Background: Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a welfare disease increasing with such a high rate that it, in popular speech, is being called epidemic. To prevent the spread of this disease, future health care workers are in need of a deeper, science-based education. Purpose: The aim of this study is to research the knowledge about T2DM regarding risk factors, nutrition, activity and foot hygiene among public health students at Thammasat University in Bangkok, Thailand. Method: A cross-sectional study was made using a questionnaire. A convenience sampling of public health students were approached and 121 decided to participate. Results: The majority of the students knew that obesity and an unhealthy diet (containing a high amount of fat, sugar and fast food) was correlated with T2DM and associated with negative outcomes of the disease. The students were uncertain or had less knowledge that smoking is a risk factor (79%). The greater part of the participants (73%) thought that people with T2DM should let their feet air dry. 74% of the respondents underestimated the amount of time that was needed to exercise per week to achieve positive results and 63% of the students were dissatisfied with their education regarding T2DM. Conclusion: Although the students overall had good knowledge about T2DM, they also showed a lot of uncertainty and insufficient knowledge in several questions. This was especially distinguished in the questions regarding activity, foot hygiene and risk factors. / Bakgrund: Typ 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) är en välfärdssjukdom som ökar i så snabb takt att den i folkmun kallas för en epidemi. För att förhindra spridningen av sjukdomen behöver framtida vårdpersonal en djupare, evidensbaserad grundutbildning. Syfte: Syftet med denna studie var att undersöka kunskapen kring T2DM, med avseende på riskfaktorer, nutrition, aktivitet och fothygien bland studerande folkhälsovetare vid Thammasat University i Bangkok, Thailand. Metod: Ett bekvämlighetsurval på studerande folkhälsovetare gjordes, varav 121 av 136 studenter deltog. Enkäter användes i denna studie. Resultat: Majoriteten av eleverna visste att fetma och en ohälsosam kost (innehållande hög fetthalt, socker och snabbmat) var korrelerat med T2DM och associerat med negativa konsekvenser av sjukdomen. Majoriteten av studenterna visste inte att rökning var en riskfaktor (79%). Större delen av deltagarna (73%) tyckte att personer med T2DM skulle låta fötterna lufttorka. 74% av respondenterna underskattade mängden fysisk aktivitet som behövdes varje vecka för att uppnå positiva resultat och 63% av eleverna var missnöjda med sin utbildning avseende T2DM. Slutsats: Även om eleverna i allmänhet hade goda kunskaper om T2DM visade de också en hel del osäkerhet och otillräcklig kunskap i flera frågor. Detta särskilt i frågorna gällande aktivitet, fothygien och riskfaktorer.

The IL-6 system is key in the development of chronic low-grade inflammation. It is known to be upregulated in response to acute exercise and lowered at rest after exercise training. IL-6 has both anti- and pro-inflammatory properties and moderation of this cytokine could alleviate chronic low-grade inflammation which is associated with obesity and Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). This thesis investigated the interplay between inflammation, glycaemic control and high intensity intermittent training (HIIT) - an exercise regimen that has been shown to yield many health benefits. There was a greater increase in IL-6 after an acute bout of HIIT than continuous moderate intensity exercise, where external work was matched (Chapter 4). Although sIL-6R and the IL-6/sIL-6R complex were both significantly increased after acute exercise there were no differences between HIIT and moderate intensity exercise. In response to 2 weeks HIIT there was a significant reduction in IL-6 and increase in IL-6R in adipose tissue in overweight and obese males (Chapter 5). It was also determined that IL-6R present in adipose tissue is at least partly composed of the membrane-bound IL-6R isoform (Chapter 6). Reductions in circulating sIL-6R, the IL-6/sIL-6R complex, MCP-1 and adiponectin, as well as a decrease in waist circumference and increase in peak oxygen uptake during exercise were also induced after 2 weeks HIIT (Chapter 5). Young adults with T2DM (< 40 y) displayed elevated levels of inflammatory proteins in comparison to lean controls, however there were no significant differences in comparison to obese controls (Chapter 7). In conclusion, the findings of this thesis demonstrate that acute and repeated bouts of HIIT have positive effects on the inflammatory profile in the circulation and adipose tissue, particularly in relation to the IL-6 system. It should be determined if HIIT is an achievable mode of exercise for patient populations, including T2DM patients, in order to downregulate the inflammatory profile.

Caenorhabditis elegans has been studied as a model organism in various areas of biomedical research because it shares many conserved functions at molecular and genetic levels with humans. Specifically, it is an ideal organism to study heterogeneous metabolic syndromes such as Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM) as C. elegans can be used to delineate molecular pathways that are at the core of its problems. A growing number of populations worldwide are faced with chronic T2DM, which also manifests several complications, such as blindness, neuropathy and cardiovascular diseases. Currently, metformin is the first-line drug of choice administered to treat T2DM. While the mechanism by which it alleviates the symptoms of diabetes is unknown, it has been found to reduce metabolic rate by partially inhibiting the mitochondrial complex I in mammals. Using C. elegans as a genetic model organism, we show that metformin reduces the mitochondrial activity through endosomal Na+/H+ exchanger, which a previous lab member has found to be a potential target of metformin. Furthermore, we show that high glucose diet−known to reduce the worm’s lifespan−alter the endosomal-lysosomal system and autophagy, providing insights to using C. elegans as a diabetic model. Based on these results, we propose that C. elegans can serve as a model organism to study T2DM as well as provide new ways to further investigate the pathophysiology of this disease.

Objetivo: Avaliar a influência da terapia com tibolona no metabolismo dos carboidratos e lipídeos de pacientes na pós-menopausa portadoras de diabetes mellitus tipo 2. Método: estudo prospectivo, longitudinal, aberto e controlado envolvendo 24 mulheres na pós-menopausa portadoras de diabetes mellitus tipo 2, com média de idade de 57,5 ± 4,8 anos, tratadas seqüencialmente com placebo (6 meses) e tibolona-2,5 mg/dia (6 meses). Parâmetros clínicos, antropométricos, bioquímicos, hormonais e ultra-sonográficos foram avaliados no período basal, após 6 (tempo 1) e 12 meses de acompanhamento (tempo 2). Análise estatística foi realizada utilizando-se ANOVA para medidas repetidas, com nível de significância 5%. Resultados: com os 6 meses de uso da tibolona, evidenciamos reduções significativas nos sintomas climatéricos avaliados através do índice de Blatt-Kuperman, assim como no percentual de gordura corporal, circunferência abdominal, pressão arterial diastólica, e níveis séricos de transaminases, triglicerídeos e HDL-colesterol. Não houve variações significativas nos níveis de glicose e insulina de jejum, hemoglobinaglicada, área sobre a curva da glicose, área sobre a curva da insulina, índice QUICKI, colesterol total e LDL-colesterol. A avaliação ultra-sonográfica não revelou variações significativas do volume uterino e espessura endometrial. Efeitos colaterais surgiram apenas durante o primeiro mês de uso da tibolona (cefaléia e mastalgia em 8,3% e sangramento genital em 16,6%). Conclusão: o tratamento com tibolona em curto prazo mostrou-se uma alternativa viável para pacientes na pós-menopausa portadoras de diabetes mellitustipo 2. / Objective: to determine the effects of tibolone on the glycemic and lipid metabolism in postmenopausal women with Type 2 diabetes mellitus. Method: a prospective, longitudinal, open and controlledstudy involving 24 postmenopausal women with Type 2 diabetes mellitussequentially treated with placebo (6 months) and 2.5 mg/day tibolone (6 months). Clinical evaluation, anthropometric parameters, biochemical and hormonal measurements, and transvaginal ultrasonography were performed at baseline and after 6 (time 1) and 12 months of follow-up (time 2). Statistical analysis was performed by repeatedmeasures analysis of variance, with the level of significance set at 5 %. Results: After 6 months the tibolone use, we observed significant reductions in the climacteric symptoms evaluated by the Blatt-Kupperman index, % body fat, abdominal circumference, diastolic arterial pressure, and in the serum levels of aminotransferases, triglycerides and HDL-cholesterol. There were no significant variations in fasting glucose and insulin levels, glycosylated hemoglobin, glucose-area under the curve (AUC), insulin-AUC, quantitative insulin sensitivity check index (QUICKI), total cholesterol and LDL-cholesterol levels. Ultrasonographic evaluation showed no significant changes in uterine volume or endometrial thickness. Side effects were present only during first months of tibolone use (headache and mastalgia in 8.3% and genital bleeding in 16.6%). Conclusion: The short-term treatment with tibolone showed to be a good alternative for postmenopausal women with Type 2 diabetes mellitus.

Foi desenvolvido um estudo observacional de corte transversal, com o objetivo de avaliar o status em Mg de pacientes com diabetes mellitus tipo 2. A amostra foi composta por 51 indivíduos de ambos os gêneros, com idade média de 53,6 ± 10,5 anos, os quais foram selecionados no Ambulatório de Endocrinologia do Hospital Universitário Onofre Lopes (HUOL) Natal/RN. O projeto foi aprovado pelos Comitês de Ética em Pesquisa do HUOL e da Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas da USP. Os pacientes foram submetidos à avaliação antropométrica, dietética, do controle glicêmico, função renal, perfil lipídico, Mg plasmático, eritrocitário, urinário e dietético. Foi observada ingestão adequada de macronutrientes, contudo baixo consumo dietético de Mg e de fibras. Identificou-se, ainda, controle glicêmico e perfil lipídico insatisfatórios e função renal sem alterações significativas. Quanto ao status de Mg, 70,6 % da amostra apresentaram algum dos parâmetros bioquímicos relativos a este mineral abaixo dos valores de referência, sendo estes menores nos indivíduos que tinham mais complicações metabólicas e presença de microalbuminúria. Foram observadas correlações inversas entre o Mg plasmático com a glicemia de jejum (r = -0,281, p = 0,046) e a pós-prandial (r = -0,322, p = 0,021), e correlações positivas entre o Mg urinário com a glicemia de jejum (r = 0,291, p = 0,038), a circunferência abdominal (r = 0,288, p = 0,041) e o IMC (r = 0,282, p = 0,045). Deste modo, foram diagnosticadas alterações no status de Mg, as quais foram mais evidentes nos pacientes que tinham mais complicações, demonstrando a associação dos fatores relacionados com essa doença e o Mg. / A cross-sectional study was carried out to evaluate Mg status in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. The sample comprehended 51 individuals, both male and female, aged 53.6 ± 10.5 years, selected from the Endocrinology Clinic of the University Hospital Onofre Lopes (HUOL) in Natal/RN, Brazil. The project was approved by the Commission on Ethics in Research of the HUOL and Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences of the University of São Paulo. The patients were assessed concerning anthropometry, diet, blood-glucose control, kidney functioning and lipid profile, besides plasma, erythrocyte, urinary and dietary Mg. An adequate intake of macronutrients and a low consumption of dietary Mg and fibers were observed. Unsatisfactory blood-glucose control and lipid profiles, besides kidney functioning without significant alterations, were also observed. Concerning Mg status, 70.6% of the sample presented biochemical parameters for this mineral below the reference values, and such parameters were lower in individuals with more extensive metabolic complications and microalbuminury. Inverse correlations between plasma Mg with fasting (r = -0.281, p = 0.046) and postprandial plasma glucose (r = -0.322, p = 0.021), and a positive correlation between urinary Mg with fasting plasma glucose (r = 0.291, p = 0.038), waist circumference (r = 0.288, p = 0.041) and body weight index (r = 0.282, p = 0.045) were observed. Therefore, alterations in Mg status were detected in the studied population. Such alterations were more evident in patients with more extensive complications, thus demonstrating the association of factors related to this disease and Mg.

Diabetes mellitus é considerado um importante problema de saúde pública, que, pelas conseqüências decorrentes de suas complicações e tratamento, poderá afetar a qualidade de vida das pessoas acometidas. Os conceitos trazidos pela literatura sobre Qualidade de Vida têm enfocado a percepção das pessoas sobre suas experiências e satisfação em relação a determinadas áreas que compõem a natureza humana. Nas últimas décadas tem crescido o interesse de obter indicadores para avaliar os resultados de intervenções clínicas, de modo a garantir maior resolutividade dos problemas de saúde. Neste contexto surgem os estudos de Qualidade de Vida Relacionada à Saúde, que se constituem em um modelo multidimensional para incluir os vários aspectos da vida humana, no qual a pessoa é fonte primária de informação, para expressar as conseqüências da enfermidade e do tratamento, na sua vida diária. A literatura traz instrumentos gerais e específicos para avaliar a qualidade de vida em relação à saúde. Entendemos que os instrumentos específicos poderão trazer informações direcionadas a realidade que se pretende atuar. Entre os instrumentos específicos de qualidade de vida das pessoas com diabetes, identificou-se o instrumento D-39 para avaliar a qualidade de vida das pessoas com diabetes mellitus. Desta forma, o presente estudo teve como objetivos adaptar o D-39 para a língua portuguesa e desenvolver uma primeira fase do processo de validação, em um estudo piloto. Trata-se de um estudo transversal, de caráter metodológico, com análise psicométrica na simulação do teste de campo para a validade (face, constructo) e a confiabilidade da versão adaptada em uma amostra de brasileiros com diabetes mellitus tipo 2. Este instrumento é composto por 39 itens divididos em cinco domínios (Controle do diabetes, Ansiedade e preocupação, Sobrecarga social, Funcionamento sexual e Energia e mobilidade). O presente estudo foi conduzido em Unidade Básica de Saúde em uma amostra de conveniência, composta por 52 pessoas com diabetes mellitus tipo 2. O processo de adaptação seguiu os seguintes passos metodológicos: tradução do D-39 para a língua portuguesa; avaliação por um Comitê de Juízes; \"back-translation\" da versão para o inglês, comparação das duas versões em inglês; análise semântica dos itens; préteste da versão adaptada e aplicação da versão final em português entre os participantes. Encontramos predomínio de pessoas do sexo feminino (65,4%), convivendo em companhia 9 conjugal ou com filhos (75%), idade entre 45 e 84 anos, média de 62,8 anos (DP=8,6) e baixa escolaridade (71,1%). Em relação à doença, o tempo médio de duração foi de 9,15 anos (DP=4,2); 23 participantes não faziam uso de insulina (23/52; 44,2%) e 29 faziam (29/52; 55,8%). Quanto às comorbidades, identificamos que 84,6% das pessoas apresentavam sobrepeso e obesidade; o valor médio da pressão arterial sistólica foi de 136,15 mmHg (DP=22) e da diastólica 80,57 mmHg (DP=13,34). Na versão adaptada do instrumento D-39, as respostas variaram de 1 a 7; o intervalo possível, para a soma dos 39 itens variou de 49 a 217, e quanto maior o valor, pior a avaliação da qualidade de vida. Obtivemos uma média total do instrumento de 152,5 (DP=38,6). Para a validade de constructo, verificamos a convergência e a divergência entre os itens do D-39. O D-39 possibilitou discriminar entre as pessoas que faziam e as que não faziam uso de insulina. Houve correlações moderadas entre os domínios Controle do diabetes e Ansiedade e Preocupação (0,52), Controle do diabetes e Funcionamento Sexual (0,55), Ansiedade e Preocupação e Energia e Mobilidade (0,46), Sobrecarga Social e Funcionamento Sexual (0,58), Sobrecarga Social e Energia e Mobilidade (0,56), Funcionamento Sexual e Energia e Mobilidade (0,60), e correlação forte entre os domínios Controle do diabetes e Energia e Mobilidade (0,64). A consistência interna, representada pelo alfa de Cronbach, mostrou resultados significantes para o total do instrumento (0,91) e valores variando de 0,58 a 0,85 entre os domínios. Diante dos resultados podemos concluir que a versão adaptada para o português do D-39 mostrou atender aos critérios de validade e confiabilidade exigidos para um instrumento de avaliação da QVRS, mantendo as propriedades da versão original. / Diabetes mellitus is considered an important public health problem which for the decurrent consequences of its complications and treatment, could affect the life quality of the attacked people. The concepts carried by the literature about the Life Quality have focused the perception of the people about their experiences and satisfaction regarding to certain areas which compose the human nature. In the last decades, a major interest concerning to the achievement of new indicators for the results of the evaluation of the clinical intervention have increased in such way to ensure a major resolutivity of the heath problems. In this context appears studies of Health-Related Quality Life related to health which constitute in a multidimensional model to include the several human life aspects, in which the person is primary source of information to express the disease and treatment consequences in his daily life. The literature brings specific instruments to evaluate the health-related quality life. We understand that the specific instruments could bring focused informations on the reality which is intended to act. Among the specific intruments of quality of the people with diabetes, it was identified the instrument D-39 to evaluate the life quality of the people with diabetes mellitus. In this way, the aim of this study was to adapt to Portuguese and to develop a prime phase of the validation process in a pilot study. It deals with a transversal study with a methodological character with psychometric analysis in the simulation of the field test for the validity (face and construct) and the reliability of the adapted version in a sample of Brazilians with Type 2 diabetes mellitus. This instrument is composed of 39 items divided in five domains (Diabetes Control, Anxiety and Preoccupation, Social Burden, Sexual Behavior and Energy and Mobility). This study was performed in Basic Health Unity in a convenience sample, composed by 52 people with Type 2 diabetes mellitus. The adaptation process followed the following methodological steps: translation of the D-39 to Portuguese; evaluation by a Committee of Judges; \"back-translation\" of the version to english, comparison of both English versions; semantical analysis of the items; pre-test of the adapted version and application of the final version in Portuguese among the participants. It was found predominance of female people (65,4%), living together partners with conjugal bonds or with children (75%), age between 45 and 84 years of age, average = 62,8 anos (DP = 8,6) and low scholarity (71,1%). The average time of disease was 9,15 years (DP = 4,2); concerning to the 11 treatment 23 participants did not use insulin (23/52; 44,2%) and 29 participants used insulin (29/52; 55,8%). Concerning to the comorbities it was identified that 84,6% of the people were overweight and obesity; the average valor systolic arterial pressure was 136,15 mmHg (DP=22) and diastolic arterial pressure 80,57 mmHg (DP=13,34). In the adapted version of the instrument D-39, the answers varied from 1 to 7; the possible interval, for the 39 items varied from 49 to 217, and how much the larger value is, the worse the evaluation of the quality life will be. It was obtained average total average of the instrument of (152,5 DP = 38,6). For the construct validity, it was verified the convergence and the divergency among the items of the D-39. The D-39 it made possible to discriminate well among the people who used and those who did not use the insulin. It had moderate correlations among the domains Diabetes Control and Anxiety and Preoccupation (0,52), Diabetes Control and Sexual Behavior (0,55), Anxiety and Preoccupation and Energy and Mobility (0,46), Social Burden and Sexual Behavior (0,58), Social Burden and Energy and Mobility (0,56), Sexual Behavior and Energy and Mobility (0,60) and strong correlation among the domains Diabetes Control and Energy and Mobility (0,64). The internal consistency, represented by Cronbach\'s alpha, showed significant results for the total of the instrument (0,91) and values varying from 0,58 to 0,85 among the domains. According to these results, it was concluded that the adapted version to Portuguese of the D- 39 answer the validity and reliability criterion and required for an evaluation instrument of the Health-Related Quality of Life (HRQL), maintaining the properties of the original version.

INTRODUCTION: Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), once thought to be an adult disease, now affects large numbers of children. The prevalence of T2DM in children increased 35% between 2001 and 20091 and while it appears to now be leveling off, it is clear that much of the burden of disease falls disproportionately on ethnic minorities. It is well known that there are changes occurring in the microvasculature well before diabetes is diagnosed, and these changes are thought to contribute to micro- and macrovascular complications. Therefore, prediabetes, which is a time of mild hyperglycemia that exists between normal glucose metabolism and overt diabetes, provides a target for behavior modification and potentially the prevention of complications. The mainstay of treatment for diabetes has been lifestyle intervention and treatment with metformin. Research has shown that both intensive lifestyle interventions and metformin are effective for the treatment of T2DM. However, much of this knowledge comes from studies on adults and is simply inferred to youth. Thus, at this time it is still unknown to what extent treatments including lifestyle intervention and metformin should be used, or how they should be utilized, in youth. This is especially true for youth with prediabetes, as this is likely where prevention of the disease needs to occur to have the greatest overall benefit. PROPOSED STUDY: Thus, the proposed study will directly compare two groups treated with standard of care and either metformin daily or intensive lifestyle intervention with a CrossFit™ training modality. The primary outcome is treatment failure and development of diabetes. A secondary outcome is achievement of normoglycemia and its durability. CONCLUSIONS: This study will be the first to examine the longer term outcomes of the use of metformin in youth as well as the effects of high intensity functional training (HIFT) using the CrossFit™ modality. While there is accumulating evidence about the safety of the use of metformin in youth, most studies are of short duration and this study will provide longer term results. Additionally, CrossFit™, a relatively new exercise modality, has not been tested in the literature on youth and as a form of combined aerobic and resistance training, it may provide and effective and interesting means of lifestyle intervention and reversion to normoglycemia in adolescents. In conclusion the results from this study will provide significant clinical relevance.

O diabetes mellitus tipo 2 (DM2) constitui um dos mais importantes problemas de saúde pública no mundo. A alta concentração plasmática de triglicérides e a baixa concentração do HDL-C são as principais alterações lipídicas no DM2. A hipertrigliceridemia, além de outros fatores, pode alterar a composição das lipoproteínas, ocasionando alterações funcionais das partículas. O efeito antiaterogênico da HDL se dá, sobretudo, devido à sua ação de promover o Transporte Reverso do Colesterol, sendo a troca lipídica entre as lipoproteínas uma das etapas desse processo. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o tamanho da partícula de HDL e sua capacidade em receber seus lípides constituintes de outras lipoproteínas. O método é baseado na troca lipídica ocorrida entre uma nanoemulsão artificial (LDE) marcada radioativamente com 14C-CL e 3H-TG ou 14CFL e 3H-CE que se assemelha à estrutura lipídica da LDL, usada como doador de lipídeos. Neste trabalho foram estudados 45 pacientes diabéticos (53±7 anos) e 45 indivíduos sem a doença (55±8 anos), como grupo controle. As taxas de transferência de colesterol livre e fosfolípides para a HDL foram maiores no grupo dos pacientes diabéticos quando comparados com o grupo controle (CL= 7,1±1,7 e 6,4±1,4%, p=0,0400; FL= 23,6±2,4 e 19,3±3,3%, p<0,0001, respectivamente). No entanto, não houve diferença na transferência de éster de colesterol e triglicérides entre os pacientes diabéticos e indivíduos controles. O tamanho da partícula de HDL também não foi diferente entre os grupos. As transferências de éster de colesterol, triglicérides e colesterol livre correlacionaram-se positivamente. Houve também correlação positiva entre a concentração plasmática do colesterol total e LDL-C com a taxa de transferência de triglicérides e entre a concentração plasmática da apoAI com a taxa de transferência de éster de colesterol e de colesterol livre. Em virtude da partícula de HDL ter importante papel antiaterogênico, a maior transferência de FL e CL para a HDL no DM2, podem ser relevantes para estabelecer mecanismos antiaterogêncios associados a alterações na lipoproteína relacionados com o DM2. / Type II diabetes mellitus has become one of the world\'s main public health issues. High triglyceride concentrations and low HDL-C concentrations are the main in the plasma lipids found in DM2. Hipertriglyceridemia is but one of the factors that cause lipoprotein composition, which in turn can cause alterations in particle function. The antiatherogenic effect of HDL is due primarily to its ability to promote Reverse Cholesterol Transport, in which lipid transfer between lipoproteins is one step in the process. The objective of this study was to evaluate HDL particle size and its capacity to accept lipid constituents from other lipoproteins. The methodology utilized is based on the lipid transfer between with an artificial cholesterol-rich nanoemulsion labeled with 3H-tryglicerides (TG) and 14C-free cholesterol (FC) or 3H-cholesteryl ester (CE) and 14C-phospholipids (PL), structurally similar to LDL, used as a radioactive lipid donator. After LDE and other lipoprotein precipitation, the capacity of HDL to receive lipids is quantified by measuring the radioactivity present in the lipoprotein. Forty-five diabetic individuals (53±7) and 45 non-diabetic individual (55±8) as a control group were studied. The free cholesterol (FC) and phospholipids (PL) transfer rate to HDL was higher for the diabetic group when compared with control group (FC= 7.1±1.7 e 6.4±1.4%, p=0.0400; PL= 23.6±2.4 e 19.3±3.3%, p<0.0001, respectively). However, there was no transfer difference of the cholesteryl ester and triglycerides between the two study groups. No difference in the HDL particle size was observed in either group. There was found correlations between the lipid transfer rates and between the transfer rates and the lipoprotein profile of the diabetic individuals were also analyzed. The transfer of cholesteryl ester, triglycerides and free cholesterol correlated positively. There was also a positive correlation between the plasmatic concentration of total cholesterol and LDL-C with the triglyceride transfer and between the plasmatic concentration of apoAI with the cholesteryl ester and free cholesterol. This pattern of greater PL and FC transfer to HDL associated with DM2 can be a marker related to functional alterations in HDL that may contribute to atherogenic in those patients.

Estudo descritivo transversal, cujo objetivo foi analisar a relação das variáveis sociodemográficas, de tratamento, hábitos de vida, clínicas e laboratoriais com as variáveis sintomas e fases do estresse, em pessoas com diabetes mellitus tipo 2, em unidade ambulatorial de hospital de nível terciário de atenção à saúde. A amostra foi constituída por 222 pessoas e os dados foram coletados no período de junho de 2011 a agosto de 2012. O instrumento utilizado foi o Inventário de Sintomas de Stress de Lipp, composto por três quadros de sintomas de estresse, que fornecem porcentagens para classifica-los em quatro fases: alerta, resistência, quase exaustão e exaustão. Entre as características sociodemográficas, de tratamento, hábitos de vida, dados clínicos e laboratoriais, destacam-se que 53,15% das pessoas eram do sexo feminino, 43,85% do masculino, com média de idade de 60,68 anos (DP=8,40), tempo médio de escolaridade de 5,07 anos (DP=4,15), 71,17% viviam com o companheiro, 57,66% procediam da região de Ribeirão Preto (SP), 50,9% eram aposentados/pensionistas, 87,38% referiu fazer uso de insulina, 78,82% antidiabético oral, 68,91% seguir a dieta recomendada e 46,85% não praticava exercícios físicos regulares. O tempo médio de diagnóstico foi de 15,15 (DP=8,03) anos, índice de massa corporal 32,10 (DP=5,75) Kg/m2 , pressão arterial sistólica 180,10 (DP=14,03) mmHg e diastólica 143,7 (DP=23,63) mmHg, taxa de hemoglobina glicada 9,446 (DP=2) %, colesterol total 74,9 (DP=41,95) mg/dl, lipoproteína de alta densidade 35,67 (DP=8,58) mg/dl, lipoproteína de baixa densidade 101,55 (34,52) mg/dl e triglicerídeos 203,60 (DP=147,72) mg/dl. Quanto às variáveis do estresse, destaca-se que a maior média das porcentagens obtidas ocorreu para os sintomas de estresse do quadro 2 (20,16%-DP=20,165). Para fins de análises estatísticas, excluiu-se a fase de alerta e aglutinou-se as de exaustão e quase exaustão. A frequência dos sintomas de estresse referidos pelos participantes nos três quadros distintos permitiu verificar a presença do estresse em 63,51% da amostra, bem como a frequência de 53,60% na fase de resistência ao estresse, e predomínio de sintomas físicos (61,53%). As fases do estresse associaram-se com a idade, procedência, uso de insulina e lipoproteína de baixa densidade; os sintomas do estresse com o uso de antidiabéticos orais, tabagismo, consumo de bebida alcoólica e lipoproteína de baixa densidade. Quanto à porcentagem média obtida nos três quadros, observou-se que houve associação dos sintomas do primeiro quadro com a ocupação; do segundo quadro com o seguimento da dieta, glicemia plasmática de jejum, o colesterol total e lipoproteína de baixa densidade; correlação do terceiro quadro com o índice de massa corporal, de modo positivo e com a renda familiar, de modo negativo. A idade e a hemoglobina glicada correlacionaram-se com o segundo e terceiro quadros, porém de forma negativa e positiva, respectivamente. O presente estudo permitiu conhecer as possíveis relações do estresse com as variáveis sociodemográficas, tratamento da doença, hábitos de vida, clínicas e laboratoriais da pessoa com diabetes mellitus tipo 2 e reitera a importância desse conhecimento na prática clínica para intervenções que desenvolvam habilidades pessoais para o enfrentamento de situações estressantes percebidas pelas pessoas durante o curso da doença / Cross-sectional study aimed to examine the relations of sociodemographic variables, disease treatment, lifestyle, clinical and laboratory variables with the symptoms and phases of stress in people with type 2 diabetes mellitus, in an outpatient unit of a tertiary level hospital of health care. The sample consisted of 222 individuals and the data were collected between June 2011 and August 2012. The instrument used was the Lipp Stress Symptom Inventory, composed of three frames of stress symptoms, which provide percentages for grades them into four phases: alarm, resistance, near exhaustion and exhaustion. Among the sociodemographic characteristics, treatment, lifestyle, clinical and laboratory data, it highlights that 53.15% of those were female, 43.85% male, with a mean age of 60.68 years (SD = 8.40), mean years of education 5.07 years (SD = 4.15), 71.17% lived with a partner, 57.66% were from Ribeirao Preto region (SP) and 50.9% were retired / pensioners, 87.38% reported use insulin, 78.82% oral antidiabetic, 68.91% followed the recommended diet and 46.85% did not practice regular physical exercise. The average time of diagnosis was 15.15 (SD = 8.03) years, mean body mass index 32.10 (SD = 5.75) kg/m2, mean systolic blood pressure 180.10 (SD = 14 03) and diastolic 143.7 mmHg (SD = 23.63) mmHg, glycated hemoglobin rate 9.446 (SD = 2)%, total cholesterol 74.9 (SD = 41.95) mg/dl, high density lipoproteins 35.67 (SD = 8.58) mg/dL, low density lipoproteins 101.55 (34.52) mg/dL and triglycerides rate of 203.60 (SD = 147.72) mg/dl. As for the variables of stress, there is that most average of these percentages occurred to the frame stress symptoms 2 (20.16% - SD = 20.165). For the purpose of statistical analysis, we excluded the alert phase and connect them of exhaustion and near exhaustion. The frequency of symptoms of stress reported by participants in three different frames demonstrated the presence of stress in 63.51% of the sample, and the frequency of 53.60% in stress resistance phase, and predominance of physical symptoms (61,53%). The phases of stress were associated with age, origin, use of insulin and low-density lipoprotein; symptoms of stress with the use of oral antidiabetic drugs, smoking, consumption of alcohol and low-density lipoprotein. The average percentage obtained in the three frames, it was noted that there was an association of the symptoms of the first frame with the occupation; the second frame with the following the diet, fasting plasma glucose, total cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein; the third frame correlation with body mass index in a positive way and to family income, negatively. The age and glycated hemoglobin correlated with the second and third frames, but negatively and positively, respectively. This study helped identify the possible relations of stress with sociodemographic variables, disease treatment, lifestyle, clinical and laboratory of the person with type 2 diabetes mellitus and reiterates the importance of this knowledge in clinical practice to interventions that develop personal skills for coping stressful situations perceived by the people during the course of the disease

Objetivo: Avaliar a influência da terapia com tibolona no metabolismo dos carboidratos e lipídeos de pacientes na pós-menopausa portadoras de diabetes mellitus tipo 2. Método: estudo prospectivo, longitudinal, aberto e controlado envolvendo 24 mulheres na pós-menopausa portadoras de diabetes mellitus tipo 2, com média de idade de 57,5 ± 4,8 anos, tratadas seqüencialmente com placebo (6 meses) e tibolona-2,5 mg/dia (6 meses). Parâmetros clínicos, antropométricos, bioquímicos, hormonais e ultra-sonográficos foram avaliados no período basal, após 6 (tempo 1) e 12 meses de acompanhamento (tempo 2). Análise estatística foi realizada utilizando-se ANOVA para medidas repetidas, com nível de significância 5%. Resultados: com os 6 meses de uso da tibolona, evidenciamos reduções significativas nos sintomas climatéricos avaliados através do índice de Blatt-Kuperman, assim como no percentual de gordura corporal, circunferência abdominal, pressão arterial diastólica, e níveis séricos de transaminases, triglicerídeos e HDL-colesterol. Não houve variações significativas nos níveis de glicose e insulina de jejum, hemoglobinaglicada, área sobre a curva da glicose, área sobre a curva da insulina, índice QUICKI, colesterol total e LDL-colesterol. A avaliação ultra-sonográfica não revelou variações significativas do volume uterino e espessura endometrial. Efeitos colaterais surgiram apenas durante o primeiro mês de uso da tibolona (cefaléia e mastalgia em 8,3% e sangramento genital em 16,6%). Conclusão: o tratamento com tibolona em curto prazo mostrou-se uma alternativa viável para pacientes na pós-menopausa portadoras de diabetes mellitustipo 2. / Objective: to determine the effects of tibolone on the glycemic and lipid metabolism in postmenopausal women with Type 2 diabetes mellitus. Method: a prospective, longitudinal, open and controlledstudy involving 24 postmenopausal women with Type 2 diabetes mellitussequentially treated with placebo (6 months) and 2.5 mg/day tibolone (6 months). Clinical evaluation, anthropometric parameters, biochemical and hormonal measurements, and transvaginal ultrasonography were performed at baseline and after 6 (time 1) and 12 months of follow-up (time 2). Statistical analysis was performed by repeatedmeasures analysis of variance, with the level of significance set at 5 %. Results: After 6 months the tibolone use, we observed significant reductions in the climacteric symptoms evaluated by the Blatt-Kupperman index, % body fat, abdominal circumference, diastolic arterial pressure, and in the serum levels of aminotransferases, triglycerides and HDL-cholesterol. There were no significant variations in fasting glucose and insulin levels, glycosylated hemoglobin, glucose-area under the curve (AUC), insulin-AUC, quantitative insulin sensitivity check index (QUICKI), total cholesterol and LDL-cholesterol levels. Ultrasonographic evaluation showed no significant changes in uterine volume or endometrial thickness. Side effects were present only during first months of tibolone use (headache and mastalgia in 8.3% and genital bleeding in 16.6%). Conclusion: The short-term treatment with tibolone showed to be a good alternative for postmenopausal women with Type 2 diabetes mellitus.