Grain size, 14C age, and X-ray diffraction (XRD) analyses of sediments indicate possible tsunami deposits on the southern coast of Java near Pangandaran and Adipala. Previous studies that have described known recent and paleotsunami deposits were used for comparison. Fining-upward grain size trends, interbedded sand and mud, sediment composition, and trends in heavy mineral abundances are among the characteristics used for tsunami deposit identification. At Batu Kalde, an archaeological site south of Pangandaran, a layer of aragonitic sand with marine fossils was found atop a layer of archaeological fragments at an elevation of ~2-5 m. It is likely this layer was deposited by a tsunami, potentially generated by a mega-thrust earthquake. Archaeological material remains suggest that the tsunami occurred ~1300 years ago. A bivalve with an age of 5584-5456 cal YBP was buried within the deposit, perhaps long after its death. At Goa Panggung, a cave east of Batu Kalde, fining-upward grain size trends, composition of sediments, and radiocarbon ages suggest the presence of at least one tsunami deposit. A 5040-4864 cal YBP piece of charcoal overlying modern organic matter suggest that the tsunami first scoured the cave floor, reworking existing material and making interpretation difficult. At Adipala, in western Central Java, fining-upward grain size, upward decrease in heavy mineral abundances, and lateral continuity of sand layers revealed the existence of two possible tsunami deposits buried within the sediments in a swale ~1.6 km from the ocean. Age of the deposits is undetermined.

The Indian Ocean tsunami on 26 December 2004 made many New Zealanders more aware of the devastating affects that a tsunami can have on coastal communities, and highlighted the need for people living in the coastal zone to be prepared for natural hazard events. The east coast of New Zealand is at high risk from both local and distantly generated tsunami, and Poverty Bay and Hawke Bay have been identified among the most at risk areas from tsunamis in the country. Three surveys were conducted between January and November 2006 to assess community understanding of, and preparedness for tsunami risk in the eastern North Island, New Zealand. These surveys were a camping ground visitor survey; a tourism sector preparedness survey; and the 2006 National Coastal Survey. Findings of all three surveys show that the general public does not appear to have sufficient knowledge of tsunami risk in their area. Also, there does not appear to be adequate information on tsunamis available to the public. Understanding of official tsunami warnings was high amongst residents surveyed in the 2006 National Coastal Survey. However, it was low amongst visitors surveyed in the camping grounds, with the majority of camping ground survey respondents indicating that they do not know what makes up the New Zealand public notification system. It is encouraging to find that overall the public are aware of the correct actions to take in the event of a tsunami warning being issued. Staff in hotels/motels in the Napier area were not well prepared for managing natural hazard events, with the majority of respondents having no training for dealing with emergencies, and none of those who had received training had received training for tsunami hazards. It is recommended that steps be taken to better educate and prepare the public and tourism managers in eastern North Island communities. This will require not only public education but a range of activities that engage, empower and motivate at-risk communities to respond effectively and appropriately to tsunami warnings.

<p>Internationella händelser såsom 11 september och tsunamikatastrofen har förändrat förutsättningarna för resebranschen på många sätt. Bland annat har ett ökat säkerhetstänkande hos resenärer manat fram ett paradigmskifte gällande synen på krishantering. Syftet med denna uppsats är att öka förståelsen för och kartlägga hur en medelstor resebyrå hanterade den internationella kris som uppkom i samband med tsunamikatastrofen. De förutsättningar som gäller för utarbetandet av en god krishanteringsplan beskrivs och förslag ges på hur företaget bör arbeta i framtiden när det gäller krishantering.</p><p>Forskningsbidraget med denna uppsats blir således att utifrån ett organisatoriskt perspektiv undersöka i vilken mån en krishanteringsplan förbättrar förutsättningarna för krishantering. Undersökningen har genomförts i form av en fallstudie, där tillvägagångssättet varit en kvalitativ ansats. Den teoretiska syntesen utgörs av The Best Practice Model med utgångspunkt från krisers olika stadier. Den empiri som ligger till grund för analysarbetet är av primär karaktär och har samlats in genom intervjuer med nyckelpersoner på resebyrån Resecity.</p><p>Det framgick att företaget lyckades väl med att hantera krisen som uppkom i samband med tsunamikatastrofen, trots att man inte hade en nedskriven krishanteringsplan. De lärdomar som drogs från denna internationella kris var bland annat erfarenheterna som katastrofen bidrog med, samt att de anställda blev mer känslomässigt förberedda inför framtida kriser.</p><p>De slutsatser som författarna kom fram till är att företaget bör formalisera den nuvarande muntliga krishanteringsplanen samt att företaget bör överväga att inkludera scenarioplanering i krishanteringsarbetet. Detta för att öka den positiva reaktionsförväntan som anses avgörande för effektiv krishantering.</p> / <p>International events such as the terror attacks of 9/11 and the tsunami disaster have changed what people think about travelling. An increased awareness of one’s own safety has brought forward a paradigm shift within the travelling industry regarding crisis management. The purpose of this thesis is to increase the understanding and describe how a mid sized travelling agency dealt with the international crisis that arose as a cause of the tsunami disaster. The prerequisite concerning the process of developing a good crisis management plan is described, and advice is given on how the organisation should work with crisis management in the future.</p><p>On the basis of the empirical data, it was concluded that the organisation managed well in coping with the tsunami disaster, despite not having a formal crisis management plan. The experience gained during this crisis is considered to be the foremost lesson learnt.</p><p>The authors’ recommendations for the organisation are to formalise their crisis management plan, as soon as possible, and also consider incorporating scenario planning. This aims to increase the so called positive expectational ability to react, which is considered important for efficient crisis management.</p>

<p>Det rapporteras allt mer om naturkatastrofer i tropiska kustområden; tsunamin i indiska oceanen, översvämningar i Bangladesh och nu senast cyklonen i Burma.Samtidigt blir vi allt mer medvetna om att människan själv bidrar till de globalamiljöproblemen.</p><p>Vi åkte till Indonesien, ett tropiskt land med 17 000 öar och flera känsliga kustområden, för att ta reda på hur den tropiska kusten mår. Tsunamin 2004 drabbade landet hårt och den viktiga mangroveskog som ska skydda samhällena från översvämningar var redan borta. En orsak till att skogen huggs ned är för att ge utrymme till räkodlingar och stadsutbyggnad. Tidigare täckte mangroven 75 procent av tropikernas kuster, för att i dag endast täcka 25 procent. Mangroven håller, tillsammans med korallrev, fiskebeståndet högt och när mangroven försvinner minskar fisken i antal och Indonesien står i nu inför enfiskkris.</p><p>På flera håll runt om i landet har miljöorganisationer uppmärksammat situationen och börjat återplantera mangroveskog och även korallrev. Men åtgärderna blir otillräckliga då problemen med utsläpp, skogsavverkning och utfiskning fortfarande kvarstår.</p>

<p>Abstract</p><p>Title: Who said what? – A qualitative content analysis regarding the UD’s, the government’s and the travel agencies after the Tsunami disaster.</p><p>Number of pages: 38</p><p>Author: Malin Hansson</p><p>Tutor: Peder Hård af Segerstad</p><p>Course: Media and Communication Studies D</p><p>Period: Autumn 2006</p><p>University: Division of Media and Communication, Department of information science, Uppsala University</p><p>Purpose/Aim: The purpose of the paper is to find out what person said what to the media and public after the tsunami catastrophe. The aim is to find out if there is any difference in how the government and communicators talked, and if those differences agree with the public opinion about these persons.</p><p>Material/Method: The material is interviews with the relevant people on TV news. The first three days are included and the interviews have been transcribed and counted in sentences. The method is therefore quantitative content analysis.</p><p>Main results: All of the analysed persons used the category Concrete action the most, which is what they are doing at the moment. The biggest difference between the groups was that people from UD/government had to spend a lot of time defending their work and admit that they acted wrong while the travel agencies had a more personal touch and seemed more personally involved.</p><p>Keywords: Crisis communication, tsunami, news interviews, quantitative analysis</p>

Abstract Title: Who said what? – A qualitative content analysis regarding the UD’s, the government’s and the travel agencies after the Tsunami disaster. Number of pages: 38 Author: Malin Hansson Tutor: Peder Hård af Segerstad Course: Media and Communication Studies D Period: Autumn 2006 University: Division of Media and Communication, Department of information science, Uppsala University Purpose/Aim: The purpose of the paper is to find out what person said what to the media and public after the tsunami catastrophe. The aim is to find out if there is any difference in how the government and communicators talked, and if those differences agree with the public opinion about these persons. Material/Method: The material is interviews with the relevant people on TV news. The first three days are included and the interviews have been transcribed and counted in sentences. The method is therefore quantitative content analysis. Main results: All of the analysed persons used the category Concrete action the most, which is what they are doing at the moment. The biggest difference between the groups was that people from UD/government had to spend a lot of time defending their work and admit that they acted wrong while the travel agencies had a more personal touch and seemed more personally involved. Keywords: Crisis communication, tsunami, news interviews, quantitative analysis

Internationella händelser såsom 11 september och tsunamikatastrofen har förändrat förutsättningarna för resebranschen på många sätt. Bland annat har ett ökat säkerhetstänkande hos resenärer manat fram ett paradigmskifte gällande synen på krishantering. Syftet med denna uppsats är att öka förståelsen för och kartlägga hur en medelstor resebyrå hanterade den internationella kris som uppkom i samband med tsunamikatastrofen. De förutsättningar som gäller för utarbetandet av en god krishanteringsplan beskrivs och förslag ges på hur företaget bör arbeta i framtiden när det gäller krishantering. Forskningsbidraget med denna uppsats blir således att utifrån ett organisatoriskt perspektiv undersöka i vilken mån en krishanteringsplan förbättrar förutsättningarna för krishantering. Undersökningen har genomförts i form av en fallstudie, där tillvägagångssättet varit en kvalitativ ansats. Den teoretiska syntesen utgörs av The Best Practice Model med utgångspunkt från krisers olika stadier. Den empiri som ligger till grund för analysarbetet är av primär karaktär och har samlats in genom intervjuer med nyckelpersoner på resebyrån Resecity. Det framgick att företaget lyckades väl med att hantera krisen som uppkom i samband med tsunamikatastrofen, trots att man inte hade en nedskriven krishanteringsplan. De lärdomar som drogs från denna internationella kris var bland annat erfarenheterna som katastrofen bidrog med, samt att de anställda blev mer känslomässigt förberedda inför framtida kriser. De slutsatser som författarna kom fram till är att företaget bör formalisera den nuvarande muntliga krishanteringsplanen samt att företaget bör överväga att inkludera scenarioplanering i krishanteringsarbetet. Detta för att öka den positiva reaktionsförväntan som anses avgörande för effektiv krishantering. / International events such as the terror attacks of 9/11 and the tsunami disaster have changed what people think about travelling. An increased awareness of one’s own safety has brought forward a paradigm shift within the travelling industry regarding crisis management. The purpose of this thesis is to increase the understanding and describe how a mid sized travelling agency dealt with the international crisis that arose as a cause of the tsunami disaster. The prerequisite concerning the process of developing a good crisis management plan is described, and advice is given on how the organisation should work with crisis management in the future. On the basis of the empirical data, it was concluded that the organisation managed well in coping with the tsunami disaster, despite not having a formal crisis management plan. The experience gained during this crisis is considered to be the foremost lesson learnt. The authors’ recommendations for the organisation are to formalise their crisis management plan, as soon as possible, and also consider incorporating scenario planning. This aims to increase the so called positive expectational ability to react, which is considered important for efficient crisis management.

Det rapporteras allt mer om naturkatastrofer i tropiska kustområden; tsunamin i indiska oceanen, översvämningar i Bangladesh och nu senast cyklonen i Burma.Samtidigt blir vi allt mer medvetna om att människan själv bidrar till de globalamiljöproblemen. Vi åkte till Indonesien, ett tropiskt land med 17 000 öar och flera känsliga kustområden, för att ta reda på hur den tropiska kusten mår. Tsunamin 2004 drabbade landet hårt och den viktiga mangroveskog som ska skydda samhällena från översvämningar var redan borta. En orsak till att skogen huggs ned är för att ge utrymme till räkodlingar och stadsutbyggnad. Tidigare täckte mangroven 75 procent av tropikernas kuster, för att i dag endast täcka 25 procent. Mangroven håller, tillsammans med korallrev, fiskebeståndet högt och när mangroven försvinner minskar fisken i antal och Indonesien står i nu inför enfiskkris. På flera håll runt om i landet har miljöorganisationer uppmärksammat situationen och börjat återplantera mangroveskog och även korallrev. Men åtgärderna blir otillräckliga då problemen med utsläpp, skogsavverkning och utfiskning fortfarande kvarstår.

Tsunamis are among the most terrifying and complex physical phenomena potentially affecting almost all coastal regions of the Earth. Tsunami waves propagate in the ocean over thousands of kilometres away from their generating source at considerable speeds. Among several other tsunamis that occurred during the past decade, the 2004 Indian Ocean Tsunami and the 2011 Tohoku Tsunami in Japan, considered to be the deadliest and costliest natural disasters in the history of mankind, respectively, have hit wide stretches of densely populated coastal areas. During these major events, severe destruction of inland structures resulted from the action of extreme hydrodynamic forces induced by tsunami flooding. Subsequent field surveys in which researchers from the University of Ottawa participated ultimately revealed that, in contrast to seismic forces, such hydrodynamic forces are not taken into proper consideration when designing buildings for tsunami prone areas. In view of these limitations, a novel interdisciplinary hydraulic-structural engineering research program was initiated at the University of Ottawa, in cooperation with the Canadian Hydraulic Centre of the National Research Council, to help develop guidelines for the sound design of nearshore structures located in such areas. The present study aims to simulate the physical laboratory experiments performed within the aforementioned research program using a single-phase three-dimensional weakly compressible Smoothed Particle Hydrodynamics (SPH) numerical model. These experiments consist in the violent impact of rapidly advancing tsunami-like hydraulic bores with individual slender structural elements. Such bores are emulated based on the classic dam-break problem. The quantitatively compared measurements include the time-history of the net base horizontal force and of the pressure distribution acting on columns of square and circular cross-sections, as well as flow characteristics such as bore-front velocity and water surface elevation. Good agreement was obtained. Results show that the magnitude and duration of the impulsive force at initial bore impact depend on the degree of entrapped air in the bore-front. The latter was found to increase considerably if the bed of the experimental flume is covered with a thin water layer of even just a few millimetres. In order to avoid large fluctuations in the pressure field and to obtain accurate simulations of the hydrodynamic forces, a Riemann solver-based formulation of the SPH method is utilized. However, this formulation induces excessive numerical diffusion, as sudden and large water surface deformations, such as splashing at initial bore impact, are less accurately reproduced. To investigate this particular issue, the small-scale physical experiment of Kleefsman et al. (2005) is also considered and modeled. Lastly, taking full advantage of the validated numerical model to better understand the underlying flow dynamics, the influence of the experimental test geometry and of the bed condition (i.e. dry vs. wet) is investigated. Numerical results show that when a bore propagates over a wet bed, its front is both deeper and steeper and it also has a lower velocity compared to when it propagates over a dry bed. These differences significantly affect the pressure distributions and resulting hydrodynamic forces acting on impacted structures.

Currently, the accurate prediction of the impact of an extreme wave on infrastructure located near shore is difficult to assess. There is a lack of established methods to accurately quantify these impacts. Extreme waves, such as tsunamis generate, through breaking, extremely powerful hydraulic bores that impact and significantly damage coastal structures and buildings located close to the shoreline. The damage induced by such hydraulic bores is often due to structural failure. Examples of devastating coastal disasters are the 2004 Indian Ocean Tsunami, 2005 Hurricane Katrina and most recently, the 2011 Tohoku Japan Tsunami. As a result, more advanced research is needed to estimate the magnitude of forces exerted on structures by such bores. This research presents results of a numerical model based on the Smoothed Particle Hydrodynamics (SPH) method which is used to simulate the impact of extreme hydrodynamic forces on shore protection walls. Typically, fluids are modeled numerically based on a Lagrangian approach, an Eulerian approach or a combination of the two. Many of the common problems that arise from using more traditional techniques can be avoided through the use of SPH-based models. Such challenges include the model computational efficiency in terms of complexity of implementation. The SPH method allows water particles to be individually modeled, each with their own characteristics, which then accurately depicts the behavior and properties of the flow field. An open source code, known as SPHysics, was used to run the simulations presented in this thesis. Several cases analysed consist of hydraulic bores impacting a flat vertical wall as well as a sloping seawall. The analysis includes comparisons of the numerical results with published experimental data. The model is shown to accurately reproduce the formation of solitary waves as well as their propagation and breaking. The impacting bore profiles as well as the resulting pressures are also efficiently simulated using the model.