In order to investigate what work methods professional audio engineers use to comply with the EBU R 128 recommendation in live TV broadcasts, an interview study was conducted. The purpose of the study was to provide novice and professional engineers with information about what work methods to use when trying to comply with the current loudness standards in live situations. Furthermore, the study may also contribute with new perspectives to the already existing production guidelines developed by the European Broadcasting Union (EBU). Five professional audio engineers from the TV broadcasting industry were interviewed. The subjects in this study suggest another way of measuring the loudness of live broadcasted music shows. Instead of measuring the whole program, the subjects argue that loudness measurements of the dialogue may be a more appropriate measurement method. Furthermore, a widening of the tolerance window of the EBU R 128 recommendation is suggested for music shows. The current tolerance window of  1 LU needs to be expanded to  1.5-2 LU, according to the subjects in this study and for music shows in particular.

In the journey toward optimal spectrum usage, techniques and concepts such as Cognitive Radio and Dynamic Spectrum Access have enjoyed increasing attention in many research projects. Dynamic Spectrum Access introduces the need for real-time RF spectrum information in the form of Radio Environment Maps. This need motivates an investigation into a hybrid approach of sample measurements and spatial interpolation as opposed to using conventional propagation models. Conventional propagation models, both path-general and path-specific, require information of transmitters within the area of interest. Irregular Terrain Models such as the Longley-Rice model, further require topographic information in order to consider the effects of obstacles. The proposed spatial interpolation technique, kriging, requires no information regarding transmitters. Furthermore, Ordinary Kriging requires nothing other than measured samples whereas other kriging variants such as Universal Kriging and Regression Kriging can use additional information such as topographic data to aid in prediction accuracy. This dissertation investigates the performance of the three aforementioned kriging variants in producing Radio Environment Maps of received power. For practical and financial reasons, the received power measurement samples are generated using the Longley-Rice Irregular Terrain Model and are, therefore, simulated measurements. The experimental results indicate that kriging shows great promise as a tool to generate Radio Environment Maps. It is found that Ordinary Kriging produces the most accurate predictions of the three kriging methods and that prediction errors of less than 10 dB can be achieved even when using very low sampling densities. / MSc (Computer and Electronic Engineering), North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2015

In the journey toward optimal spectrum usage, techniques and concepts such as Cognitive Radio and Dynamic Spectrum Access have enjoyed increasing attention in many research projects. Dynamic Spectrum Access introduces the need for real-time RF spectrum information in the form of Radio Environment Maps. This need motivates an investigation into a hybrid approach of sample measurements and spatial interpolation as opposed to using conventional propagation models. Conventional propagation models, both path-general and path-specific, require information of transmitters within the area of interest. Irregular Terrain Models such as the Longley-Rice model, further require topographic information in order to consider the effects of obstacles. The proposed spatial interpolation technique, kriging, requires no information regarding transmitters. Furthermore, Ordinary Kriging requires nothing other than measured samples whereas other kriging variants such as Universal Kriging and Regression Kriging can use additional information such as topographic data to aid in prediction accuracy. This dissertation investigates the performance of the three aforementioned kriging variants in producing Radio Environment Maps of received power. For practical and financial reasons, the received power measurement samples are generated using the Longley-Rice Irregular Terrain Model and are, therefore, simulated measurements. The experimental results indicate that kriging shows great promise as a tool to generate Radio Environment Maps. It is found that Ordinary Kriging produces the most accurate predictions of the three kriging methods and that prediction errors of less than 10 dB can be achieved even when using very low sampling densities. / MSc (Computer and Electronic Engineering), North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2015

O objetivo geral da pesquisa é realizar uma abordagem histórica da produção de documentários da TV Cultura de São Paulo entre 1969 e 2004, procurando estabelecer recortes conceituais e eixos temáticos para sua análise. Destacando as particularidades de uma TV Pública cultural e educativa e utilizando-se de fontes diversificadas, os objetivos específicos referem-se às atividades de levantamento e sistematização das obras e das informações disponíveis sobre elas, produzindo e/ou tornando acessíveis documentos, informações e reflexões relevantes para pesquisadores nesse campo. A partir do registro de depoimentos e da análise do acervo, procurou-se valorizar a trajetória dos profissionais que trabalharam na emissora e suas relações com a história do Documentário Paulista (e Brasileiro) no período enfocado. / The general purpose of this research is to undertake a historical approach of the documentary production of TV Cultura de São Paulo between 1969 and 2004, trying to establish conceptual clippings and thematic axis for its analysis. From testimonies records and collection analysis, evaluation of the path of professionals who worked for the TV broadcaster and their relationship with the São Paulo (and Brazilian) Documentary history during that period was pursued. Highlighting the peculiarities of a public cultural and educational TV broadcaster based on diversified sources, the specific objectives refer to the surveying and systematization activities of the works and information available on them, producing or providing access to documents, information and reflections relevant for researchers in this field.

O objetivo geral da pesquisa é realizar uma abordagem histórica da produção de documentários da TV Cultura de São Paulo entre 1969 e 2004, procurando estabelecer recortes conceituais e eixos temáticos para sua análise. Destacando as particularidades de uma TV Pública cultural e educativa e utilizando-se de fontes diversificadas, os objetivos específicos referem-se às atividades de levantamento e sistematização das obras e das informações disponíveis sobre elas, produzindo e/ou tornando acessíveis documentos, informações e reflexões relevantes para pesquisadores nesse campo. A partir do registro de depoimentos e da análise do acervo, procurou-se valorizar a trajetória dos profissionais que trabalharam na emissora e suas relações com a história do Documentário Paulista (e Brasileiro) no período enfocado. / The general purpose of this research is to undertake a historical approach of the documentary production of TV Cultura de São Paulo between 1969 and 2004, trying to establish conceptual clippings and thematic axis for its analysis. From testimonies records and collection analysis, evaluation of the path of professionals who worked for the TV broadcaster and their relationship with the São Paulo (and Brazilian) Documentary history during that period was pursued. Highlighting the peculiarities of a public cultural and educational TV broadcaster based on diversified sources, the specific objectives refer to the surveying and systematization activities of the works and information available on them, producing or providing access to documents, information and reflections relevant for researchers in this field.

This thesis tackles the onset of normalisation in Czechoslovak Television between 1969-1975. Firstly the author introduces the reader to the subject through the historical context. Above all, the thesis focuses on dramatic changes that affected Czechoslovak Television in that era. Further, the thesis is dedicated to one of main players and representatives of normalisation in Czechoslovak media, general director of Czechoslovak Television Jan Zelenka, who remained in office between years 1969 and 1989. The author uses not only published sources, but also internal documents and databases of Czechoslovak Television and documents from the National Archive. In the analytical part of the thesis the author describes the function and structure of Ideological Thematic Plans which served as a foundation document for the TV broadcasting for one year to the next. Using the Ideological Thematic Plan of 1973 the author analyses their content. The author carries out an in-depth analysis of three TV programmes chosen from the Ideological Thematic Plan of 1973. These programmes represent three different genres - a broadcast targeting the young Through Young Eyes (Mladýma očima), a television series of nine episodes Mother (Matka), and a feature film, And Give My Love to the Swallows (…a pozdravuj vlaštovky)....

This thesis principally compares the Olympic broadcasting on the Czech Television covering Winter Olympic Games 2010 in Vancouver and 2014 in Sochi. The first part of the text defines the concept of Olympism, the history of the Olympic Games and the Czechoslovak Olympic Committee, and the current form of the Games and their future. The further analysed Winter Olympics 2010 and 2014 are being briefly described in this section as well. Moreover, the relationship between sport and media, and the media event of the Olympic Games are being defined. Considerable attention is being given to the Olympic Television Broadcasting. Consequently, the history of broadcasting, broadcasting rights, commercialization of the Olympics, their funding, and the function of Olympic Broadcasting Services is being discussed too. The latter part is devoted to the Czech Television, its history and current form as a public service broadcaster. The chapters that deal with an analysis of Olympic broadcasting covering Vancouver and Sochi describe the Olympic teams of the Czech Television in Prague and in the Olympic venue, program schedules, and web specials. The number of broadcasted hours from the Olympics, the costs of broadcasting production, and the viewership are being compared. The Olympic broadcasting from Vancouver was...

在電腦、電信與媒體產業匯流現象以及全球化下的影響下，電信公司、網路服務業者、廣播電視網路、有線電視網路以及直播衛星等產業，已經逐漸整合而成一個水平相關的層級式產業，可以互跨服務範圍競爭。在整個寬頻多媒體產業中，我國無線電視業者可經營傳輸網路與節目內容，並為接取產品的中心。但是如何從類比走向數位、從窄頻走向寬頻、從傳統走向科技、從單向走向多向、從內容走向加值，就成為了我國無線電視業者的眼前的問題。 目前我國數位地面廣播電視發展尚處於起始階段，所以明確的加值服務規劃方向顯得相形重要；另外在寬頻上網的趨勢下，網際網路服務已經越來越普遍，如何提供使用者所需的加值服務就成了當務之急。為了要探討無線電視業者如何迎接寬頻網路的挑戰，就必須從數位電視與網際網路服務兩方面切入，來探討在寬頻時代下我國無線電視業者之內容加值服務方向。本研究之研究目的歸納為下列幾項： 一、探討我國無線電視業者所提供的網際網路內容加值服務並給予建議。 二、探討數位地面廣播開播後，我國無線電視業者可提供之內容加值服務方向。 三、探討整體寬頻多媒體產業市場結構，藉由分析我國無線電視業者之核心能力與資源，對於業者進入寬頻多媒體領域之服務規劃，提出具體建議。 由於內容加值服務的研究尚在萌芽，國內亦缺乏相關理論架構的累積，本研究從資源基礎與競爭優勢相關理論以及模組與模組化加值概念來作為內容加值服務的理論基礎，並從外部整體寬頻多媒體網路產業環境以及電視台自身優劣勢分析為基礎來分析無線電視業者的內容加值方向。本研究透過文獻探討、深度訪談兩種研究法進行，將目前五家無線電視業者作為研究對象，從數位電視與網際網路服務兩方面切入，分析我國無線電視業者之內容加值方向與整體服務規劃。 根據文獻探討與深度訪談的結果，本研究之結論與建議如下： （一）加速通道數位化 在通道數位化方面，目前無線電視業者應詳實規劃未來服務方向，考量室內接收與行動接收的可行性，進行完整的傳輸網路規劃，並應積極加快數位電視基礎傳輸網路的建置工程。 （二）模組化的加值策略 內容加值的前提在於瞭解內容可以進行哪些方面的加值，以及所應對的流通平台為何，以便在不同的平台上建立不同的可行性機制，再進行模組規劃。內容的加值化分為兩部分，一為生產模組化；另一為建立數位資料庫。 （三）針對網路特性進行加值服務規劃 1.網際網路內容加值服務規劃方向：隨選的影音服務、資料庫檢索系統以及個人化的服務是網際網路內容加值的幾個重點方向。 2.數位地面廣播內容加值服務規劃方向：提供行動接收服務、具互動性以及檢索功能的可隨選多媒體資訊服務內容以及上網服務，來符合使用者需求。 （四）積蓄與重建核心資源保持企業優勢 在積蓄核心資源上必須將既有資源加以維持，並將個人資源經由知識萃取的方式轉為組織資源，形成知識擴散來達到機構化的程度，以助於組織競爭優勢的維持。本研究建議業者必須廣攬節目製作人才，或與製作公司相互整合，積蓄自身產製影音內容的核心能力與資源，維持自身之競爭優勢。 （五）相互策略聯盟造就多元環境 第一步必須以開放性的心態先行破除無線電視業者之間的藩籬，使得同業之間能夠彼此相互合作，另外在異業之間也要相互結盟，造就多元環境。 （六）改造企業以因應整體產業發展 企業的數位化必須透過組織適度地進行相關變革活動來達成，強調並落實以滿足顧客需求為主的競爭方針，以利於企業經營與存續。 / In recent years, due to the progress in digital technologies, the convergence between industries, and the springing up of the broadband network, Taiwan’s Terrestrial Broadcasting System become one of the major broadband accesses to information and entertainment content from home. The emerging new valued-added services they provide could thrive in areas such as digital TV broadcasting, interactive TV, data broadcasting, and Internet information retrieval. In the new competitive market, to provide valued-added services the user want and make them satisfied become the key of the success. The objectives of this research are：(1) to reconsider the development direction of value-added services and applications in Taiwan’s Terrestrial Broadcasting Companies over Internet and DTV; (2) to make a strategic plan for the management of Taiwan’s Terrestrial Broadcasting Companies. This paper is based on following data：literature review, secondary industry information and in-depth interview with management personnel in order to construct an analytic framework and make proper conceptualization. There are six major observations in this study： 1. Deploying broadband communications infrastructure as soon as possible let the various cooperative industries to incorporate the new digital platform. 2. Because both content and network are not the only choices in the broadband era, we have to put emphasis on modification design of producing content and database to make the services available anywhere. 3. Each platform has its own identity; the scheme of the valued-added services over Internet is to provide video on demand, customized content, and search services. The other services over Digital Terrestrial TV Broadcasting are to provide mobile service, Internet access, data broadcasting, and interactive TV services. Therefore, the provision of user oriented content and services shall be the key for making strategic plans in the media industry. 4. Save and re-establish core resources and capability to remain the industry’s predominance. 5. In digital era, the market is emerging as a sort of “Co-petition”, a mutual but not substitute relationship. Taiwan’s Terrestrial Broadcasting Companies have to establish the cooperative relationships with other industries to reach the synergy as expected. 6. Due to the progress in digital technologies, digital TV has become an emerging multimedia communications vehicle that will be one of the major broadband accesses to information and entertainment content from home. Traditional terrestrial broadcasting companies must restructure their organizations to keep the development in digital era.

I deal in master thesis with reflection of audiovisual media in the Czech Republic and their work with events of terroristic attacks of Islamic State. I focused on main broadcasting which are the most representative material for the form of image of approaches of particular media. In theoretic part I deal with organization Islamic state and symbiotic relation between terrorism and media. We encouter a new phenomena of terrorism which can adapt for new media, social sites and which can work also with audiovisual agenda. I try to get closer and try to set the ethics of west media and I am looking for answers which are underlay of chosen literature or contemporary codified standards (f.e. BBC Editorial Guidelines). I compare new phenomena of terrorism and media reflection with current sociological trends and create terrorism and his work in media in "liquid times". In practical part I deal with specific events of terroristic attacks of ISIS in Europe and I search ethical questionable aspects in content of czech AV media. I am looking for specific points on the relief of terroristic attacks which broadcasters do. Based on the theoretical part I focus next to primary also on secondary ethically questionable aspects which are result of symbiotic relation between media and terrorism.

[ES] Los esquemas de antenas de múltiples entradas y múltiples salidas (MIMO) pueden maximizar la eficiencia espectral de los sistemas de Televisión Digital Terrestre (TDT) para la provisión de contenidos de gran capacidad, como los servicios emergentes de televisión de ultra alta definición (UHDTV), en el cada vez más escaso y limitado espectro radioeléctrico de la TDT debido a la creciente demanda de servicios inalámbricos de banda ancha (4G y 5G). Las tecnologías MIMO han sido desarrolladas inicialmente en la especificación técnica de TDT DVB-NGH (Digital Video Broadcasting Next Generation Handheld) y estandarizadas en el último estándar de TDT, ATSC 3.0 (Advanced Television Systems Committee 3rd Generation). Sin embargo, no hay despliegues comerciales MIMO de TDT. Por otro lado, la industria móvil ha desarrollado una tecnología de radiodifusión móvil, conocida como hoy en día como 5G Broadcast, basado en LTE (Long Term Evolution). Aunque LTE incorpora MIMO para transmisiones unicast punto a punto, 5G Broadcast sólo utiliza una única antenna en transmisión. Esta tesis doctoral tiene como objetivo evaluar el rendimiento de MIMO para radiodifusión (terrestrial broadcast) para sistemas inalámbricos de radiodifusión de nueva generación, tanto TDT como sistemas celulares. Durante la estandarización de los sistemas MIMO TDT, el diseño inicial tiene en cuenta condiciones de recepción perfectas, por ejemplo, demoduladores óptimos, información de estado del canal (CSI) perfecta, estimación perfecta de la potencia del ruido, etc. El objetivo principal de esta tesis doctoral es evaluar y optimizar el rendimiento de las transmisiones de radiodifusión MIMO en escenarios realistas. Esta tesis doctoral propone nuevos modelos de canales de propagación MIMO terrestres basados en medidas de campo que pueden utilizarse para la evaluación del rendimiento del sistema MIMO TDT. Además, también optimiza las diferentes configuraciones de transmisión y recepción MIMO, como la estimación de los canales MIMO en el receptor, y el procesado de señal. El escenario considerado en la tesis son torres de alta potencia con recepción fija, característico de las redes de TDT. Los resultados de esta tesis han contribuido al foro de estandarización ATSC, al sector de radiocomunicaciones de la Unión Internacional de Telecomunicaciones (UIT-R) y al proyecto nacional japonés de investigación sobre el sistema TDT de próxima generación. / [CA] Els esquemes d"antenes de múltiples entrades i múltiples sortides (MIMO) poden maximitzar l"eficiència espectral dels sistemes de Televisió Digital Terrestre (TDT) per a la provisió de continguts de gran capacitat, com els serveis emergents de televisió d"ultra alta definició (UHDTV) , en el cada vegada més escàs i limitat espectre radioelèctric de la TDT a causa de la creixent demanda de serveis sense fil de banda ampla (4G i 5G). Les tecnologies MIMO han estat desenvolupades inicialment en l'especificació tècnica de TDT DVB-NGH (Digital Video Broadcasting Next Generation Handheld) i estandarditzades a l'últim estàndard de TDT, ATSC 3.0 (Advanced Television Systems Committee 3rd Generation). No obstant això, no hi ha desplegaments comercials MIMO de TDT. D'altra banda, la indústria mòbil ha desenvolupat una tecnologia de radiodifusió mòbil, coneguda com avui dia com a 5G Broadcast, basat en LTE (Long Term Evolution). Tot i que LTE incorpora MIMO per a transmissions unicast punt a punt, 5G Broadcast només utilitza una única antena en transmissió. Aquesta tesi doctoral té com a objectiu avaluar el rendiment de MIMO per a radiodifusió (terrestrial broadcast) per a sistemes sense fil de radiodifusió de nova generació, tant TDT com sistemes cel·lulars. Durant l'estandardització dels sistemes MIMO TDT, el disseny inicial té en compte condicions de recepció perfectes, per exemple demoduladors òptims, informació d'estat del canal (CSI) perfecta, estimació perfecta de la potència del soroll, etc. L¿objectiu principal d¿aquesta tesi doctoral és avaluar i optimitzar el rendiment de les transmissions de radiodifusió MIMO en escenaris realistes. Aquesta tesi doctoral proposa nous models de canals de propagació MIMO terrestres basats en mesures de camp que es poden utilitzar per a l'avaluació del rendiment del sistema MIMO TDT. A més, també optimitza les diferents configuracions de transmissió i recepció MIMO, com l'estimació dels canals MIMO al receptor, i el processament de senyal. L'escenari considerat a la tesi són torres d'alta potència amb recepció fixa, característic de les xarxes de TDT. Els resultats d"aquesta tesi han contribuït al fòrum d"estandardització ATSC, al sector de radiocomunicacions de la Unió Internacional de Telecomunicacions (UIT-R) i al projecte nacional japonès de recerca sobre el sistema TDT de propera generació. / [EN] Multiple-Input Multiple-Output (MIMO) antenna schemes in Digital Terrestrial Television (DTT) systems aim to maximize the spectral efficiency for the provision of large capacity contents in the scarce and limited DTT Radio-Frequency (RF) channel. The delivery of the emerging Ultra-High Definition TV (UHDTV) services as well as the continuous broadcast spectrum shortage due to the rapidly growing demand for wireless broadband services (4G and 5G) are the motivations for this proposal. MIMO technologies have been firstly developed in the DTT technical specification DVB-NGH (Digital Video Broadcasting Next Generation Handheld) and standardized in the latest DTT standard, ATSC3.0 (Advanced Television Systems Committee 3rd Generation). However, MIMO broadcasting has not been commercialized due to the additional investment for both service providers and receivers. On the other hand, mobile industry has developed mobile broadcast technologies known today as 5G Broadcast based on LTE (Long Term Evolution). Although LTE incorporates MIMO for point to point unicast, 5G Broadcast only uses a single antenna in transmission at the moment. The Ph.D. aims at assessing the performance of MIMO for broadcasting (terrestrial broadcast) for next-generation wireless broadcasting systems, including next-generation wireless broadcasting systems, both DTT and cellular system. During the standardization of MIMO DTT systems, the initial design accounts for perfect reception conditions, e.g., optimal demodulators, perfect Channel State Information (CSI), perfect noise power estimation. The main goal of this PhD is to assess and optimize the performance of MIMO wireless broadcast transmissions in realistic scenarios. This PhD proposes new models of terrestrial MIMO propagation channels based on field measurements which can be utilized for the evaluation of MIMO DTT system. Furthermore, it also optimizes the different MIMO transmission and reception configurations, such as broadcast MIMO channel estimation and signal processing. The scenarios considered in the thesis are high-power high-tower transmitter with fixed reception and characteristics of DTT networks. The results of the PhD have contributed to the ATSC standardization forum, International Telecommunication Union Radiocommunication Sector (ITU-R), and the Japanese national research project on next generation DTT system. / Shitomi, T. (2023). Evaluation and Optimization of Multiple-Input Multiple-Output Antenna Schemes for Next-Generation Wireless Broadcasting [Tesis doctoral]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/202598