, onde se observa como os deslocamentos se estabeleciam de acordo com os parâmetros adotados, as respostas obtidas foram comprovadas por respostas no tempo, diagramas de bifurcação e bacias de atração, constatando a influencia desses fatores no comportamento dinâmico do arco discreto. A análise do sistema contínuo se estabeleceu na variação das esbeltezes modificadas. da flexibilidade nos apoiosobservando a interferência dos parâmetros no caminho pós-crítico de forma geral e na carga de compressão axial. Com a assimetria na flexibilidade dos apoios ocasiona-se o surgimento dos loops vindos dos saltos dinâmicos.

A agregação em insetos centra-se nas vantagens relativas ao forrageio e no aumento da defesa contra predadores. Além disso, agregações de ovos podem beneficiar-se pelo aumento nas taxas de eclosão larval. Neste trabalho, foram testadas as hipóteses de que agregações de Ascia monuste orseis (Godart, 1819) (Lepidoptera: Pieridae) uma espécie que se alimenta em agregações larvais em plantas da família Brassicaceae - conferem benefícios à performance larval e adulta, na assimilação de alimento pelas larvas, na viabilidade dos ovos e na proteção larval contra inimigos naturais. A possibilidade de um dado comportamento do grupo resultar em maior ataque por inimigos naturais também foi avaliada, bem como um padrão comportamental defensivo em resposta aos inimigos naturais. Para tanto, quatro tratamentos de diferentes tamanhos de agregações larvais foram formados (1, 7, 15 e 30 larvas) para avaliar a performance e a assimilação de alimento em laboratório. Em campo, três tratamentos foram formados (1, 10 e 50 larvas) para testar o efeito do tamanho do tamanho do grupo na predação e parasitismo. A performance do estágio de ovo foi examinada em posturas de tamanhos variados em casa de vegetação. Larvas gregárias desenvolveram-se mais rápido nos ínstares iniciais e tornaram-se fêmeas mais fecundas em comparação às solitárias; entretanto, larvas solitárias apresentaram maior tamanho do que as gregárias. A sobrevivência não diferiu entre os tratamentos em laboratório. Foi observado um menor consumo per capita de alimento por larvas gregárias, sem custos para a assimilação de alimento. A viabilidade dos ovos aumentou com o tamanho da agregação de ovos, comprovando o benefício da agregação larval na fase de ovo. A menor predação per capita em agregações larvais maiores conferiu uma maior proteção às larvas de A. monuste orseis contra predadores e parasitoides, através do efeito da diluição do ataque entre os indivíduos do grupo. O parasitoidismo foi mais expressivo em larvas de primeiros ínstares, enquanto que larvas mais tardias foram mais atacadas por predadores, independente do tamanho da agregação. Por fim, eventos comportamentais que envolvem movimentação da cabeça como exploração e alimentação foram mais perigosos para as larvas de A. monuste orseis em comparação ao repouso e deslocamento, semelhantemente a espécies de hábito solitário. Eventos comportamentais supostamente defensivos foram observados em todos os ínstares e tratamentos. As vantagens da agregação em A. monuste orseis mostraram-se especialmente importantes no estágio de ovo e primeiros ínstares, pela diminuição da mortalidade de ovos e vulnerabilidade larval aos inimigos naturais. Esses benefícios provavelmente sobrepõem-se aos custos, como a competição por interferência observada entre as larvas no final do desenvolvimento. Nossos resultados mostram que o malogro dos ovos e os efeitos dos inimigos naturais constituem fortes pressões seletivas na manutenção da agregação de ovos e larval em A. monuste orseis, a qual confere uma melhor performance do ponto de vista bi-trófico, bem como maior probabilidade de sobrevivência individual sob o ponto de vista tri-trófico. / In insects, the gregarious habit has been shown to improve foraging and defense against predation to both larval and adult stages. Egg clusters could also be beneficial through increased larval hatching. In this study, we tested the hypothesis that egg clusters and larval aggregations of the neotropical butterfly Ascia monuste orseis (Godart, 1819) (Pieridae) - a subspecies that uses Brassicaceae as hosts - lead to several benefits from both bi- and tri-trophic perspectives. Larval and adult performances, food assimilation by the larvae, egg viability, as well as protection against natural enemies were assessed from individuals reared either isolated or aggregated. The behavior of larval aggregations was also examined with respect to predation risk, as well as the corresponding larval defensive behaviors after enemy attack. Four treatments with different larval aggregation sizes were assigned (1, 7, 15 e 30 larvae) to assess larval performance and food utilization in the laboratory. In the field, three treatments were assigned (1, 10 e 50 larvae) to evaluate the effects of group size on predation and parasitoidism. Egg performance was examined through egg clusters of different sizes in a greenhouse. Gregarious larvae developed faster, especially in early instars, and became more fecund females than solitary larvae; however, the latter attained larger body size than the former. Under laboratory conditions, survival did not differ among treatments. Lower food ingestion per capita was observed in gregarious larvae, with no cost in food assimilation. The viability of eggs increased as egg aggregation size increased. The lower per capita predation in larger larval aggregations than smaller groups conferred higher protection to A. monuste orseis larvae against natural enemies, through the dilution effects among individuals of the group. Parasitoidism was more intense in small-sized larvae while late instars were more susceptible to predators, regardless of aggregation size. Similar to species with solitary habit, behavioral events which involved head movements as searching and feeding were more dangerous to A. monuste orseis larvae compared to resting and walking. Presumed defensive behaviors were observed in all instars and treatments. Thus, the benefits of aggregation in A. monuste orseis can be seen especially in the egg stage and in first instars, as it reduces egg mortality and larval vulnerability to natural enemies. These benefits probably overcome some costs, such as interference competition in the late instars. Taken together, the results show that egg failure and top-down effects constitute selective pressures in maintaining egg and larval aggregation in A. monuste orseis, by providing better performance from a bi-trophic perspective and increased probability of individual survival from a tri-trophic perspective when compared to solitary individuals.

This thesis examines a psychological model of health and well-being from an ancient Indian philosophical thought system called the tri-guna model. After an introduction in the first chapter, the second chapter establishes the theoretical basis of the model. The third chapter describes the development and psychometric properties of the Tri-Guna Scales which measure the components of the tri-guna model. The fourth chapter presents an intervention study that is focused on an intervention that was conceptualized on the basis of the tri-guna model and aimed at increasing well-being, followed by the last chapter that draws conclusions. As the second chapter illustrates, the tri-guna model proposes that the psyche is influenced by three energies that function in dependence on one another and each strive for dominance, pushing the other two aside when they gain strength. These three energies are called sattva, rajas and tamas. In short, when sattva is dominant in a person, the person has strong well-being, is calm, happy, motivated and persevering. Dominant rajas leads to stress, over-activity and restlessness. When tamas becomes dominant, it makes a person pessimistic, depressed and unmotivated. The implication of the tri-guna model is that sattva should be the dominant guna in order for a person to experience high well-being. Sattva can be strengthened by a number of interventions such as meditation, increasing spiritual awareness, self-regulation and developing virtues. Studies examining the tri-guna model have demonstrated that many of the theorized relations are supported by empirical data. The quality of the inventories used to measure the gunas in the past does not meet current methodological standards, for which reason new tri-guna scales were developed in two studies. The inventory items were derived from the working model discussed in the second chapter of the thesis. Originally, the goal was to develop one large tri-guna scale that is clearly composed of three factors, of which each corresponds to one of the gunas. However, because of the wide range of behavioral aspects that are determined by the gunas, the first exploratory factor analysis found factors that corresponded not only to one of the gunas, but also to one of the many behavioral facets inherent in the one comprehensive scale (e.g. cognition, motivation, social behavior etc.). Therefore, the items were grouped into nine separate scales that each measure the gunas in one single behavioral category. The reliability of the majority of the 27 scales corresponds to reliability values of established personality inventories: Cronbach’s α of 24 subscales is above .7. The internal consistencies of the other three subscales don’t meet this standard, but their values are still above .6. Measures determining the validity of the inventory are very good. The exploratory factor analysis of the second study shows that all scales consist of three factors, each of which can be related to one of the gunas. The correlations of the subscales amongst each other are consistent with the hypotheses and previous research, the sattva scales correlate negatively with the rajas and tamas scales, and the rajas and tamas scales have positive correlations. Furthermore, the correlations of the scales to relevant external criteria provide further evidence for the validity of the scales. As expected, the sattva scales correlate positively with measures of well-being and negatively with measures of stress, whereas the rajas and tamas scales correlate positively with measures of stress and negatively with measures of well-being. The tri-guna model not only aims at describing and explaining behavior, but also at changing it, so that well-being can increase. The fourth chapter of this thesis describes an intervention study that tested a training aimed at increasing sattva and decreasing rajas and tamas, in a multiple baseline study. 24 participants took part in an eight-week training which included a variety of the interventions detailed in the second chapter: meditation, cognitive restructuring, managing energy and will-power, and mindful decision-making and social behavior. The study results show that the training was effective: sattva increased and rajas and tamas decreased with medium to large effects. Other significant changes include an increase in psychological and physical well-being and self-regulation. All in all, this thesis demonstrates the potential of the contribution of the guna model to explaining and increasing well-being. This research provides a thorough description of the model and summary of empirical evidence in connection to the gunas. Furthermore, this work has made it possible to measure the gunas with a questionnaire of high academic standards. This will support future research on the gunas and other fields investigating interventions with an Indian background like meditation or yoga. Finally, this thesis shows how the guna model can be applied practically in a psychological training in order to improve the well-being of its participants. / Diese Dissertation untersucht ein psychologisches Modell für Gesundheit und Wohlbefinden aus der indischen Philosophie, genannt das Tri-Guna Modell. Nach einer Einleitung im ersten Kapitel, beschreibt das zweite Kapitel die theoretischen Grundlagen des Modells. Das dritte Kapitel beschreibt die Entwicklung und psychometrischen Eigenschaften der Tri-Guna Skalen, welche die Komponenten des Tri-Guna Modells messen. Im vierten Kapitel wird eine Interventionsstudie dargestellt, die ein Training untersucht, das auf der Grundlage des Tri-Guna Modells entworfen wurde und darauf abzielt Wohlbefinden zu stärken. Im Anschluss folgt das letzte Kapitel, in welchem Schlussfolgerungen und ein Ausblick dargestellt werden. Wie das zweite Kapitel darstellt, wird die Psyche laut dem Tri-Guna Modell von drei Energien beeinflusst, die in Abhängigkeit voneinander arbeiten. Jede strebt nach Stärke und verringert die Auswirkung der anderen beiden, wenn sie an Kraft zunimmt. Diese drei Energien heißen Sattva, Rajas und Tamas. Kurz gefasst erfährt eine Person Wohlbefinden, Ruhe, Glück, Motivation und Ausdauer, wenn Sattva am stärksten ist. Vorherrschendes Rajas führt zu Stress, übermäßiger Aktivität und Ruhelosigkeit. Wenn Tamas vorherrscht, ist die Person pessimistisch, depressiv und unmotiviert. Insgesamt erfährt eine Person das höchste Ausmaß an Wohlbefinden, wenn Sattva die stärkste Guna ist. Laut Tri-Guna Modell kann Sattva durch verschiedene Maßnahmen gestärkt werden, wie zum Beispiel Meditation, spirituelle Bewusstheit, Selbstregulation und das Umsetzen von Tugenden. Studien, welche das Tri-Guna Modell untersucht haben, konnten zeigen, dass viele der in dem Modell beschriebenen Beziehungen von empirischen Daten belegt werden. Die Qualität der bisher vorhandenen Inventare zur Erfassung der Gunas wird gängigen methodischen Ansprüchen nicht gerecht, weshalb in zwei Studien neue Tri-Guna Skalen entwickelt wurden. Die Items des Inventars wurden aus dem Arbeitsmodell, das im zweiten Kapitel der Disseration dargestellt wird, abgeleitet. Zuerst war das Ziel eine umfangreiche Tri-Guna Skala zu entwickeln, die aus drei Faktoren besteht, von denen jeder einer der Gunas entspricht. Aufgrund der großen Bandbreite an Verhaltensaspekten, die von den Gunas beeinflusst werden, zeigte die erste exploratorische Faktorenanalyse mehrere Faktoren, die nicht nur einzelnen Gunas entsprachen, sondern sich auch auf Teilaspekte der Gunas in bestimmten Verhaltenskategorien bezogen, die alle in der einen umfangreichen Skala enthalten waren (z.B. Kognition, Motivation, Umgang mit anderen etc.). Deshalb wurden die Items auf neun separate Skalen aufgeteilt, die jede die Gunas in einer einzigen Verhaltenskategorie messen. Die Reliabilität von 24 der 27 Subskalen entspricht den Reliabilitätswerten von etablierten Persönlichkeitsinventaren – Cronbachs α dieser Skalen ist über .7. Die inneren Konsistenzen der anderen drei Skalen werden diesem Wert nicht gerecht, ihre Werte sind jedoch über .6. Maße, welche die Validität der Skalen untersuchen, zeigen gute Werte. Die exploratorische Faktorenanalyse der zweiten Studie zeigt, dass die Items aller Skalen jeweils auf drei Faktoren laden, von denen jeder einer der Gunas zugeordnet werden kann. Die Korrelationen der Subskalen untereinander sind hypothesenkonform und entsprechen dem Bild, das sich auch bei älteren Guna-Inventaren zeigt – die Sattva-Skalen korrelieren negativ mit den Rajas- und Tamas-Skalen und die Rajas- und Tamas-Skalen korrelieren positiv. Desweiteren belegen Korrelationen der Skalen mit relevanten Außenkritieren die Validität der Skalen. Wie erwartet korrelieren die Sattva-Skalen positiv mit Maßen für Wohlbefinden und negativ mit Maßen für Stress, während die Rajas- und Tamas-Skalen positiv mit Maßen für Stress und negativ mit Maßen für Wohlbefinden korrelieren. Das Tri-Guna Modell zielt nicht nur darauf ab Verhalten zu beschreiben und zu erklären, sondern auch darauf es zu ändern, damit das Wohlbefinden zunehmen kann. Das vierte Kapitel dieser Dissertation beschreibt eine Interventionsstudie, die im Rahmen eines Multiple Baseline Designs ein Training untersucht, welches Sattva stärken und Rajas und Tamas mindern sollte. 24 Teilnehmer/innen nahmen an einem acht-wöchigem Training teil, das eine Zusammenstellung der Interventionen enthielt, welche im zweiten Kapitel beschrieben wurden: Meditation, kognitive Umstrukturierung, Energie- und Willenskraft-Management, und achtsames Entscheiden und Verhalten gegenüber anderen. Die Ergebnisse der Studie zeigen, dass das Training wirksam war: Sattva nahm zu und Rajas und Tamas nahmen ab mit mittleren bis starken Effekten. Andere signifikante Veränderungen schließen eine Zunahme an psychischem und körperlichem Wohlbefinden und Selbstregulation ein. Insgesamt demonstriert diese Dissertation den potentiellen Beitrag des Guna-Modells zur Erklärung und Stärkung von Wohlbefinden. Diese Arbeit liefert eine detaillierte Beschreibung des Modells und eine Zusammenfassung des empirischen Forschungsstandes in Bezug auf die Gunas. Desweiteren macht diese Forschung es nun möglich die Gunas mit Skalen von hohem akademischem Niveau zu messen. Das wird zukünftige Forschung zu den Gunas und anderen Themen, die Interventionen mit indischem Hintergrund untersuchen, wie Mediation oder Yoga, unterstützen. Schließlich zeigt diese Dissertation wie das Guna Modell in einem psychologischen Training praktisch angewandt werden kann, um das Wohlbefinden der Teilnehmer/innen zu stärken.

Cette étude expérimentale est consacrée à la structure cristalline et aux propriétés magnétiques des phases orthorhombiques ANb2O6 (A = métaux magnétiques) qui ont retenues notre attention en tant que système Ising modèle quasi 1D. Ce comportement magnétique original de basse dimension résulte à la fois de la force des interactions magnétiques le long des chaînes d'atomes magnétiques quasi-unidimensionnelles, et à la faiblesse des interactions entre les chaînes qui sont de nature antiferromagnétique. Lorsque ces composés sont ordonnés l'ensemble de ces interactions inter et intra chaîne conduit à un ordre antiferromagnétique. Notre investigation s'appuie sur une caractérisation systématique de la série de composés AxA'1-xNb2O6 (A et A' = Ni, Fe et Co), par des mesures variées et complémentaires, notamment: diffraction des rayons X à température ambiante, diffraction de neutrons au dessus et en dessous de la température d'ordre magnétique, mesures magnétiques : évolution thermique de courbes d'aimantation isochamp et mesures d'aimantation isotherme. De plus, des mesures de la chaleur spécifique et de spectroscopie Mössbauer ont été réalisées sur certains échantillons sélectionnés. Nous avons mis à jour, selon la concentration, des comportement très différents dans les systèmes pseudo binaires Fe-Co, Ni-Fe ou Co-Ni qui peuvent soit présenter un état ordonné soit conserver un état paramagnétique jusqu'à de très basses températures. Nos mesures démontrent que la température d'ordre magnétique et les vecteurs de propagations diffèrent sensiblement selon la composition car ces systèmes sont caractérisés par une compétition entre les interactions magnétiques mises en jeu dans un réseau triangulaire interchaines. Cette étude montre que le désordre cationique Fe/Co induit une réduction substantielle des interactions tant inter que intra chaînes, ce qui traduit la tendance à défavoriser l'établissement d'un ordre magnétique à longue portée. De manière similaire, le système NixFe1-xNb2O6 ne présente pas d'ordre magnétique pour x=0,2 et ceci jusqu'à 400 mK au moins. / This work is dedicated to the investigation of structural and magnetic properties of these compounds with orthorhombic structure (A = magnetic metals) ANb2O6 that caught our attention as a system of quasi-1D Ising. This unique magnetic behavior is the result of low-dimensional magnetic interaction along the chains of magnetic atoms almost uni-dimensional, and also by weak antiferromagnetic interactions between the chains. When these compounds are ordered all these interactions between and within the chain leads to a global antiferromagnetic order. Our research is based on a systematic characterization of the series of compounds AxA'1-xNb2O6 (A et A' = Ni, Fe and Co) by differents types of complementary measures, such as X-ray diffraction at room temperature, neutron diffraction above and below the magnetic ordering temperature, magnetic measurements: thermal evolution of magnetization curves and isotherm magnetization variation in applied field. In addition, specific heat measurements and Mössbauer spectroscopy were performed on some selected samples. We found interesting results depending on the concentration, different behaviors on these pseudo binary systems Ni-Fe, Fe-Co, or Co-Ni, which can remain in the paramagnetic state up to very low temperatures or to order depending on the series analyzed. Our measurements show that the magnetic ordering temperature and propagation vectors differ substantially depending on the composition, for these systems are characterized by a competition between magnetic interactions that are involved in a triangular lattice intermolecular. This study shows that disorder cationic Fe / Co induced a substantial reduction in both the interactions within and between them; chains, reflecting the tendency to oppose the creation of a long-range magnetic order. Likewise, the system NixFe1-xNb2O6 dont shows magnetic ordering even at measures taken up to 400 mK for x = 0.2.

Foz do Iguaçu, como a mais importante cidade da Tríplice Fronteira, possui um conjunto de características que remetem à condição geopolítica contemporânea. A cidade surgiu como Colônia Militar no século XIX, resultado de tensões entre os países da Bacia do Prata, em relação ao controle das fronteiras e do território. Foz do Iguaçu, que junto a Ciudad Del Este (Paraguai) e Puerto Iguazu (Argentina) forma uma espécie de metrópole tri-nacional, sempre foi foco privilegiado de interesses geopolíticos. Se o seu surgimento esteve atrelado às estratégias militares de controle territorial, o seu crescimento e desenvolvimento foram derivados de políticas do governo federal concernindo todo o Oeste Paranaense. A construção BR-277, da Ponte Internacional da Amizade e da Usina Hidrelétrica de Itaipu revela o valor da Tríplice Fronteira e de Foz do Iguaçu na relação entre os países do Cone Sul. Por meio da concentração de atividades turísticas e das práticas de comércio ilegal junto a Ciudad Del Este, a cidade se coloca numa condição única dentro de um cenário de integração regional do Mercosul. Ao mesmo tempo em que é um núcleo privilegiado dessa integração, após décadas de atritos geopolíticos entre Brasil, Paraguai e Argentina, Foz do Iguaçu expõe um emaranhado de problemas envolvendo o controle da fronteira, com reflexos políticos, econômicos e sociais para toda a América do Sul. / Foz do Iguaçu, as the most important city of the Tri-Border Area, has a set of characteristics which refer to the contemporary geopolitics condition. The city aroused as a Military Colony in the XIX century, being the result of tensions among the countries of the Prata Basin, involving border and territory control. Foz do Iguaçu, which together with Ciudad Del Este (Paraguay) and Puerto Iguazu (Argentina) form a kind of tri-national metropolis, has always been a privileged target of geopolitics interests. If its appearance has been linked to military strategies of territorial control, its growth and development were derived from policies of the federal government involving all the West of Paraná. The BR-277 construction of the International Bridge of Friendship and of Itaipu Hydropower Plant reveals the value of the Tri-Border and of Foz do Iguaçu in relation to other countries from the Southern Cone Countries. By means of the concentration of tourist activities and illegal commerce practices together with Ciudad Del Este, this city is placed in an unique condition within a scenery of regional integration of Mercosul. At the same time that it is a privileged nucleus of such integration, after decades of geopolitics friction amid Brazil, Paraguay and Argentina, Foz do Iguaçu presents a host of problems concerning the border control, with political, economical and social reflexes to all South America.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-08-10T10:29:33Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 ADRIANA FERREIRA BRUNIER.pdf: 2900709 bytes, checksum: 248aa3fbcbaeddacb4ba281761b7ff9c (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009-01-16 / The dissertation presents a method to mensure the degree of the maturity of the company for knowledge transference and technology between academiccompany, from itens facilitators that cause their implantation. Through the perception of members of the evaluated companies, it is gotten intensity where the factors that facilitate the transference of knowledge and technology between academic-company are present in its organizational environment. The method makes possible, through the Item Response Theory (TRI), to evaluate how much the company is prepared or not to transfer knowledge and technology between academic-company. The research also supplies lines of direction to assist in the resolution of the factors that inhibit the transference of knowledge and technology between academic-company. The method was applied in four large pole agribusiness industries of Anápolis - DAIA - coming to the conclusion that using the method it is possible to evaluate the maturity of companies to carry out the transfer of knowledge and technology between academia, business, realized that the transfer of knowledge and technology between the four industries surveyed, hardly exists because the results obtained. Cast is a set of actions and administrative measures to improve the qualify factors of transferring knowledge and technology in these companies. / A dissertação apresenta uma forma para avaliar o grau de maturidade da empresa para transferência de conhecimento e tecnologia entre academiaempresa, a partir dos itens facilitadores que provocam sua realização. A percepção dos membros das empresas avaliadas obtém-se à intensidade em que os fatores que facilitam a transferência de conhecimento e tecnologia entre academia-empresa estão presentes no seu ambiente organizacional. O método possibilita através da Teoria da Resposta ao Item (TRI), avaliar o quanto a empresa está preparada ou não para transferir conhecimento e tecnologia entre academia-empresa (A/E). A pesquisa também fornece caminhos para auxiliar na resolução dos fatores que diminuem a transferência conhecimento e tecnologia entre academia-empresa. Foi aplicado o método em quatro grandes indústrias do pólo agroindustrial de Anápolis DAIA - chegando-se à conclusão que aplicando o método é possível avaliar a maturidade das empresas para a realização da transferência de conhecimento e tecnologia entre academia-empresa, percebeu-se que a transferência de conhecimento e tecnologia entre as quatro indústrias pesquisadas, praticamente não existe devido aos resultados obtidos. Elencou-se um conjunto de ações e medidas administrativas para melhorar os fatores qualificadores para transferência de conhecimento e tecnologia nestas empresas.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-28T14:57:34Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2008 - Michela Rocha Leal.pdf: 1770488 bytes, checksum: ff08296ce37cf068a0dc9d932b804f1f (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008-07-21 / Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior / The government of Rio de Janeiro State is encouraging the expansion of fruit crops in the northern region of the State. However, data about ecological aspects of these insects necessary to their suitable management are not available for this region. With the introduction of the parasitoid Diachasmimorpha longicaudata in Brazil, open the perspective of biological control of theses flies. In this context, the present work has as general objectives to increase the knowledge about the geographic distribution of the fruit flies and their ecological aspects in the northern region of this state, and to evaluate the potential of D. longicaudata to biological control of theses flies in this region. These approaches were in the Chapters I and II, respectively. In the chapter I, the studies aimed to know the species of fruit flies of occurrence in the northern region of Rio de Janeiro state, their host plants and their parasitoids; to evaluated the susceptibility of guava variety Paluma to infestation by fruit flies; to characterize the population structure of these tephritids to determine the principal species of occurrence and to evaluate their diversity standard; and to determine the times of the year of higher and lower occurrence of these flies in the region. This study was carried out from April/2006 to May/2007 in Campos do Goytacazes, S?o Francisco do Itabapoana and S?o Jo?o da Barra, being the specimens captured by McPhail traps and collected from fruits. From the captured adults, 93% belong to the genus Anastepha (total of 16 species) and 7% of Ceratitis capitata. A. fraterculus, A. obliqua, A. pseudoparallela, A. serpentina, A. sororcula, A. zenildae and C. capitata infested fruits among 12 wild species. A. fraterculus, A. sororcula and A. zenildae infested guavas of variety Paluma. The populations of frui flies present low diversity of species due to presence of three predominant species: A. obliqua, A. fraterculus and A. sororcula, which occurred during all months of the year, with higher population levels between the summer and autumn due to the influence of higher availability of host fruits in these seasons of the year. The native parasitoids were Doryctobracon areolatus and Aganaspis pelleranoi. In the chapter II, the studies aimed to evaluate the survival capacity and action radius of D. longicaudata 24 hours after its release in the field; and to evaluate the recovered possibility of their offspring from guava samples. In May/2008, D longicaudata was released in a guava orchard in S?o Jo?o da Barra. Thereupon this release, 25 parasitism units containing larvae of C. capitata were spread at the guava trees at 10 m and 20 m from the released point. A sample of guavas was collected on the released day, and 24 hours after this release, another sample of guavas was collected at 30 m from this point. After 24 hour of the release, it was observed the visitation of D. longicaudata in the majority of the parasitism units. Male and female descendants of D. longicaudata were recovered form these parasitism units. A. fraterculus and A. sororcula infested the guavas, from which D. longicaudata was not recovered. / O governo do Estado do Rio de Janeiro vem incentivando a expans?o da fruticultura na regi?o norte do Estado, mas esta corre o risco de sofrer s?rios preju?zos devido ao ataque de moscas-das-frutas. Por?m, dados sobre aspectos ecol?gicos desses insetos, necess?rios para seu manejo adequado, n?o est?o dispon?veis para essa regi?o. Com a introdu??o do parasit?ide Diachasmimorpha longicaudata no Brasil, abre-se a perspectiva de controle biol?gico dessas moscas. Nesse contexto, o presente trabalho teve como objetivos gerais aumentar o conhecimento sobre a distribui??o geogr?fica das moscas-das-frutas seus aspectos ecol?gicos no norte fluminense, e avaliar o potencial de D. longicaudata para o controle biol?gico dessas moscas nessa regi?o, sendo esses temas abordados nos Cap?tulos I e II, respectivamente. No cap?tulo I, os estudos tiveram os seguintes objetivos: conhecer as esp?cies de moscas-das-frutas de ocorr?ncia no norte fluminense, suas plantas hospedeiras e seus parasit?ides; avaliar a susceptibilidade da goiaba variedade Paluma ? infesta??o por moscas-das-frutas; caracterizar a estrutura populacional desses tefrit?deos para determinar as principais esp?cies de ocorr?ncia e avaliar seu padr?o de diversidade; e determinar as ?pocas do ano de maior e menor ocorr?ncia dessas moscas na regi?o. Esse estudo foi conduzido de abril/2006 a maio/2007, em Campos dos Goytacazes, S?o Francisco do Itabapoana e S?o Jo?o da Barra, sendo os esp?cimes capturados por armadilhas McPhail e coletados de frutos. Dos adultos capturados, 93% pertencem ao g?nero Anastrepha (total de 16 esp?cies) e 7% ? Ceratitis capitata. A. fraterculus, A. obliqua, A. pseudoparallela, A. serpentina, A. sororcula, A. zenildae e C. capitata infestaram frutos entre 12 esp?cies silvestres. A. fraterculus, A. sororcula e A. zenildae infestaram goiabas da variedade Paluma. As popula??es de moscas-das-frutas apresentaram baixa diversidade devido ? presen?a de tr?s esp?cies predominantes: A. obliqua, A. fraterculus e A. sororcula, que ocorreram o ano todo, com maiores n?veis populacionais entre o ver?o e o outono, pela influencia da maior disponibilidade de frutos hospedeiros nessas esta??es do ano. Os parasit?ides nativos foram Doryctobracon areolatus e Aganaspis pelleranoi. No cap?tulo II, os estudos tiveram os seguintes objetivos: avaliar a capacidade de sobreviv?ncia e raio de a??o de D longicaudata 24 horas ap?s sua libera??o no campo; e avaliar a possibilidade de recupera??o de seus descendentes a partir de amostras de goiaba. Em maio/2008, realizou-se a libera??o de D longicaudata num pomar comercial de goiaba em S?o Jo?o da Barra. Logo ap?s a libera??o, 25 unidades de parasitismo contendo larvas de C. capitata foram distribu?das nas goiabeiras a 10 m e 20 m do ponto de libera??o. Uma amostra de goiabas foi coletada no dia da libera??o, e 24 horas ap?s, coletou-se outra amostra de goiabas a 30 m a partir desse ponto. Ap?s 24 horas da libera??o, verificou-se a visita??o de D. longicaudata na maioria das unidades de parasitismo. Recuperaram-se descendentes machos e f?meas de D. longicaudata a partir dessas unidades. A. fraterculus e A. sororcula infestaram as goiabas, das quais n?o foi recuperado D. longicaudata.

A partir de 1987 le développement économique est remis en question avec le paradigme de la durabilité qui vise à favoriser un développement viable d'un triple point de vue, économique, social et environnemental. Le secteur du tourisme a été très tôt investi par cette valeur, notamment au Sommet de la Terre de Rio de Janeiro de 1992. L'OMT et le WTTC ont promu l'Agenda 21 en énonçant que les acteurs du tourisme doivent participer au développement durable des territoires. Ils doivent contribuer à l'amélioration de la qualité de vie des communautés, en assurant un développement économique local, en renforçant la cohésion sociale et en favorisant une meilleure gestion environnementale. L’engagement des entreprises du tourisme et notamment des hôtels se voient encadrés par un certain nombre d’outils, tels que le RSE (Responsabilité Sociale des Entreprises). Par cette injonction et par le relais des instances gouvernementales, le développement durable devient une valeur mondialisée. Ainsi, les hôtels transnationaux opérant à Bali sont obligés par la loi indonésienne depuis 2007 d’intégrer le programme de RSE, leur imposant d'apporter un bénéfice pour la communauté locale au sens holistique. Les hôtels transnationaux sont donc tenus de participer au développement durable local, mais aussi de respecter les exigences de la philosophie théologique, écologique et sociale traditionnelle balinaise, appelée Tri Hita Karana. Cette dernière répond à une autre conception de la « durabilité » reposant sur des principes de relations entre les hommes, avec les dieux et avec l’environnement « naturel ». Cette recherche interpelle donc le paradigme occidental de durabilité, qui aspire à l’universalisme, en interrogeant sa capacité à intégrer les spécificités culturelles, en l’occurrence balinaises, en combinant approche réflective et pragmatique, focalisée plus spécifiquement sur le cas particulier des hôtels transnationaux. Ces derniers sont des agents essentiels de l’essor touristique international de Bali, depuis 1970. / From 1987 economic development is challenged with the sustainability paradigm that aims to promote a sustainable development of a triple bottom lines, economic, social and environmental. The tourism sector was strongly engaged with the value, notably since the Summit of the Rio de Janeiro Earth Summit in 1992. UNWTO and WTTC promoted Agenda 21 by stating that tourism stakeholders have to participate in sustainable development of the territories. They have to contribute to improving the quality of life of communities, ensuring local economic development, strengthening social cohesion and promoting better environmental management. The engagement of tourism businesses including hotels, equipped themselves with a number of tools such as CSR (Corporate Social Responsibility). By the impregnation and the stage of governmental actions, sustainable development becomes a global value. Thus, transnational hotels operating in Bali are required by Indonesian law since 2007 to integrate the CSR program, requiring them to bring benefit to the local community in a holistic sense. Transnational hotels are required to participate in local sustainable development, but also to meet the requirements of Balinese traditional theological philosophy, ecological and social known as Tri Hita Karana. The latter responds to another concept of "sustainability" based on principles of human relations, with the gods and with the "natural" environment. This research therefore challenges the western paradigm of sustainability, which aspires to universalism by questioning its ability to integrate cultural specificity in the Balinese case, by combining reflective and pragmatic approach, focused more specifically on the particular case of transnational hotels. They are essential agents of the international tourism boomin Bali since 1970

Le verre feuilleté est constitué de deux ou plusieurs feuilles de verre assemblées par une ou plusieurs couches de polymères viscoélastiques intermédiaires qui sont à l’origine des interactions entre les mécanismes de cisaillement, de flexion locale et de flexion globale qui régissent le comportement d’ensemble du verre feuilleté. Dans ces travaux, nous proposons un modèle de plaques dites "fortement contrastées" intégrant ces différents mécanismes et leur couplage. Dès lors qu’il existe une séparation d’échelle entre l’épaisseur de la plaque et la taille caractéristique des variations des champs cinématiques, la méthode des développements asymptotiques est applicable pour l’étude des stratifiées. Le comportement effectif de la plaque est dérivé de la loi de comportement 3D des matériaux, associée à une formulation de développements asymptotiques et à une mise à l’échelle appropriée du contraste de rigidité entre les couches raides de verre et des couches souples de polymère viscoélastique. Le procédé fournit une formulation explicite et cohérente, intégrant les efforts duaux des descripteurs macroscopiques (équations constitutives), les équations d’équilibres hors-plan et dans le plan et les différentes lois de comportements du stratifié. Le modèle est d’abord construit dans le cas d’une plaque de verre feuilleté à 2 couches raides puis différents cas de chargements statiques et dynamiques sont appliqués. Il est ensuite étendu aux plaques à 3 couches raides puis généralisé aux plaques à N couches raides. Des campagnes expérimentales sont mises en place pour valider les modèles obtenus. Enfin un cas d’étude de dimensionnement de plancher en verre feuilleté est proposé. / Widely used in recent years, the glass material makes it possible to erect light, aesthetic and resistant structures, in particular with glass lamination method, which consists in assembling two or more sheets of glass by one or more intermediate viscoelastic polymers layer. These viscoelastic interface layers are the source of interactions between the shear, the local bending and the global bending mechanisms that govern the overall behavior of laminated glass. For an optimal dimensioning and an accurate determination of the different fields, we propose a "highlycontrasted" plates model encapsulating these different mechanisms and their coupling. As long as a scale separation between the plate thickness and the caracteristic size of kinematics field variations exists, the asymptotic expansion method can be applied for the study of laminates. The effective plate behaviour is derived from the 3D constitutive law of the materials combined with an asymptotic expansion formulation and an appropriate scaling the tiffness contrast between stiff glass layers and soft viscoelastic polymer layers. The method provides a synthetic and consistent formulation, integrating the dual efforts of the macroscopic descriptors, in-plane and out-of-plane balance equations and the constitutive laws of the laminate. First the model is developped for a 2 stiff layers laminated glass plates, then different static and dynamic loading cases are applied. It is then extended to plates with 3 stiff layers and then generalized to plates with N stiff layers. Experimental campaigns are set up in order to validate the models. Finally, a case study of laminated glass floor design is proposed.