La consommation chronique et excessive d’éthanol provoque des modifications neurobiologiques adaptatives. Les mécanismes qui les contrôlent sont multiples et certains ont été reliés à des régulations épigénétiques conduisant à des modifications structurelles et fonctionnelles. L’éthanol induit également une neurodégénérescence de l’hippocampe responsable de déficits cognitifs. Parmi l’ensemble des modèles animaux qui sont utilisés pour étudier les effets d’une consommation chronique d’alcool, figurent les souris de la lignée C57BL/6J. Ces souris possèdent une appétence naturelle pour l’éthanol faisant d’elles un modèle de choix pour étudier les conséquences de la consommation chronique d’éthanol. Le but de ce travail de thèse a été d’étudier les relations entre les mécanismes épigénétiques et la modulation de la neuroplasticité de l’hippocampe à la suite d’une consommation chronique d’éthanol chez les souris C57BL/6J, et d’en évaluer les conséquences comportementales. Nous avons montré que la consommation chronique d’éthanol induit, au niveau de l’hippocampe, des modulations épigénétiques globales corrélées à un remodelage chromatinien au sein du gène du BDNF, impliquant à la fois les modifications post-traductionnelles des histones et la méthylation de l’ADN. Ces modifications épigénétiques sont certainement responsables de l’augmentation d’expression protéique du BDNF observée dans l’hippocampe, et plus particulièrement dans le gyrus denté, après 3 semaines de consommation chronique d’éthanol en libre choix. L’accroissement de l’expression du BDNF induit une stimulation des voies de la signalisation intracellulaire dépendantes de l’activation du récepteur TrkB du BDNF, et une augmentation de la neurogenèse du gyrus denté. Les effets de l’antagoniste spécifique du récepteur TrkB, ANA 12, démontrent que l’augmentation de la neurogenèse observée chez les souris C57BL/6J après la prise chronique d’éthanol, est sous le contrôle unique du complexe BDNF/TrkB. L’analyse comportementale des souris C57BL/6J ayant consommé de l’éthanol, montre une détérioration des capacités d’apprentissage et de mémoire sans modification de la plasticité synaptique dans l’hippocampe, suggérant ainsi que d’autres mécanismes sont impliqués dans ces déficits cognitifs. L’ensemble de ces données apporte de nouveaux éléments de compréhension concernant la stimulation de la neurogenèse hippocampique chez les souris C57BL/6J lors d’une consommation chronique en libre choix d’éthanol. Il est probable que cette apparente augmentation de plasticité soit un mécanisme adaptatif et compensatoire à la détérioration des fonctions cognitives induite par une consommation chronique d’alcool. / Chronic and excessive ethanol consumption triggers neurobiological adaptations within the central nervous system, which are responsible for the development of an addiction. Ethanol induces adaptive mechanisms linked to epigenetic regulations leading to functional and structural changes, and also provokes a neurodegeneration responsible for the cognitive deficits observed in alcohol abusers. Among the different animal models available for studying the effects of chronic ethanol consumption, C57BL/6J mice are among the most relevant. These mice display high ethanol preference, making them a good model for studying the consequences of chronic and free-choice ethanol consumption. The purpose of this work was to study the links between epigenetic mechanisms and hippocampal neuroplasticity and to evaluate the behavioural consequences induced by chronic ethanol consumption in C57BL/6J mice. We showed that, in the hippocampus, chronic ethanol consumption induced global epigenetic modulations that were correlated with chromatin remodelling at the BDNF gene level. These effects involved post-translational histone modifications and DNA methylation. Epigenetic changes at the BDNF gene level probably allowed the increase in BDNF protein expression observed within the hippocampal dentate gyrus in mice having consumed ethanol for 3 weeks. Upregulation of BDNF expression was linked to both the stimulation of intracellular cascades downstream BDNF/TrkB receptor activation, and the increase in neurogenesis within the dentate gyrus. Using a specific TrkB receptor antagonist, ANA-12, we demonstrated that the hippocampal neurogenesis induced by chronic ethanol intake was under the control of BDNF. Behavioural analysis evidenced learning and memory impairments after ethanol consumption without synaptic plasticity alteration within the hippocampus, suggesting the involvement of other mechanisms in the cognitive deficits. Altogether, these data bring new elements for understanding the hippocampal neurogenesis stimulation observed under chronic and voluntary ethanol consumption in C57BL/6J mice. Moreover, this apparent increase in plasticity might probably be considered as an adaptive and compensatory mechanism in response to the cognitive deficits induced by ethanol consumption.

The signalling cascade induced by the binding of neurotrophins (NGF, BDNF, NT3 and NT4) to their high-affinity tyrosine kinase receptors (TrkA, B and C) is well documented to be important for neuronal cell survival, proliferation and differentiation. Evidence has accumulated demonstrating the importance of these signalling pathways in nonneuronal tissues, including the ovary where all neurotrophins and their receptors are expressed. In the mouse, effects on ovulation have been demonstrated but the role of Trk signalling in neonatal ovary development is less clear. Previous work had found that TrkB expression is upregulated at the time of follicle formation in the mouse and transgenic mice null for the TrkB receptor demonstrate significant loss of oocytes neonatally (TrkB knockouts, KO, die shortly after birth). This thesis examines the phenotype of the TrkB KO using morphological, histological and surgical techniques with the aim being to further investigate the role of TrkB signalling in oocyte survival, and to contribute to our understanding of neonatal ovary development. The main questions addressed are: 1) what developmental defects are occurring on a morphological level that result in the phenotype of the TrkB KO; 2) can these defects be quantified; and 3) what are the longterm survival prospects for TrkB KO oocytes. Morphological assessment revealed that TrkB KO ovaries exhibit poorer follicle health than their Controls and this was confirmed by assessment of basement membrane (BM) composition. TrkB KO brain and kidney were also assessed and found to have similarly affected BM. It is well known that cells require contact with the BM to maintain survival, thus it is postulated that TrkB signalling contributes to oocyte survival through regulation of the BM. Due to the postnatal lethality of the mutation, TrkB KO ovaries were transplanted to ascertain long-term oocyte survival. Unexpectedly it was found that TrkB KO oocytes are able to survive and follicles grow as well as they do in the Control transplants. Consequently, the in vivo effect has to be indirect. It is known that oocytes in the neonatal ovary undergo an increased rate of cell death but it is not known how the cell debris is removed. A novel observation of a neonatal ovarian immune response has been made in this thesis and is postulated to be a physiological mechanism for cell debris clearance. In conclusion, this thesis has demonstrated that signalling through TrkB has an effect on regulating BM in the ovary and other organs, but that surprisingly it has an indirect effect on oocyte survival.

Aside from preventing traumatic brain injuries (TBIs) altogether, treatment options for TBI typically focus on the secondary biochemical processes that occur in response to the primary mechanical insult. These secondary injuries can lead to apoptosis and necrosis in the days and weeks that follow a TBI. Therefore, finding a treatment that can prevent, reduce, and repair secondary damage is instrumental in the recovery of TBI patients. The flavonoid 7,8-dihydroxyflavone (7,8-DHF) has been identified as a TrkB agonist that mimics the effects of brain derived neurotrophin factor (BDNF). Upon binding to the TrkB receptor, signaling cascades are initiated that can promote neuronal survival and neural differentiation. The use of 7,8-DHF in the treatment of TBI is favorable due to its long half-life and ability to pass the blood-brain barrier (BBB). In this study, we evaluated the dosage time frame of 7,8-DHF that would allow for the greatest impact in recovery after a focal TBI. Adult Sprague-Dawley rats were subjected to a moderate cortical impact injury and administered a 5mg/kg dose of 7,8-DHF i.p. for five days starting on day 0, 2, 3, or 5 post injury. Sensorimotor function was evaluated with beam walk and rotarod test. Morris Water Maze (MWM) and fear conditioning test were used to analyze cognitive function. Biotinylated dextran amine (BDA) was injected into the contralateral cerebral cortex 14 days after injury and animals were sacrificed 28 dpi. Brain sections were processed for Giemsa histological staining to assess cortical lesion volume and the total number of surviving neurons. Parallel sections were processed for BDA staining to assess changes of axon sprouting in the injured cortex. VGlut-1 staining of the hippocampus was used to identify presynaptic plasticity. We found that the administration of 7,8- DHF starting at one hour after TBI could provide protection against motor and cognitive dysfunction. Histological examination showed a significant reduction of cortical lesion volume and higher number of survival neurons in the injured hippocampus when 7,8-DHF administration began one hour and two days after injury. BDA staining of intracortical axon sprouting and VGlut-1 staining of the hippocampus highlighted a trend that 7,8-DHF administration starting day five post brain injury may enhance neuronal plasticity. Collectively, the results indicate that 7,8-DHF can provide the better neuronal protection when administration begins one hour after TBI.

O consumo de cafeína tornou-se popular em adolescentes devido ao aumento da ingestão de bebidas comercializadas na forma de bebidas energéticas. Alguns estudos consideram que os efeitos benéficos da cafeína são atribuídos a uma reversão dos sintomas de abstinência. Neste estudo, foram investigados os efeitos da administração crônica de cafeína em ratos desde a adolescência (40 dias de idade) até à idade adulta (3 meses de idade) na memória de reconhecimento e BDNF e proteínas relacionadas a sua sinalização nas regiões do córtex e hipocampo. A cafeína (0,3 e 1,0 g/L) foi administrada na água de beber durante o ciclo de ativo dos animais (ciclo escuro) e retirada durante os fins de semana. Este protocolo foi desenvolvido a fim de mimetizar o consumo humano. Para as experiências de privação (abstinência),a administração crônica foi interrompida 24 ou 48 h antes do teste de tarefa de reconhecimento de objetos. Na tarefa de reconhecimento de objetos, foi possível observar os efeitos positivos da cafeína sobre a memória de reconhecimento, pois os animais tiveram um bom desempenho na tarefa. Entretanto, mesmo após a interrupção do tratamento os animais continuaram desempenhando bem a tarefa, dessa forma a abstinência de um tratamento crônico com cafeína não influencia a memória de reconhecimento. A cafeína na sua dose mais alta (1,0 mg / mL) e 24 h após a retirada, causou uma diminuição nos níveis de BDNF no hipocampo e nenhum efeito sobre as proteínas proBDNF e TrkB. Em contrapartida, no córtex a cafeína em ambas as doses diminuui os níveis de BDNF, um efeito que persistiu apenas para a dose mais elevada em ambos os tempos de retirada. O ProBDNF teve seus níveis diminuídos pela cafeína (1,0 mg / mL) após 48 horas da retirada, enquanto a cafeína em ambos os tempos de retirada aumentou receptores TrkB. Como mencionado anteriormente, estes resultados mostraram que a cafeína administrada durante a adolescência até a idade adulta, seguida da sua retirada não afeta a memória de reconhecimento. Estes efeitos poderiam ser atribuídos ao desenvolvimento da tolerância por tratamento crónico. Além disso, o aumento de receptores de TrkB seguido por diminuição de BDNF pode ser contribuído para a ausência de efeitos de abstinência de cafeína na memória de reconhecimento. / The caffeine consumption has become popular among adolescents due to increased intake of beverages marketed as energy drinks. Some studies consider that the beneficial effects of caffeine are attributable to a reversal of withdrawal symptoms. This study investigated the effects cronic administration caffeine in rats since adolescent period (40 days old) until adulthood (3 months old) on recognition memory and BDNF-related proteins and their signalling in the regions of the cortex and hipocampus. Caffeine (0.3 and 1.0 g/L) was administered in drinking water during the light cycle and discontinued at weekends. This protocol was developed to mimic human consumption. For withdrawal experiments, cronic administration of caffeine was interrupted 24 or 48 h before the test session on object recognition task. In the task, we observed the positive effects of caffeine on recognition memory once that animals learned the task. However, even after treatment interuption animals continued performing the task, so the withdrawal of chronic treatment with caffeine has no effect on recognition memory. Caffeine at its highest dose (1.0 mg / mL) after 24 h and after removal, showed a decrease in BDNF levels in the hippocampus and no effect on protein proBDNF and its receptor TrkB. In contrast, in the cortex caffeine decreased BDNF levels at both doses, an effect which persisted for only the highest dose at both time of withdrawal. ProBDNF levels had decreased by caffeine (1.0 mg / mL) after 48 hours of removal, while the caffeine in both periods of increased withdrawal TrkB receptors. As mentioned earlier, these results showed that caffeine administered during adolescence to adulthood, followed by its removal does not affect recognition memory. These effects could be attributed to the development of tolerance for chronic treatment. Furthermore, the increase of TrkB receptors followed by a decrease in BDNF may be contributed to the absence of withdrawal effects of caffeine in recognition memory.

Myocardial infarction (MI) induced heart failure (HF) is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality over the world. Regular exercise improves quality of life and decreases hospitalization and mortality of patients with HF. In animals, exercise post MI attenuates progressive cardiac remodeling and cardiac dysfunction, and decreases neuronal activity in the paraventricular nucleus (PVN) and rostral ventrolateral medulla (RVLM), which are key brain nuclei contributing to sympathetic hyperactivity post MI. The peripheral and central molecular mechanisms underlying these beneficial effects of exercise are not well understood. We studied one possible mechanism, brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), an exercise-induced factor, which via binding to its receptor tropomyosin-related kinase B (TrkB) may contribute to improvement of cardiac function post MI. In the brain, the ratio between two isoforms of the TrkB receptor, full-length and truncated forms (TrkB.FL/TrkB.T1) determines the extent of intracellular responses to mature BDNF (mBDNF; an active form of BDNF) and a decrease in this ratio may reflect down-regulation of BDNF-TrkB.FL signaling. Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent kinase II (CaMKII) and protein kinase B (Akt) are intracellular factors of BDNF-TrkB signaling in hippocampal/cortical neurons. Activation of cardiac BDNF-TrkB signaling may increase cardiomyocyte survival and myocardial contractility. In hypertensive rats, the role of BDNF-TrkB signaling in the PVN and RVLM appears opposite with activation of this axis in the PVN increasing, but in the RVLM decreasing sympathetic nerve activity (SNA). However, activation of CaMKII and Akt in the PVN and RVLM both mediate increase in SNA. The specific role of BDNF-TrkB signaling in the PVN and RVLM of rats with HF post MI has not yet been studied. We hypothesized that exercise training post MI enhances BDNF-TrkB signaling pathways in the left ventricle (LV) and RVLM, but inhibits in the PVN, and thereby preserves cardiac structure and function post MI. We evaluated changes in BDNF-TrkB axis and intracellular factors CaMKII and Akt in the non-infarct area of the LV, PVN and RVLM in sedentary and exercising rats with MI. The impact of systemic blockade of BDNF-TrkB signaling was assessed with ANA-12, a selective non-competitive antagonist of TrkB receptors. In the infarct area of the LV, mBDNF protein decreased and TrkB.T1 protein increased. In the non-infarct area, mBDNF tended to be decreased without change in TrkB.T1 expression. The activities of CaMKII and Akt were decreased in the non-infarct area of the LV. In the PVN and RVLM, the TrkB.FL/TrkB.T1 ratio was decreased but without changes in mBDNF and downstream factors except for decrease in Akt activity in the RVLM. Exercise training improved ejection fraction (EF), cardiac index and LV end-diastolic pressure, but only the exercise-induced improvement of EF was blocked by ANA-12. In the non-infarct area of the LV, exercise prevented decreases in mBDNF, CaMKII and Akt, and these effects were prevented by ANA-12. In the PVN, exercise increased mBDNF and decreased Akt activity, whereas in the RVLM, exercise had no effect on mBDNF but decreased CaMKII activity. The exercise-induced increase mBDNF in the PVN and decrease in p-CaMKIIβ expression in the RVLM were prevented by ANA-12. Our findings suggest that down-regulation of BDNF-TrkB signaling post MI is prominent in the LV with decreases in mBDNF protein in the infarct area and intracellular factors CaMKII and Akt in the non-infarct area. Increases in mBDNF, CaMKII and Akt in the LV by exercise may contribute to improvement of EF. In the PVN and RVLM, despite a decrease in the ratio of TrkB.FL/TrkB.T1 in both brain nuclei, only Akt activity decreased in the RVLM post MI. Exercise-induced decreases in activities of CaMKII in the RVLM and Akt in the PVN may both contribute to reduction in sympathetic hyperactivity post MI.

Voluntary wheel running is rewarding and believed to activate the same brain reward system as in alcohol and drug addiction. Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), a well-known growth factor widely expressed in the brain, is modulated by both voluntary exercise and alcohol consumption. The aim of this study was to evaluate how voluntary exercise affects the expression levels of BDNF and its receptor TrkB in brain regions involved in positive and negative reinforcement. Additionally we wanted to evaluate the effect it may have on alcohol drinking behaviors in C57BL/6 mice, a mouse model which are naturally prone for engaging in voluntary exercise and voluntary alcohol consumption. We found a small upregulation in DG and CA1 after three weeks of exercise, confirming findings by others, and a significant 3-fold downregulation of BDNF in NAc after both three weeks of exercise and exercise followed by a five week period of either ethanol intake or not. Interestingly, we here show a significant 100-fold increase in BDNF after exercise and a 120-fold increase after both exercise and alcohol consumption in amygdala, a region involved in regulation of anxiety-related behavior and negative reinforcement. Additionally a slightly lower 10-fold increase in BDNF was seen after exercise and a 15-fold increase after exercise followed by ethanol in prefrontal cortex, a structure contributing to reward-related behavior. Behaviorally, we could not either directly following exercise or at five weeks post-exercise detect any significant effect of wheel-running on depression-related behavior. However, we did find that exercise significantly increased the alcohol intake.

Peripheral nerve injury induces a robust regenerative state in sensory neurons that includes elevated expression of injury/regeneration-associated genes. The molecular signal(s) underlying the transition to the regenerating state are largely unknown. Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) is the sole identified neurotrophin that is upregulated in sensory neurons following peripheral nerve injury. As members of the neurotrophin family exert a profound influence on the intact phenotype of sensory neurons, I hypothesize that injury-associated alterations in BDNF expression play a similar role in the injured/regenerating response. Antagonizing endogenous BDNF with a function-blocking antibody prevented increases in injury/regeneration-associated gene expression and decreased the growth capabilities of the injured sensory neurons. However, BDNF was not important for maintaining this cell body response in injured neurons. The elevation of BDNF expression in injured sensory neurons either through intrathecal infusion or electrical stimulation was associated with increased injury/regeneration-associated gene expression in a dose dependent manner and the latter corresponded to increased sensory axonal regeneration. Though BDNF was able to induce and enhance the intrinsic cell body response of injured sensory neurons, exogenous BDNF was not sufficient to induce an injury phenotype in intact sensory neurons. Thus, additional signals are likely induced by the injury response. In conclusion, BDNF plays a critical role in inducing the regenerative state in sensory neurons following injury and strategies aimed at elevating levels of BDNF available to the injured sensory neuron during the inductive phase improve the cell body response.

Peripheral nerve injury induces a robust regenerative state in sensory neurons that includes elevated expression of injury/regeneration-associated genes. The molecular signal(s) underlying the transition to the regenerating state are largely unknown. Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) is the sole identified neurotrophin that is upregulated in sensory neurons following peripheral nerve injury. As members of the neurotrophin family exert a profound influence on the intact phenotype of sensory neurons, I hypothesize that injury-associated alterations in BDNF expression play a similar role in the injured/regenerating response. Antagonizing endogenous BDNF with a function-blocking antibody prevented increases in injury/regeneration-associated gene expression and decreased the growth capabilities of the injured sensory neurons. However, BDNF was not important for maintaining this cell body response in injured neurons. The elevation of BDNF expression in injured sensory neurons either through intrathecal infusion or electrical stimulation was associated with increased injury/regeneration-associated gene expression in a dose dependent manner and the latter corresponded to increased sensory axonal regeneration. Though BDNF was able to induce and enhance the intrinsic cell body response of injured sensory neurons, exogenous BDNF was not sufficient to induce an injury phenotype in intact sensory neurons. Thus, additional signals are likely induced by the injury response. In conclusion, BDNF plays a critical role in inducing the regenerative state in sensory neurons following injury and strategies aimed at elevating levels of BDNF available to the injured sensory neuron during the inductive phase improve the cell body response.

In the absence of ligand, certain growth factor receptors can be activated via G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) activation in a process termed transactivation. Serotonin (5-HT) receptors can transactivate the receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK) platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) ?? receptors in smooth muscle cells, but it is not known if similar pathways occur in neuronal cells. Here, it is shown that 5-HT can transiently increase the phosphorylation of PDGF?? receptors in a time- and concentration-dependent manner in SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cells. This transactivation pathway was pertussis-toxin sensitive, and was dependent on phospholipase C activity, intracellular calcium signaling and subsequent protein kinase C activation. Exogenous application of non-lethal concentrations of H2O2 induced the phosphorylation of PDGF?? receptors in a concentration-dependent fashion, similar to that observed with 5-HT. Further investigation revealed reactive oxygen species (ROS) production as a necessary component in the transactivation pathway, as scavenging ROS eliminated PDGF?? receptor phosphorylation. NADPH oxidase was determined to be the likely source of ROS given that the NADPH oxidase inhibitors diphenyleneiodonium chloride and apocynin abrogated PDGF?? receptor transactivation. The role of Src tyrosine kinase was also investigated, and its location in this signaling cascade was determined to be downstream of calcium signaling, but upstream of NADPH oxidase activity. In addition, the activation of ERK1/2 in this system was elucidated to be independent of PDGF?? receptor transactivation. Interestingly, 5-HT also transactivated TrkB receptors, another RTK whose function is implicated in clinical depression. Expectedly, the enzymes in this mechanism were consistent with those revealed in 5-HT-to-PDGF?? receptor signaling. This cross-talk between 5-HT and RTKs such as TrkB and PDGF?? receptors identifies a potentially important signaling link between the serotonergic system and neurotrophic factor signaling in neurons that could have implications in mental health disorders including depression. Furthermore, although transactivation pathways are commonly initiated by a GPCR, recent reports have demonstrated that selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) were able to block 5-HT-induced transactivation of PDGF?? receptors, suggesting that in addition to GPCRs, monoamine transporters may also be involved in RTK transactivation. SH-SY5Y cells pretreated with the SSRI fluoxetine blocked 5-HT-induced transactivation of the PDGF?? receptors, but not PDGF-induced PDGF?? receptor activation. Upon further examination, it was discovered that during the pretreatment period, fluoxetine itself was transiently transactivating the PDGF?? receptor via 5-HT2 receptors. By the end of the pretreatment period, the effects of fluoxetine on PDGF?? receptor phosphorylation had returned to baseline, and a subsequent transactivating stimulus (5-HT) failed to ???re-transactivate??? the PDGF?? receptor. Additional investigations demonstrated that 5-HT pretreatment can block dopamine-induced PDGF?? receptor transactivation, but not PDGF-induced PDGF?? receptor activation. This is the first demonstration of the heterologous desensitization of an RTK via a transactivation pathway, and this phenomenon is specific for transactivation pathways because in all cases the PDGF?? receptor ligand PDGF-BB was able to directly stimulate receptor activity in spite of GPCR agonist pretreatment. Heterologous desensitization in transactivation signaling reveals a previously unknown short-term ???blackout??? period wherein no further transactivation signaling can occur to potentially exploit the mitogenic effects of RTK activation.

Objetivo: Em nossos estudos objetivamos investigar os níveis séricos de BDNF e também da PCR em pacientes bipolares durante a mania, a depressão e a eutimia, comparando com controles normais. Método: Somente pacientes com THB tipo I, diagnóstico confirmado através da SCID I, tiveram seus sintomas maníacos e depressivos analisados através das escalas Young (YMRS) e Hamilton (HDRS). Os pacientes foram considerados eutímicos com score menor que 7 em ambas as escalas. O grupo controle foi composto por voluntários correspondentes em idade e gênero com os pacientes bipolares. Resultados: Nível sérico do BDNF estavam diminuídos em maníacos (p=0,019) e depressivos (p=0,027), quando comparados com eutímicos e controles. O nível sérico do BDNF foi negativamente correlacionado com a gravidade dos sintomas maníacos (r= -0,37,p=0,005) e depressivos (r= -0,30, p=0,033). Já o nível sérico da PCR estava aumentado em pacientes no episódio maníaco, quando comparados com pacientes deprimidos, eutímicos e com controles normais (p=0,001). Conclusão: Nos pacientes com THB tem sido demonstrado evidências de disfunção mitocondrial, aumento dos marcadores do estresse oxidativo, ativação de mecanismos inflamatórios, danos ao DNA e apoptose. Atualmente sabemos que o sistema imune, através das citocinas, e o sistema nervoso, através dos fatores neurotróficos, modulam o crescimento e a diferenciação celular. Nossos achados sugerem o envolvimento do BDNF na fisiopatologia do THB e do sistema inflamatório na fase maníaca do THB. / Objective: In our studies we investigated the serum levels of BDNF and PCR in bipolar patients during mania, depression and euthimic episodes, comparing to normal controls. Method: Only bipolar patients type I with confirmed diagnostic through SCID I instrument had their manic and depressive symptoms analyzed through the Young (YMRS) and Hamilton (HDRS) scales. The patients were considered euthimic when they scored less than 7 in both scales. The control group was formed by volunteers with corresponding age and gender to the bipolar patients. Results: Serum levels of BDNF were diminished in manic (p=0,019) and depressive (p=0,027) patients, when compared to euthimics and controls. Serum levels of BDNF were negatively correlated with the severity of the manic (r=-0,37, p=0,005) and depressive (r=- 0,30, p=0,033) symptoms. The serum levels of PCR were increased in patients in manic episode, when compared to depressed, euthimic and normal controls (p=0,001). Conclusion: Evidences of mitochondrial dysfunction, increase of oxidative stress, activation of inflammatory mechanisms, DNA damage and apoptosis have been demonstrated in patientes with Bipolar Disorder. Nowadays we know that the immune system, through the cytokines, and the nervous system, through the neurotrophic factors, modulate the cellular growth and differentiation. Our findings suggest the involvement of BDNF in the pathofisiology of bipolar disorder and of the inflammatory system in the manic phase of bipolar disorder.