The aim of this investigation was to review literature for the most suitable aeroelastic tailoring analysis tools for long slender composite structures, and integrate them into an aeroelastic tailoring process. The JS1C Revelation is a high performance sailplane made from modern composites, mostly carbon fibre. This has the advantage of being more rigid than traditional engineering materials, thereby reducing the effects of the twisting deflections on these long slender structures due to aerodynamic loads. The implementing of aeroelastic tailoring can create bend-twist couples for performance improvements. Composites enable the use of aeroelastic tailoring to improve gliding performance. Flaperon 3 of the JS1C 21 m was used as the design problem for aeroelastic tailoring. Aeroelastic tailoring was done by analysing the flaperon structure at the different layup angles to determine the correct design point to tailor the structure to improve aerodynamic performance at thermalling and cruise, but mostly cruise since it accounts for 70% of the flight time. The composite structure analysis tool has the objective to get results during concept design. This directed the line of research of analysis tools to a solution method of two dimensional cross-section mesh properties projected onto a one dimensional beam. The literature of Hodges had good verification and published data on the analysis tools. The analysis tools comprised of three programs that were not very user friendly. Thus the author compiled a Matlab program as a user interface tool to run the three programs together. The aeroelastic tailoring process systematically works through the known design variables and objectives, which are given as inputs to the analysis tool. The analysis tool plots the coupling data versus layup angle. From this the best layup angles for a sought-after bend-twist couple is used to aeroelastically tailor the wing. The composite structure analysis tool’s accuracy was verified by analysing cantilever beam deflections and comparing the results with hand calculations and SolidWorks Simulation FEM results. The analysis tool’s accuracy was further verified by comparing the aerodynamic torsional load’s twist deflections with thin walled tube theory. The analysis tool was validated by applying a torsional load at the tip of a JS1C production Flaperon 3 in an experimental setup and then comparing this result with the Flaperon 3 modelled in the analysis tool. These comparisons also ensured that the model’s composite material properties and the meshing of the flaperon cross-sectional properties were correct. This aeroelastic tailoring was validated with the advantage of then being used to improve the aerodynamic performance of the JS1C Revelation 21 m tip’s flaperon. This improvement could be made by making use of a tailored bend-twist couple to reduce the effect of the aerodynamic load’s twist deflections. A test sample of the JS1C 21 m flaperon 3 was used to validate aeroelastic tailoring. The test sample was designed to be 1 m in length and have all the specified tailoring coupling characteristics that could improve the aerodynamic performance of the JS1C 21 m flaperon 3. The test sample was manufactured according to Jonker Sailplanes manufacturing standards and experimentally set up with the same applied deflections as in the analysis tool. The calculated bend-twist values and the experimental setup results were similar with a negligible difference, assuming small displacements and an aspect ratio greater than 13; this confirmed that the PreVABS/VABS/GEBT composite structure analysis tool could be used in aeroelastic tailoring to predict and design the bend-twist couple needed to improve the aerodynamic performance of the JS1C 21 m. While the twist behaviour of Flaperon 3 was improved by the tailored bend-twist couple, it was still necessary to add pre-twist as well, to fully address the effects of twisting by aerodynamic forces. / MIng (Mechanical Engineering), North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2014

The aim of this investigation was to review literature for the most suitable aeroelastic tailoring analysis tools for long slender composite structures, and integrate them into an aeroelastic tailoring process. The JS1C Revelation is a high performance sailplane made from modern composites, mostly carbon fibre. This has the advantage of being more rigid than traditional engineering materials, thereby reducing the effects of the twisting deflections on these long slender structures due to aerodynamic loads. The implementing of aeroelastic tailoring can create bend-twist couples for performance improvements. Composites enable the use of aeroelastic tailoring to improve gliding performance. Flaperon 3 of the JS1C 21 m was used as the design problem for aeroelastic tailoring. Aeroelastic tailoring was done by analysing the flaperon structure at the different layup angles to determine the correct design point to tailor the structure to improve aerodynamic performance at thermalling and cruise, but mostly cruise since it accounts for 70% of the flight time. The composite structure analysis tool has the objective to get results during concept design. This directed the line of research of analysis tools to a solution method of two dimensional cross-section mesh properties projected onto a one dimensional beam. The literature of Hodges had good verification and published data on the analysis tools. The analysis tools comprised of three programs that were not very user friendly. Thus the author compiled a Matlab program as a user interface tool to run the three programs together. The aeroelastic tailoring process systematically works through the known design variables and objectives, which are given as inputs to the analysis tool. The analysis tool plots the coupling data versus layup angle. From this the best layup angles for a sought-after bend-twist couple is used to aeroelastically tailor the wing. The composite structure analysis tool’s accuracy was verified by analysing cantilever beam deflections and comparing the results with hand calculations and SolidWorks Simulation FEM results. The analysis tool’s accuracy was further verified by comparing the aerodynamic torsional load’s twist deflections with thin walled tube theory. The analysis tool was validated by applying a torsional load at the tip of a JS1C production Flaperon 3 in an experimental setup and then comparing this result with the Flaperon 3 modelled in the analysis tool. These comparisons also ensured that the model’s composite material properties and the meshing of the flaperon cross-sectional properties were correct. This aeroelastic tailoring was validated with the advantage of then being used to improve the aerodynamic performance of the JS1C Revelation 21 m tip’s flaperon. This improvement could be made by making use of a tailored bend-twist couple to reduce the effect of the aerodynamic load’s twist deflections. A test sample of the JS1C 21 m flaperon 3 was used to validate aeroelastic tailoring. The test sample was designed to be 1 m in length and have all the specified tailoring coupling characteristics that could improve the aerodynamic performance of the JS1C 21 m flaperon 3. The test sample was manufactured according to Jonker Sailplanes manufacturing standards and experimentally set up with the same applied deflections as in the analysis tool. The calculated bend-twist values and the experimental setup results were similar with a negligible difference, assuming small displacements and an aspect ratio greater than 13; this confirmed that the PreVABS/VABS/GEBT composite structure analysis tool could be used in aeroelastic tailoring to predict and design the bend-twist couple needed to improve the aerodynamic performance of the JS1C 21 m. While the twist behaviour of Flaperon 3 was improved by the tailored bend-twist couple, it was still necessary to add pre-twist as well, to fully address the effects of twisting by aerodynamic forces. / MIng (Mechanical Engineering), North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2014

Plusieurs études ont démontré que prés de deux tiers des patients subissant une chirurgie cardiaque souffrent de douleur d’intensité modérée à sévère. Ces niveaux de douleur semblent être partiellement expliqués par la présence de barrières individuelles face au soulagement de la douleur. Le savoir acquis sur les cognitions associées à la douleur ne semble pas avoir été traduit dans de nouvelles approches éducatives face à la douleur aiguë. Le but du projet doctoral était 1) de développer une intervention visant à faciliter l’autogestion de la douleur postopératoire après une chirurgie cardiaque et, 2) d’en évaluer l’acceptabilité et la faisabilité, ainsi que le potentiel d’efficacité sur le soulagement de la douleur de patients subissant une chirurgie cardiaque. Le développement de l’iintervention SOULAGE-TAVIE a inclus quatre étapes fondées sur les savoirs clinique, empirique et théorique et inspirées de plusieurs écrits méthodologiques. SOULAGE-TAVIE consiste en une session préopératoire éducative sur la gestion de la douleur post-chirurgie cardiaque d’approximativement 30 minutes sur un ordinateur, dispensée sur mesure en fonction d’un algorithme. Deux renforcements cliniques en personne sont aussi offerts en phase postopératoire. L’évaluation de l’intervention consistait en un essai clinique pilote à répartition aléatoire incluant 60 participants répartis entre le groupe expérimental (GE : SOULAGE-TAVIE) et le groupe contrôle (GC : soins usuels incluant un feuillet d’information). Les données étaient recueillies au moment de l’admission et dans les sept jours postopératoires. SOULAGE-TAVIE a été jugée comme acceptable et faisable. De plus, les participants du GE n’ont pas expérimenté une douleur de plus faible intensité mais ils ont rapporté significativement moins d’interférence de la douleur avec la toux et la respiration profonde, ont démontré moins de barrières face à la gestion de la douleur et ont consommé plus d’opiacés. Cette étude pilote procure des résultats prometteurs sur les bénéfices potentiels de cette nouvelle approche sur mesure utilisant les technologies de l’information et de la communication (TIC). L’autonomisation des personnes est cruciale et complémentaire pour soutenir le soulagement de la douleur dans le contexte actuel de soins. / Several studies have shown that many patients undergoing a cardiac surgery suffer from moderate to severe pain. These levels of pain may be explained by individual barriers toward pain relief. Knowledge acquired on pain-related cognitions has not been translated into new approaches. The aim of the doctoral project was 1) to develop an intervention to facilitate the self-management of postoperative pain after cardiac surgery and, 2) to assess its the acceptability and feasibility and to investigate its efficacy potential on pain relief in patients undergoing cardiac surgery. The development of SOULAGE-TAVIE included four steps based on clinical, empirical and theoretical knowledge and inspired by diverse methodological considerations. SOULAGE-TAVIE consists in a 30-minute computer-tailored preoperative educational session about postoperative pain management, tailored according to an algorithm. Two short reinforcements are provided in person. The evaluation of SOULAGE-TAVIE consisted in a pilot randomized controlled trial including 60 participants assigned to the experimental group (EG: SOULAGE-TAVIE) and the control group (CG: usual care including educational pamphlet). Data were collected at the time of admission and across Day 1 to 7 after surgery. The results provide preliminary support for the acceptability and feasibility of a tailored and virtual intervention. The results revealed that patients of the EG did not experience less intense pain but they reported significantly less pain interference when breathing/coughing, exhibited fewer pain-related barriers, and consumed more opioid medication. This pilot study provides promising results to support the potential benefits of this new web-tailored approach. Patient empowerment is complementary yet crucial in the current context of care and may contribute to improve pain relief.

Plusieurs études ont démontré que prés de deux tiers des patients subissant une chirurgie cardiaque souffrent de douleur d’intensité modérée à sévère. Ces niveaux de douleur semblent être partiellement expliqués par la présence de barrières individuelles face au soulagement de la douleur. Le savoir acquis sur les cognitions associées à la douleur ne semble pas avoir été traduit dans de nouvelles approches éducatives face à la douleur aiguë. Le but du projet doctoral était 1) de développer une intervention visant à faciliter l’autogestion de la douleur postopératoire après une chirurgie cardiaque et, 2) d’en évaluer l’acceptabilité et la faisabilité, ainsi que le potentiel d’efficacité sur le soulagement de la douleur de patients subissant une chirurgie cardiaque. Le développement de l’iintervention SOULAGE-TAVIE a inclus quatre étapes fondées sur les savoirs clinique, empirique et théorique et inspirées de plusieurs écrits méthodologiques. SOULAGE-TAVIE consiste en une session préopératoire éducative sur la gestion de la douleur post-chirurgie cardiaque d’approximativement 30 minutes sur un ordinateur, dispensée sur mesure en fonction d’un algorithme. Deux renforcements cliniques en personne sont aussi offerts en phase postopératoire. L’évaluation de l’intervention consistait en un essai clinique pilote à répartition aléatoire incluant 60 participants répartis entre le groupe expérimental (GE : SOULAGE-TAVIE) et le groupe contrôle (GC : soins usuels incluant un feuillet d’information). Les données étaient recueillies au moment de l’admission et dans les sept jours postopératoires. SOULAGE-TAVIE a été jugée comme acceptable et faisable. De plus, les participants du GE n’ont pas expérimenté une douleur de plus faible intensité mais ils ont rapporté significativement moins d’interférence de la douleur avec la toux et la respiration profonde, ont démontré moins de barrières face à la gestion de la douleur et ont consommé plus d’opiacés. Cette étude pilote procure des résultats prometteurs sur les bénéfices potentiels de cette nouvelle approche sur mesure utilisant les technologies de l’information et de la communication (TIC). L’autonomisation des personnes est cruciale et complémentaire pour soutenir le soulagement de la douleur dans le contexte actuel de soins. / Several studies have shown that many patients undergoing a cardiac surgery suffer from moderate to severe pain. These levels of pain may be explained by individual barriers toward pain relief. Knowledge acquired on pain-related cognitions has not been translated into new approaches. The aim of the doctoral project was 1) to develop an intervention to facilitate the self-management of postoperative pain after cardiac surgery and, 2) to assess its the acceptability and feasibility and to investigate its efficacy potential on pain relief in patients undergoing cardiac surgery. The development of SOULAGE-TAVIE included four steps based on clinical, empirical and theoretical knowledge and inspired by diverse methodological considerations. SOULAGE-TAVIE consists in a 30-minute computer-tailored preoperative educational session about postoperative pain management, tailored according to an algorithm. Two short reinforcements are provided in person. The evaluation of SOULAGE-TAVIE consisted in a pilot randomized controlled trial including 60 participants assigned to the experimental group (EG: SOULAGE-TAVIE) and the control group (CG: usual care including educational pamphlet). Data were collected at the time of admission and across Day 1 to 7 after surgery. The results provide preliminary support for the acceptability and feasibility of a tailored and virtual intervention. The results revealed that patients of the EG did not experience less intense pain but they reported significantly less pain interference when breathing/coughing, exhibited fewer pain-related barriers, and consumed more opioid medication. This pilot study provides promising results to support the potential benefits of this new web-tailored approach. Patient empowerment is complementary yet crucial in the current context of care and may contribute to improve pain relief.

Eine stetig wachsende Zahl von Nutzern sucht im Internet nach Gesundheitsinformationen. Hierzu steht ihnen eine Vielzahl ganz unterschiedlicher Anbieter zur Verfügung, die bei divergierenden Interessen gesundheitsrelevante Angebote im Internet vorhalten. Abgesehen von der Informationsflut, mit der die Nutzer bei der Suche überhäuft werden, erhalten sie auch falsche, irreführende, veraltete und sogar gesundheitsgefährdende Informationen. In den letzten zehn Jahren haben verschiedene Wissenschaftler die Anforderungen an ein ideales Gesundheitsinformationssystem ermittelt. Im Rahmen des in diesem Beitrag beschriebenen Projekts wurde ein Gesundheitsinformationssystem als Prototyp zur anamnesebezogenen, internetbasierten Patienteninformation entwickelt und anhand einer Studie evaluiert. Dabei wird die Untersuchung auf deutschsprachige Erwachsene mit Kopfschmerzen eingegrenzt. Insgesamt wird die Hypothese überprüft, dass eine angeleitete, anamnesebezogene Internetsuche für den Patienten bessere Ergebnisse liefert, als dies durch die herkömmliche Nutzung von Gesundheitsportalen oder Suchmaschinen erreicht werden kann. Zur Evaluation wurde eine kontrollierte Zweigruppenstudie mit insgesamt 140 Teilnehmern in zwei Studienabschnitten durchgeführt. Dabei wurde im ersten Abschnitt festgestellt, dass bei einfach strukturierten Krankheitsfällen das Informationssystem gleichgute Ergebnisse liefert wie die herkömmliche Suche. Im zweiten Abschnitt konnte allerdings festgestellt werden, dass bei komplexen Kopfschmerzfällen mit Hilfe des Prototyps signifikant (P=0,031) bessere Diagnosen gestellt werden konnten als ohne. Medizinische Expertensysteme in Kombination mit einer Meta-Suche nach maßgeschneiderten qualitätsgesicherten Informationen erweisen sich als probate Möglichkeit, den Ansprüchen an eine geeignete Versorgung mit Gesundheitsinformationen gerecht zu werden. / A steadily increasing number of users search for health information online. Therefore, a multitude of totally different providers with diverging interests offer information. Apart from the information overload the users are flooded with, they may access false, misleading or even life threatening information. In the last 10 years scientists have determined the requirements of an ideal health information system. In the study described in this paper a prototype health information system providing anamnesis related internet-based consumer health information is evaluated. In total, the hypothesis that a computer-aided anamnesis-related internet search provides better results than the use of conventional search engines or health portals is evaluated. For evaluation a randomised controlled study with 140 participants has been conducted in two study sections. In the first section it was found, that for a less complex diagnosis the prototype information system did equally well as the conventional information retrieval. In the second study section it was found, that dealing with complex headache cases participants using the prototype determined significantly better (P=0.031) diagnoses than the control group did without prototype support. It has been shown, that medical expert systems in combination with a meta-search for tailored quality controlled information represents a feasible strategy to provide reliable health information.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Software process definition requires choosing the process elements that appropriately fulfil the tailoring requirements, such as to prevent risks or to satisfy quality goals. The selection of appropriate process elements is usually done manually, making this process complex, time-consuming and error-prone. Our main objective is to define a systematic approach to tailor software process and a tool support to simplify and to support the tailoring process, improving the selection process of reusable process elements. A systematic approach was developed to tailor the software process based on software architectures and process lines. The approach selects the most appropriate elements of processes according to the tailoring requirements. A web tool was developed to support the use of the proposed approach. Aiming to illustrate the approach proposed in this paper, an case study and an experiment were conducted. The case study describe projects with different characteristics and consequently are different generated tailoring processes. With experiment can be noted that the Software Process Line helped mainly in the sequencing process, optimizing resources and improving management process. The use of architecture provided the retrieval of a set of activities that have been prioritized according to the characterization of the project, defining required and optional elements and the accretion of tailoring requirements. Facilitating thus the adequacy of the process used for different contexts of projects. We concluded that the approach aids process engineer to make decisions for selecting a set of process elements suitable to the tailoring requirements and to the project context. / Definição de processos de software requer escolher os elementos de processo que apropriadamente satisfazem os requisitos de adaptação, tais como a prevenção de riscos ou para satisfazer as metas de qualidade. A seleção dos elementos de processos adequados é geralmente feita manualmente, tornando este processo complexo, demorado e sujeito a erros. O principal objetivo é definir uma abordagem sistemática para adequar o processo de software e uma ferramenta de apoio para simplificar e apoiar o processo de adaptação, melhorar a seleção dos elementos de processos reutilizáveis. Foi desenvolvido uma abordagem sistemática para adequar o processo de software com base em arquiteturas de processo de software e linhas. A abordagem seleciona os elementos de processos mais adequados de acordo com os requisitos de adaptação. Uma ferramenta web foi desenvolvida para suportar o uso da abordagem proposta. Visando exemplificar a abordagem proposta neste trabalho, foram realizados um estudo de caso e um experimento. O estudo de caso descreve projetos com diferentes características, e, consequentemente são gerados diferentes processos adaptados. Com o experimento pode-se notar que as Linha de Processos de Software auxiliaram principalmente no sequenciamento do processo, otimizando os recursos e melhorando o gerenciamento do processo. A utilização da arquitetura proporcionou a recuperação de um conjunto de atividades que foram priorizadas de acordo com a caracterização do projeto, definindo elementos obrigatórios e opcionais e o acréscimo de requisitos de adaptação. Facilitando, desta forma, a adequação do processo utilizado para diferentes contextos de projetos. Conclui-se que a abordagem auxilia o engenheiro de processos a tomar decisões na seleção do conjunto de elementos de processos mais adequados as exigências de adaptação e contexto do projeto.

There isn t a unique development process suitable for all software projects. Standards and quality models such as ISO/IEC 15504, MPS.BR, CMM and CMMI, recommend the process tailoring to satisfy specific project features. However process tailoring is a complex task because it requires knowledge and expertise of who performs. The incomplete or duplicate process elements selection can generate ambiguities which may disturb the project progress and generate distrust in relation to the tailored process. This dissertation presents a systematic strategy to completeness and internal consistency validation of the elements that are part of the tailored process, call fragments. The aim is to contribute to improving the software development process quality and help the process engineer on the process tailoring task, providing complete and consistent process elements which are prioritized according to the project features. To support the proposed strategy have benn developed: i) ontology to similarity recognition among process; ii) a metamodel for process tailoring; iii) a web toll for complete and consistent process definition. The proposed strategy facilitates the work of the engineer showing which elements are adequate (complete and consistent) to be part of the tailored process and enables the elimination of inconsistences lead to improving the process. / Não existe um modelo de processo de desenvolvimento único para ser adotado para todos os projetos de software. Normas e modelos de qualidade como a norma ISO/IEC 15504, MPS.BR, CMM e o CMMI preconizam que a adaptação de processos seja realizada para satisfazer às necessidades específicas dos projetos. Entretanto, a atividade de adaptar um processo de software é considerada uma tarefa complexa, exigindo conhecimento e experiência de quem a realiza. A seleção de elementos de processo incompletos, ou duplicados podem gerar ambiguidades que podem comprometer o andamento do projeto e gerar desconfiança para com o processo adaptado. Esta dissertação apresenta uma estratégia sistemática para validação da completude e consistência interna dos elementos formadores do processo adaptado, neste trabalho chamados fragmentos. O objetivo é contribuir para a melhoria da qualidade dos processos de desenvolvimento de software adaptados e auxiliar o engenheiro de processos na tarefa de adaptação de processos, fornecendo elementos de processo completos, consistentes e priorizados de acordo com as características do projeto. Para apoiar a proposta, foram desenvolvidas: i) uma ontologia para reconhecimento da similaridade em processos; ii) um metamodelo para adaptação de processos e iii) uma ferramenta web para definição de processos completos e consistentes. A estratégia proposta facilita o trabalho do engenheiro de processos informando para este quais elementos são adequados (completos e consistentes), e possibilita a eliminação de inconsistências levando a melhoria do processo.

Rotating and non-rotating beams are widely used to model important engineering struc-tures. Hence, the vibration analyses of these beams are an important problem from a structural dynamics point of view. Depending on the beam dimensions, they are mod-eled using different beam theories. In most cases, the governing differential equations of these types of beams do not yield any simple closed-form solutions; hence we look for the inverse problem approach in determining the beam property variations given certain solutions. The long and slender beams are generally modeled using the Euler-Bernoulli beam theory. Under the premise of this theory, we study (i) the second mode tailoring of non-rotating beams having six different boundary conditions, (ii) closed-form solutions for free vibration analysis of free-free beams, (iii) closed-form solutions for free vibration analysis for gravity-loaded cantilever beams, (iv) closed-form solutions for free vibration analysis of rotating cantilever and pinned-free beams and (v) beams with shared eigen-pair. Short and thick beams are generally modeled using the Timoshenko beam theory. Here, we provide analytical closed-form solutions for the free vibration analysis of ro-tating non-homogeneous Timoshenko beams. The Rayleigh beam provides a marginal improvement over the Euler-Bernoulli beam theory without venturing into the math-ematical complexities of the Timoshenko beam theory. Under this theory, we provide closed-form solutions for the free vibration analysis of cantilever Rayleigh beams under three different axial loading conditions - uniform loading, gravity-loading and centrifu-gally loaded. We assume simple polynomial mode shapes which satisfy the different boundary conditions of a particular beam, and derive the corresponding beam property variations. In case of the shared eigenpair, we use the mode shape of a uniform beam which has a closed-form solution and use it to derive the stiffness distribution of a corresponding axially loaded beam having same length, mass variation and boundary condition. For the Timoshenko beam, we assume polynomial functions for the bending displacement and the rotation due to bending. The derived properties are demonstrated as benchmark analytical solutions for approximate and numerical methods used for the free vibration analysis of beams. They can also aid in designing actual beams for a pre-specified frequency or nodal locations in some cases. The effect of different parameters in the derived property variations and the bounds on the pre-specified frequencies and nodal locations are also studied for certain cases. The derived analytical solutions can also serve as a benchmark solution for different statistical simulation tools to find the probabilistic nature of the derived stiffness distri-bution for known probability distributions of the pre-specified frequencies. In presence of uncertainty, this flexural stiffness is treated as a spatial random field. For known probability distributions of the natural frequencies, the corresponding distribution of this field is determined analytically for the rotating cantilever Euler-Bernoulli beams. The derived analytical solutions are also used to derive the coefficient of variation of the stiffness distribution, which is further used to optimize the beam profile to maximize the allowable tolerances during manufacturing.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Software development organizations are involved in different scenarios with distinct projects in relation to specific project characteristics and demands. There isn´t a software process model appropriate for all projects and/or organizations. The best process depends of the project context. Situational Method Engineering (SME) proposes the building of specific software development methods for each project according to its situational characteristics from method fragments stored in a repository. This work proposes a systematic approach for building a specific development software process for each project through tailoring process based on SME concepts, called OSPTA Octopus SME Process Tailoring Approach. OSPTA uses stored method fragments which include practices recommended by agile and planned process. These fragments are retrieved according to one or more tailoring criteria (tailoring process requirements) and are prioritized from contextual factors defined by Octopus Model. The technique used for this prioritization is Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) technique to guide the process engineers in choosing the best fragments to include into organization s standard software process (PSPO). A metamodel was proposed to define method fragments. A support tool was developed to validate the proposed approach through case studies which use project risks as tailoring criteria. / As organizações de desenvolvimento de software estão envolvidas em um ambiente dinâmico, com diferentes cenários de acordo com as características e demandas específicas de cada projeto de software. Não há um processo de software que atenda as necessidades específicas de todos os projetos e/ou organizações. Assim, a adequação de um processo de desenvolvimento de software depende do contexto do projeto. Situational Method Engineering (SME) propõe a construção de métodos de desenvolvimento de software específicos para cada projeto de acordo com as características situacionais dos mesmos a partir de fragmentos de métodos armazenados em um repositório. Este trabalho propõe uma abordagem sistemática para a construção de processos de desenvolvimento de software específicos para cada projeto a partir da adaptação de processos, com base em conceitos de SME, chamada OSPTA Octopus SME Process Tailoring Approach. OSPTA utiliza fragmentos de métodos armazenados em um repositório, os quais incluem práticas preconizadas por processos ágeis e planejados. Tais fragmentos são recuperados de acordo com um ou mais critério de adaptação, ou requisitos para o processo adaptado, e são priorizados de acordo com fatores de contextualização de projetos de software definidos no Octopus Model. A técnica usada para esta priorização é Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP), para guiar os engenheiros de processo na escolha dos melhores fragmentos para serem incluídos no processo de software padrão da organização (PSPO), dando origem ao processo adaptado, específico para o projeto. Um metamodelo foi proposto para a definição de fragmentos de métodos para serem utilizados na abordagem. Foi desenvolvida uma ferramenta para apoiar a abordagem proposta. Estudos de caso considerando riscos do projeto como critério de adaptação foram elaborados para validar a abordagem.

This ethnographic study investigates the experiences of those learning tailoring and trading in Freetown, Sierra Leone via apprenticeships, other on-the-job training or Technical and Vocational Education and Training programs (TVET). I examine these forms of occupational training by investigating the practices underway, how knowledge transmission occurs, as well as why learners engage with and what they get out of these activities. I consider how the job learners utilise occupational training as a manner of increasing social, cultural and economic capital in Bourdieu's sense of those terms to navigate the urban labour market.     I find that the learners aspire fundamentally to social mobility and a sense of self-worth. To achieve this, they use four main tactics: flexibility, reframing, co-operation and diligence. However, I find all tactics are developed in response to greatly circumscribed opportunities to obtain a good and stable income, and increased social status, due to structural inequality. Local political neoliberal discourse on youth unemployment emphasising diligence, belies these inequities and the limited ways in which social mobility is within the individual’s control. Hence, I argue, a focus on training without addressing structural inequality is inadequate.     As the training usually does not lead to paid and reliable employment, I argue it serves more fundamentally as a form of moral education and a vehicle for personal and social development. I argue it helps develop certain personal moral traits and alleviate society's concern about immoral "idle youth". Further, that it helps develop what I term resilience capital; that is, the hard-working and stubborn disposition developed by reframing previous experiences of adversity, which may later assist the individual in acquiring other forms of capital.     Although not its main focus, this study also seeks to contribute to academic scholarship through developing our understanding of knowledge transmission. I find that the process of knowledge transmission is fundamentally social and shaped by hierarchy, subjective positions of power, the inculcation of moral and ethical values, and more dependent for success on various forms of capital than it might at first appear.