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A solução fixadora a partir do formaldeído permanece ate os dias de hoje como o composto fixador \"padrão ouro\" para trabalho de rotina. Porém, este é classificado como cancerígeno para os seres humanos e , portanto, representa um risco para qualquer pessoa manusear. Assim, a busca por substitutos tem sido motivada, e, mais recentemente, surgiram algumas soluções alternativas com potencial para substituí-lo. A maioria destas soluções alternativas são à base de álcool , e a maior parte delas são apenas para amostras microscópicas. A partir do conhecimento de ácido tânico para estabilizar a elastina e o colágeno, diluído em glutaraldeído, para microscopia eletrônica, bem como para próteses biológicas, emerge a ideia de uma nova solução fixadora alcoólica, contendo ácido tânico como componente principal. Em análises microscópicas coração, cérebro, intestino e rins foram coletados e preservados sendo armazenados em diferentes soluções fixadoras (10 % de formalina v/v, 70 % de álcool e solução alcoólica de ácido tânico), e preparado para procedimentos histológicos de rotina. Adicionalmente, ratos wistar inteiros foram fixados com a solução alcoólica de ácido tânico ou formalina e estudantes de medicina que praticam dissecção há pelo menos 2 anos ou mais, dissecaram estes espécimes durante o curso de dissecação, como uma alternativa para adquirir habilidades básicas de cirurgia e responderam a um questionário detalhado que inferia sobre a qualidade da peça a ser dissecada. A toxicidade do composto foi analisada por ensaio \"in silico\" para o sistema respiratório e a cutis. A análise microscópica mostrou que solução à base de ácido tânico pode ser melhor que os outros fixadores comuns testados diversos parâmetros, e houve diferença entre os tecidos analisados. Entretanto, o resultado microscópico mais importante foi que esta nova solução possui forte capacidade de preservar e estabilizar a elastina e o colágeno, demonstrando resultados melhores em relação aos outros fixadores. Os resultados macroscópicos revelaram também uma superioridade da solução de ácido tânico em diversos parâmetros analisados, como odor, textura e flexibilidade durante dissecção. A toxicidade da solução de ácido tânico para cútis e sistema respiratório foi considerada moderada em relação à formalina que é considerada altamente tóxica. Concluímos que a solução fixadora de ácido tânico é eficaz para macro e para microscopia, é menos tóxica do que o formaldeído e inodora. Portanto, pode ser uma alternativa real para a evitar a utilização de formol, diminuindo os fatores de risco durante a manipulação de cadáveres e tecidos fixados. / The fixative solution from the formaldehyde remains until nowadays as the \"gold standard\" for routine work fixative compounds. Nevertheless, it is classified as carcinogenic to humans and, therefore, represents a risk to anyone handling the solution. Thus, the search for formaldehyde substitutes has been motivated, and more recently, some alternative solutions with potential to replace it have appeared. Most of these alternative solutions are alcohol-based, and most of them are only for microscopic specimens. From the knowledge that tannic acid diluted in glutaraldehyde can stabilize elastin and collagen for electron microscopy as well as for bioprotheses, emerge the idea for a new alcoholic fixative solution, containing tanic acid as the main component. For microscopical analyses heart, brain, intestine and kidneys were collected and preserved in different fixative solutions (10% v/v regular formalin, 70% alcohol and tannic acid alcoholic solution), and prepared for routine histology procedures. Additionally, whole wistar rats were fixed in the tanic acid alcohol-based solution or formalin and medicine students, who practice dissection for at least 2 or more years, dissected the rats during the dissection course, as an alternative to acquire basic surgery skills and answered a detailed questionnaire about the quality of dissected specimen. The toxicity of the compound was analyzed by in silico tests for cutais and respiratory system. The microscopial analysis showed that tannic acid based solution could be better than others common fixatives as tested in several parameters, and there are differences among tissues. Moreover, the most important microscopic result was that this new solution showed a strong capability to preserve and stabilize elastin and collagen, shppwing better results in relation to other analysed fixatives. The macroscopial analyses also showed better results of tannic acid solution for several parameters, as odor, texture and flexibility during dissection. The toxicity of tannic acid solution for skin and respiratory system was considered moderate in relation to formaldehyde, which is considered highly toxic. We conclude that tanic acid solution is efficient to preserve tissues for macroand microscopical studies, is less toxic than formaldehyde and odorless. Therefore, it could be a real alternative to avoid the regular use of formalin, decreasing risk factors to the ones manipulating fixed corpses and tissues.

Orientador: Mario de Oliveira Neto / Resumo: A biomassa lignocelulósica pode ser usada para a produção de energia ou de novos bioprodutos potenciais substitutos de químicos convencionais. Porém a conversão dos polissacarídeos estruturais presentes na parede celular vegetal das células que compõe a biomassa não é simples. Isto se deve principalmente pela presença da lignina, que juntamente com a hemicelulose, formam uma estrutura coesa de microfibrilas que entrelaçam a celulose. Compostos que inibem as enzimas celulolíticas, incluindo fenólicos solúveis (derivados da lignina), açúcares solúveis, aldeídos de furano e ácidos fracos são gerados durante os diversos pré-tratamentos utilizados atualmente. Neste estudo, observamos como os fenólicos solúveis interagem com -glicosidases. Para isso, combinamos simulações de ensaio enzimático, docking molecular e dinâmica molecular para descrever o processo de ligação. Notavelmente, o ácido tânico, um dos fenólicos solúveis estudados, foi a molécula com maior poder inibitório em comparação com todos os demais fenólicos. Possivelmente devido ao seu comprimento e suas substituições de grupos químicos. A alta presença de anéis aromáticos e grupos hidroxilas no ácido tânico, leva a maior interação entre as moléculas e consequente inibição/desativação das β-glicosidases bacterianas, enquanto os grupos carboxílicos presentes nos demais fenólicos alteram os efeitos físico-químicos aumentando a hidrofobicidade; criando cargas eletrostáticas e aumentando a ligação de hidrogênio, afetando a... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: Lignocellulosic biomass can be transformed to chemicals or energy products. However converting polysaccharides present on the cell wall can be limitated due to the high recalcitrance caused by the presence of lignin. Compounds that inhibit enzymes, including lignin-derived phenolics, soluble sugars, furan aldehydes, and weak acids, are generated during the various pre-treatments currently used. In this study was observed how the soluble phenolics generated significantly impede the enzymatic hydrolysis of cellulose. For this were combine enzymatic assay, molecular docking and molecular dynamics simulations to describe the binding process between soluble phenolics and bacterial β-glycosidases. Notably, tannic acid, one of the soluble phenolics generated, was the strongest inhibitory molecule in comparison with all phenolics studied. Possibly because of its length and its substitutions of chemical groups. The high presence of aromatic rings and hydroxyl groups in tannic acid leads to greater interaction between the molecules and consequent inhibition / deactivation of bacterial β-glycosidases. Taken together, our studies of the interaction suggest that there is a high correlation between exposed hydrophobic surface areas and the number of binding sites on the inhibition of βglucosidases. These data may provide a useful basis for future biotechnological applications of microbial β-glucosidases, especially in the field of biofuel production. / Doutor

Cancer is the second leading cause of death after cardiovascular diseases in the world. Many of the chemical carcinogens need metabolic activation that catalyzed by cytochrome P450 and Phase II enzymes in order to exert their genotoxic and carcinogenic effects. Hence one possible mechanism is that phenolic compounds may alter anticarcinogenic effects is through an interaction with these enzymes either by the inhibition or activation of certain forms, leading to a reduced production of the ultimate carcinogen. Therefore anti-carcinogen activity of tannic acid, a hydrolyzable plant polyphenol, has a crucial importance to prevent conversion of pro-carcinogens to their carcinogenic form. Tannic acid is produced from secondary metabolism of plants and is found in edible vegetables, fruits and nuts, especially tea, cocoa, coffee and wine. In the present work, modulation of rabbit liver and kidney microsomal P450 dependent aniline 4-hydroxylase, N-nitrosodimethylamine N-demethylase and p-nitrophenol hydroxylase activities and cytosolic phase II enzymes / glutathione S-transferase (GST), NAD(P)H:quinone oxidoreductase:1 (NQO1) were studied in the presence of tannic acid at concentrations ranging from 0.5 &micro / M to 150 &micro / M in the reaction medium. The results obtained in this study were shown that tannic acid significantly inhibited the activities of p-nitrophenol hydroxylase, aniline 4-hydroxylase, NDMA N-demethylase, glutathione S-transferase, NAD(P)H:quinine oxidoreductase 1. Tannic acid was found to be the most potent inhibitor of cytosolic glutathione S-transferase with IC50 of 0.33 &micro / M and the least potent inhibitor of microsomal aniline 4-hydroxylase.with IC50 of 60.26 &micro / M. Effect of tannic acid on enzyme activities was further studied for both mode and type of inhibition. For this purpose various concentrations of the substrate were examined at various tannic acid concentrations. Lineweaver-Burk and Dixon plots were then generated from the resulting data sets. The Km value and inhibition constants (KI) were determined from double reciprocal and Dixon plot of the enzyme activity versus substrate and inhibitor concentration, respectively. Tannic acid was shown to be a noncompetitive inhibitor for liver cytosolic GST, NQO1 and microsomal aniline 4- hydroxylase enzymes with KI of 0.3 &micro / M, 41 &micro / M and 54.7 &micro / M, respectively. On the other hand, in kidney tissues, tannic acid was an uncompetitive inhibitor of cytosolic GST, while it was noncompetitive inhibitor for cytosolic NQO1 with a KI of 12.6 &micro / M. These results indicate that tannic acid may modulate cytochrome P450 dependent and Phase II enzymes and influence the metabolic activation of xenobiotics mediated by these enzymes.

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Les polyphénols, métabolites essentiels des végétaux, possèdent des propriétés intéressantes pour la santé : antioxydants, antimicrobiens ou anticarcinogéniques mais aussi pour la physico-chimie : amphiphiles, donneurs et accepteurs de liaisons hydrogènes, complexation avec les ions métalliques. Cette thèse a pour but d’utiliser un polyphénol : l’acide tannique (AT) afin de fonctionnaliser des matériaux sous différentes formes. Tout d’abord, l’AT a permis de structurer des fibres électrospinnées d’acide poly-lactique à l’aide de la technique de co-électrospinning-électrospraying pour la régénération de la pulpe dentaire. Ensuite, il a été possible de réaliser pour la première fois des fibres électrospinnées d’AT pur et de les réticuler ouvrant la porte à une synthèse « verte » de fibres pour la catalyse notamment. Enfin, des films multicouches à l’aide d’enzymes ont été construits permettant d’obtenir des films ayant à la fois une activité enzymatique et une électro-activité. / Polyphenols are essential metabolites in vegetal kingdom. They have interesting properties both for healthcare and physical-chemistry : they are antioxidant, antimicrobial or anticarcinogenic and they are amphiphilic, hydrogen-bond acceptors and donors and they can chelate with metallic cations. This thesis aims to use a polyphenol : tannic acid (TA) to design functionnal materials. To begin, for a dental pulp engineerig purpose, TA was used to structure electrospun fibers of poly-lactic acid by using the technics of co-electrospinning-electrospraying. Then, for the first time, it was possible to electrospin fibres from a solution of pure TA. To consider applications, it was possible to cross-link these fibres. This result paves the way for a green synthesis of electrospun membranes. To finish, multilayer enzymatic films were made with TA and alkaline phosphatase or lysozyme. Films have both enzymatic properties and electro-activity due to TA.

A solução fixadora a partir do formaldeído permanece ate os dias de hoje como o composto fixador \"padrão ouro\" para trabalho de rotina. Porém, este é classificado como cancerígeno para os seres humanos e , portanto, representa um risco para qualquer pessoa manusear. Assim, a busca por substitutos tem sido motivada, e, mais recentemente, surgiram algumas soluções alternativas com potencial para substituí-lo. A maioria destas soluções alternativas são à base de álcool , e a maior parte delas são apenas para amostras microscópicas. A partir do conhecimento de ácido tânico para estabilizar a elastina e o colágeno, diluído em glutaraldeído, para microscopia eletrônica, bem como para próteses biológicas, emerge a ideia de uma nova solução fixadora alcoólica, contendo ácido tânico como componente principal. Em análises microscópicas coração, cérebro, intestino e rins foram coletados e preservados sendo armazenados em diferentes soluções fixadoras (10 % de formalina v/v, 70 % de álcool e solução alcoólica de ácido tânico), e preparado para procedimentos histológicos de rotina. Adicionalmente, ratos wistar inteiros foram fixados com a solução alcoólica de ácido tânico ou formalina e estudantes de medicina que praticam dissecção há pelo menos 2 anos ou mais, dissecaram estes espécimes durante o curso de dissecação, como uma alternativa para adquirir habilidades básicas de cirurgia e responderam a um questionário detalhado que inferia sobre a qualidade da peça a ser dissecada. A toxicidade do composto foi analisada por ensaio \"in silico\" para o sistema respiratório e a cutis. A análise microscópica mostrou que solução à base de ácido tânico pode ser melhor que os outros fixadores comuns testados diversos parâmetros, e houve diferença entre os tecidos analisados. Entretanto, o resultado microscópico mais importante foi que esta nova solução possui forte capacidade de preservar e estabilizar a elastina e o colágeno, demonstrando resultados melhores em relação aos outros fixadores. Os resultados macroscópicos revelaram também uma superioridade da solução de ácido tânico em diversos parâmetros analisados, como odor, textura e flexibilidade durante dissecção. A toxicidade da solução de ácido tânico para cútis e sistema respiratório foi considerada moderada em relação à formalina que é considerada altamente tóxica. Concluímos que a solução fixadora de ácido tânico é eficaz para macro e para microscopia, é menos tóxica do que o formaldeído e inodora. Portanto, pode ser uma alternativa real para a evitar a utilização de formol, diminuindo os fatores de risco durante a manipulação de cadáveres e tecidos fixados. / The fixative solution from the formaldehyde remains until nowadays as the \"gold standard\" for routine work fixative compounds. Nevertheless, it is classified as carcinogenic to humans and, therefore, represents a risk to anyone handling the solution. Thus, the search for formaldehyde substitutes has been motivated, and more recently, some alternative solutions with potential to replace it have appeared. Most of these alternative solutions are alcohol-based, and most of them are only for microscopic specimens. From the knowledge that tannic acid diluted in glutaraldehyde can stabilize elastin and collagen for electron microscopy as well as for bioprotheses, emerge the idea for a new alcoholic fixative solution, containing tanic acid as the main component. For microscopical analyses heart, brain, intestine and kidneys were collected and preserved in different fixative solutions (10% v/v regular formalin, 70% alcohol and tannic acid alcoholic solution), and prepared for routine histology procedures. Additionally, whole wistar rats were fixed in the tanic acid alcohol-based solution or formalin and medicine students, who practice dissection for at least 2 or more years, dissected the rats during the dissection course, as an alternative to acquire basic surgery skills and answered a detailed questionnaire about the quality of dissected specimen. The toxicity of the compound was analyzed by in silico tests for cutais and respiratory system. The microscopial analysis showed that tannic acid based solution could be better than others common fixatives as tested in several parameters, and there are differences among tissues. Moreover, the most important microscopic result was that this new solution showed a strong capability to preserve and stabilize elastin and collagen, shppwing better results in relation to other analysed fixatives. The macroscopial analyses also showed better results of tannic acid solution for several parameters, as odor, texture and flexibility during dissection. The toxicity of tannic acid solution for skin and respiratory system was considered moderate in relation to formaldehyde, which is considered highly toxic. We conclude that tanic acid solution is efficient to preserve tissues for macroand microscopical studies, is less toxic than formaldehyde and odorless. Therefore, it could be a real alternative to avoid the regular use of formalin, decreasing risk factors to the ones manipulating fixed corpses and tissues.

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Objectives: In the present in situ/ex vivo study the impact of tannic acid on the erosion-protective properties of the enamel pellicle was tested. Additionally, the antiadherent and antibacterial effects of tannic acid were evaluated. Methods: The pellicle was formed in situ on bovine enamel samples fixed on individual splints worn by 6 subjects. Following 1 min of pellicle formation the volunteers rinsed for 10 min with tannic acid. After further oral exposure for 19 min, 109 min, and 8 h overnight, respectively, slabs were incubated in HCl ex vivo (pH 2.0, 2.3, 3.0) over 120 s. Subsequently, kinetics of calcium and phosphate release were measured photometrically. Samples after a 1-min fluoride mouth rinse as well as enamel samples with and without a 30-min in situ pellicle served as controls. Antiadherent effects were evaluated after a 1-min rinse with tannic acid and oral exposure of the slabs overnight. DAPI (4 ′ ,6-diamidino2-phenylindole) combined with concanavalin A staining and live/dead staining was used for fluorescence microscopic visualization and quantification of adherent bacteria and glucans. Modification of the pellicle’s ultrastructure by tannic acid was evaluated by transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Results: Tannic acid significantly improved the erosion-protective properties of the pellicle in a pH-dependent manner. Bacterial adherence and glucan formation on enamel were significantly reduced after rinses with tannic acid as investigated by fluorescence microscopy. TEM imaging indicated that rinsing with tannic acid yielded a sustainable modification of the pellicle; it was distinctly more electron dense. Conclusion: Tannic acid offers an effective and sustainable approach for the prevention of caries and erosion.