以多國公司電視廣告為例，會隨進入的時期不同，隨時間調整其廣告所要表達的重點，來達到所要傳遞給消費者不同的訊息。另外一方面，則是隨產品的生命週期也會有所不同，在不同的階段，電視廣告要替產品表達不同的訊息，需要作一些調整來跟消費者有更好的溝通，而這些差異都可以顯示出多國公司的策略，所以決定從這些外顯的表現，探討影響的因素，來研究多國公司品牌在電視廣告的決策思考模式。研究電視廣告的標準化，盼能對品牌經營有更佳的了解。 本研究先從文獻探討開始，由收集關於多國企業之行銷標準化、廣告理論、電視廣告理論等，綜合起來整理出完善的電視廣告標準化文獻，藉由此文獻，發展出十點電視廣告標準化的推論，之後藉由個案訪談的方式驗證理論推論。與各品牌之公司簡介、歷史、組織發展現況，以及訪談內容的整理歸納，針對該品牌的電視廣告研究為主，盡可能包括電視廣告製作的流程、拍攝手法與目的、合作廣告代理商、公司策略目標等因素，來驗證探討廣告標準化決定的因素。 從個案訪談與理論推論驗證中，經過整理發現，電視廣告標準化的取決與產品本質、品牌精神、高級品或消費品、工業品與非工業品等因素有關；其中以『產品本質』與『品牌精神』最為影響關鍵，特別是在現今行銷以品牌為主體的市場中，品牌因素決定了行銷策略的絕大部分，包括電視廣告的標準化。

Research Doctorate - Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) / The NSW poultry processing industry has gone through an evolution of regulatory change over the past 100 years from an inspection system through to a HACCP-based food safety system audited by the NSW Food Safety Authority (FSA). This required the restructuring of legislation and an understanding of the appropriate microbiological standards by which the FSA could judge the effectiveness of the operator’s processing operation. This microbiological standard was developed following two surveys of the vast majority of registered poultry processors in NSW. These surveys demonstrated the microbiological outcomes that could be achieved by the processors. From this knowledge, a new standard for the levels of Escherichia coli (E. coli) on product were established that were to be used by the operator and the regulator to judge the effectiveness of the operator’s program. Studies into the carriage of Salmonella species on raw poultry in the plant and on the reliability of the microbiological tests being used within the survey and by industry were carried out. They found that there had been a significant reduction in carriage of Salmonella species on raw poultry from 48.6% to 34.2% over two years. The test method utilised in the survey and one utilised by the Australian industry were shown to be able to detect Salmonella Typhimurium at 1-3 CFU per ml of carcase rinse fluid. An examination of E. coli by PCR to determine the likelihood that E. coli carried by NSW poultry were capable of inducing Haemorrhagic Uraemic Syndrome (HUS) found no evidence of shigatoxin producing genes (stx1 or stx2) or enterohaemorrhagic E. coli specific plasmid (ehxA). The attachment factor, intimin (eaeA) was found in E. coli from 93 of 430 carcases (21.6%). Campylobacter species were found on 94% of all carcases in the first survey. A count of Campylobacter species on a series of carcases from one plant found an average of 163 CFU per cm2 on the broiler chickens tested. Because raw poultry carry pathogens from the processing plant into the wider community, the use of two post-chill sanitisers was examined. This study found that it is possible to significantly reduce the number of pathogens being carried by raw poultry. The use of post-chill sanitisers provides a potential means of reducing the risk of foodborne illness arising from the handling of raw poultry and eating undercooked poultry meat.

A new Trapped Vortex Combustor (TVC) concept has been studied for applications such as those in Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) as it offers potential for superior flame stability and low pressure loss. Flame stability is ensured by a strong vortex in a physical cavity attached to the combustor wall, and low pressure loss is due to the absence of swirl. Earlier studies on a compact combustor concept showed that there are issues with ensuring stable combustion over a range of operating conditions. The present work focuses on experimental studies and numerical simulations to study the stability issues and performance optimization in this compact single-cavity TVC configuration. For performing numerical simulations, an accurate and yet computationally affordable Modified Eddy Dissipation Concept combustion model is built upon the KIVA-3V platform to account for turbulence-chemistry interactions. Detailed validation with a turbulent non-premixed CH4/H2/N2 flame from literature showed that the model is sufficiently accurate and the effect of various simulation strategies is assessed. Transient flame simulation capabilities are assessed by comparison with experimental data from an acoustically excited oscillatory H2-air diffusion flame reported in literature. Subsequent to successful validation of the model, studies on basic TVC flow oscillations are performed. Frequencies of flow oscillations are found to be independent of flow velocities and cavity length, but dependent on the cavity depth. Cavity injection and combustion individually affect the magnitude of flow oscillations but do not significantly alter the resonant frequencies. Reacting flow experiments and flow visualization studies in an existing experimental TVC rig with optical access and variable cavity L/D ratio show that TVC flame stability depends strongly on the cavity air velocity. A detailed set of numerical simulations also confirms this and helps to identify three basic modes of TVC flame stabilization. A clockwise cavity vortex stabilized flame is formed at low cavity air velocities relative to the mainstream, while a strong anticlockwise cavity vortex is formed at high cavity air velocities and low L/Ds. At intermediate conditions, the cavity vortex structure is found to be in a transition state which leads to large scale flame instabilities and flame blow-out. For solving the flame instability problem, a novel strategy of incorporating a flow guide vane is proposed to establish the advantageous anticlockwise vortex without the use of cavity air. Experimental results with the modified configuration are quite encouraging for TVC flame stability at laboratory conditions, while numerical results show good stability even at extreme operating conditions. Further design optimization studies are performed in a multi-parameter space using detailed simulations. From the results, a strategy of using inclined struts in the main flow path along with the flow guide vane seems most promising. This configuration is tested experimentally and results pertaining to pressure drop, pattern factor and flame stability are found to be satisfactory.

Yes / Owing to the high specific energy consumption associated with thermal desalination technologies such as Multi Effect Distillation (MED), there is a wide interest to develop a cost-effective desalination technology. This study focuses on improving the operational, economic, and environmental perspectives of hybrid MED-TVC (thermal vapour compression) process via optimisation. Application of particle swarm optimisation (PSO) in several engineering disciplines have been noted but its potential has not been exploited fully in desalination technologies especially MED-TVC in the past. A multi-objective non-linear optimisation framework based on PSO is constructed here. Two of our earlier models have been used to predict the key process performance and cost indicators. The models are embedded within the PSO optimisation algorithm to develop a new hybrid optimisation model which minimises the total freshwater production cost, total specific energy consumption and brine flow rate while maintaining a fixed freshwater production for a given number of effects and seawater conditions. The steam flow rate and temperature are considered as control variables of the optimisation problem to achieve the objective function. The PSO has successfully achieved the optimum indexes for the hybrid MED-TVC process for a wide range of number of effects. It also shows a maximum reduction of freshwater production cost by 36.5%, a maximum energy saving by 32.1% and a maximum reduction of brine flow rate by 38.3%, while maintaining the productivity of freshwater.

Yes / The integration of two or more processes in a hybrid system is one of the most desirable options to provide flexibility, interoperability and data sharing between the connected processes. Various examples of hybrid systems have been developed with coherent seawater desalination systems such as the combination of thermal and membrane technologies. This paper focuses on the simulation and optimisation of an integrated (hybrid) system of multi effect distillation and double Reverse Osmosis (RO) processes to produce different grades of water needed in a smart city from seawater resources. The optimisation-based model investigates five scenarios to obtain the highest productivity of drinking water, irrigation water, water for livestock and power plant water, whilst constraining the product water salinity to be within the required standards and with lowest specific energy consumption. For this purpose, multi objective optimisation problem was formulated using the gPROMS (general Process Modelling System) software. The results confirm the superiority of the developed hybrid system to sustain different grades of water in a smart city.

Yes / Multieffect distillation with thermal vapour compression (MED–TVC) is one of the most attractive thermal desalination technologies for the production of freshwater. Several mathematical models were presented in the open literature to analyse the steady-state performance of such process. However, these models have several limitations and assumptions. Therefore, there remains the challenge of having a reliable model to accurately predict the performance of the MED process. Thus, this research attempts to resolve this challenge by rectifying the shortcomings of the models found in the literature and create a new one. The robustness of the developed model is evaluated against the actual data of Umm Al-Nar commercial plant situated in UAE. In seawater desalinisation, a large amount of high-salinity stream (brine) is rejected back into the sea. This paper investigates the influence of the rejected (exit) brine temperature on the system performance parameters of MED–TVC process. Specifically, these parameters are considered as total heat consumption, gain output ratio, freshwater production, heat transfer area and performance ratio. Also, the particular parameters of TVC section of the entrainment ratio, compression ratio and expansion ratio are also addressed. Moreover, a critical evaluation of the influence of the rejected brine temperature on the seawater is also embedded.

Une méthode de frontières immergées est développée pour la simulation d'écoulements compressibles et validée au travers de cas-tests spécifiques (réflexion d'ondes acoustiques et quantification de la conservation de la masse dans des canaux inclinés). La simulation aux grandes échelles (LES) d'une cavité transsonique est ensuite présentée. Le bouclage aéro-acoustique, très sensible aux conditions aux limites, est reproduit avec précision par la LES dans le cas où les parois sont immergées dans un maillage structurée. La comparaison des stratégies de modélisation de sous-maille pour cet écoulement transsonique et l'adaptation des filtres en présence de frontières immergées sont également discutées. Le rôle, souvent sous-estimé, du schéma de viscosité artificiel, est quantifié.Dans la dernière partie du manuscrit, des études sont réalisées pour aider au dimensionnement d'un nouveau concept de chambre de combustion où la flamme est stabilisée par la recirculation de gaz brûlés dans une cavité (chambre TVC pour Trapped Vortex Combustor). La modélisation de la combustion turbulente est basée sur une chimie tabulée, couplée à une fonction densité de probabilité présumée (PCM-FPI). L'étude de la dynamique de la flamme est réalisée pour diverses conditions de fonctionnement (débit de l'écoulement principal et présence ou non d'un swirl). Les spécificités de mise en œuvre de la simulation d'un écoulement de ce type sont discutées et un soin particulier est apporté au traitement de la condition de sortie, qui constitue un point sensible de la chaîne de modélisation. Les phénomènes d'instabilités et de retour de la flamme sont mis en évidence ainsi que les modifications à apporter au dispositif afin de minimiser ces effets. L'existence d'un cycle limite acoustique est souligné et une formule permettant d'anticiper le niveau des fluctuations de pression est proposée et validée. Une correction au modèle PCM-FPI est présentée afin de préserver la vitesse de flamme et d'assurer une reproduction plus précise de la dynamique de flamme.

In this study, the implementation of modern control techniques, that can be used both for the stable recovery of the aircraft from the undesired high angle of attack flight state (stall) and the agile maneuvering of the aircraft in various air combat or defense missions, are performed. In order to accomplish this task, the thrust vectoring control (TVC) actuation is blended with the conventional aerodynamic controls. The controller design is based on the nonlinear dynamic inversion (NDI) control methodologies and the stability and robustness analyses are done by using robust performance (RP) analysis techniques. The control architecture is designed to serve both for the recovery from the undesired stall condition (the stabilization controller) and to perform desired agile maneuvering (the attitude controller). The detailed modeling of the aircraft dynamics, aerodynamics, engines and thrust vectoring paddles, as well as the flight environment of the aircraft and the on-board sensors is performed. Within the control loop the human pilot model is included and the design of a fly-by-wire controller is also investigated. The performance of the designed stabilization and attitude controllers are simulated using the custom built 6 DoF aircraft flight simulation tool. As for the stabilization controller, a forced deep-stall flight condition is generated and the aircraft is recovered to stable and pilot controllable flight regimes from that undesired flight state. The performance of the attitude controller is investigated under various high angle of attack agile maneuvering conditions. Finally, the performances of the proposed controller schemes are discussed and the conclusions are made.

Une méthode de frontières immergées est développée pour la simulation d'écoulements compressibles et validée au travers de cas-tests spécifiques (réflexion d'ondes acoustiques et quantification de la conservation de la masse dans des canaux inclinés). La simulation aux grandes échelles (LES) d'une cavité transsonique est ensuite présentée. Le bouclage aéro-acoustique, très sensible aux conditions aux limites, est reproduit avec précision par la LES dans le cas où les parois sont immergées dans un maillage structurée. La comparaison des stratégies de modélisation de sous-maille pour cet écoulement transsonique et l'adaptation des filtres en présence de frontières immergées sont également discutées. Le rôle, souvent sous-estimé, du schéma de viscosité artificiel, est quantifié.Dans la dernière partie du manuscrit, des études sont réalisées pour aider au dimensionnement d'un nouveau concept de chambre de combustion où la flamme est stabilisée par la recirculation de gaz brûlés dans une cavité (chambre TVC pour Trapped Vortex Combustor). La modélisation de la combustion turbulente est basée sur une chimie tabulée, couplée à une fonction densité de probabilité présumée (PCM-FPI). L'étude de la dynamique de la flamme est réalisée pour diverses conditions de fonctionnement (débit de l'écoulement principal et présence ou non d'un swirl). Les spécificités de mise en œuvre de la simulation d'un écoulement de ce type sont discutées et un soin particulier est apporté au traitement de la condition de sortie, qui constitue un point sensible de la chaîne de modélisation. Les phénomènes d'instabilités et de retour de la flamme sont mis en évidence ainsi que les modifications à apporter au dispositif afin de minimiser ces effets. L'existence d'un cycle limite acoustique est souligné et une formule permettant d'anticiper le niveau des fluctuations de pression est proposée et validée. Une correction au modèle PCM-FPI est présentée afin de préserver la vitesse de flamme et d'assurer une reproduction plus précise de la dynamique de flamme.

This diploma thesis was focused on the possibilities of extending the shelf-life of fish products by dipping containing seven commercial additives. ANTIBAK, MIC STAB, Bakont, SEA-F75, Misocarine LR, SAFE A Plus and AMX liquid. The effectiveness of these substances on the extending of shelf-life was evaluated on the basis of tests of TVC (total viable count), level of fat and protein oxidation, determination of nutritional parameters of muscle, and finaly sensory analysis. Experimental species were 2 important commodities for the Czech aquaculture rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) and common carp (Cyprinus carpio). The project was divided into 6 sub-stages. During testing was the initial number of aditives (7) limited by stepwise selection for 2 preparations. Namely Bakont and AMX liquid, which were tested further on trout (filet with skin and scales) and carp (filets with skin without scales) chilled bulk and chilled packaged under vakuum. For trout was studied antimicrobial effect of dipping on eviscerated fish with the head with- or without gills. Treated trout fillets in bulk and vakuum-packed showed significantly less abundance of muscle mikroflora. In the case of carp fillets chilled bulk we can not say that the bath had influence on the CMP in meat. However, the combination of dipping and vakuum packaging was singnificantly different between the control and product Bakont. AMX liquid was not applied in this case in sufficient dose or in sufficient time to carp muscle. A positive finding is that the application of the aditives to the product "eviscerated trout with head" it does not matter, whether the gills are left in fish or not. However, in all cases the analysis of the presence of pathogens Escherichia coli, Salmonella spp. or Listeria monocytogenes were negative. From the results of sensory analysis can be concluded, that the substances contained in aditives are not reflected in the sensory properties of tested fish.