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Polymers films and membranes with immobile and irreversible reactive sites can provide significant barrier properties for packaging materials. There is a need to develop mathematical models to understand the behavior of these reactive materials and to confidently extrapolate experimental data. Due to mechanical and optical requirements, barrier films may consist of composites, such as polymer blends and multilayer films with alternating reactive and inert layers. The reactive term that consumes the mobile species in the governing transport equations for such materials is a function of both the mobile species and the immobilized reactive sites, leading to non-linear partial differential equations that typically have to be solved numerically. Composite structures add to the complexity of the model. For the polymer blend, a multiscale model was developed, incorporating the reactive details within the particle into the bulk transport equation. For the multilayer film, initial conditions and diffusion coefficients were assigned independently for reactive or inert layers. The models developed for the three configurations were solved numerically over a wide parameter space. Three regimes were identified, namely early times characterized by an initial flux plateau, and intermediate regime, and long times, characterized by the time lag. Asymptotic analysis of the homogeneous model was used to develop analytical predictions for the three regimes, obviating the need to numerically solve the model’s non-linear equations. These predictions were generalized to polymer blends. For multilayer films, predictions for early and long times were developed. Results for polymer blends and multilayer composites were compared and discussions of the most suitable configuration for different scenarios were presented. The reactive barrier configurations studied require the knowledge of parameters such as reaction rates and coefficients of diffusion and solubility of the reactive polymer. Model and predictive equations have been developed to describe the transient mass uptake in reactive homogeneous films, enabling the extraction of these parameters from sorption experiments. / text

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Les polyphénols, métabolites essentiels des végétaux, possèdent des propriétés intéressantes pour la santé : antioxydants, antimicrobiens ou anticarcinogéniques mais aussi pour la physico-chimie : amphiphiles, donneurs et accepteurs de liaisons hydrogènes, complexation avec les ions métalliques. Cette thèse a pour but d’utiliser un polyphénol : l’acide tannique (AT) afin de fonctionnaliser des matériaux sous différentes formes. Tout d’abord, l’AT a permis de structurer des fibres électrospinnées d’acide poly-lactique à l’aide de la technique de co-électrospinning-électrospraying pour la régénération de la pulpe dentaire. Ensuite, il a été possible de réaliser pour la première fois des fibres électrospinnées d’AT pur et de les réticuler ouvrant la porte à une synthèse « verte » de fibres pour la catalyse notamment. Enfin, des films multicouches à l’aide d’enzymes ont été construits permettant d’obtenir des films ayant à la fois une activité enzymatique et une électro-activité. / Polyphenols are essential metabolites in vegetal kingdom. They have interesting properties both for healthcare and physical-chemistry : they are antioxidant, antimicrobial or anticarcinogenic and they are amphiphilic, hydrogen-bond acceptors and donors and they can chelate with metallic cations. This thesis aims to use a polyphenol : tannic acid (TA) to design functionnal materials. To begin, for a dental pulp engineerig purpose, TA was used to structure electrospun fibers of poly-lactic acid by using the technics of co-electrospinning-electrospraying. Then, for the first time, it was possible to electrospin fibres from a solution of pure TA. To consider applications, it was possible to cross-link these fibres. This result paves the way for a green synthesis of electrospun membranes. To finish, multilayer enzymatic films were made with TA and alkaline phosphatase or lysozyme. Films have both enzymatic properties and electro-activity due to TA.

No / The effect of side stream channel height on flow stability in 30 degrees coextrusion geometries was investigated. The studies were conducted on a Dow LD150R low density polyethylene melt using a single extruder to feed a flow cell in which the delivered melt stream was split before, and rejoined after, a divider plate in a slit die. Wave type interfacial instability occurred at critical stream thickness ratios. Reducing the side stream channel height broadened the layer ratio operating range before the onset of interfacial instability, therefore improving process stability. Stress fields were quantified and used to validate principal stress differences of numerically modelled flow. Stress field features promoting interfacial instability in each of the die geometries were identified. Interfacial instability resulted when the stress gradient across the interface was asymmetric and accompanied by a non-monotonic decay in the stress along the interface from its inception.

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No / Pressure variation during the coextrusion of two low density polyethylene melts was investigated. Melt streams were delivered to a die from two separate extruders to converge in a 30 degrees degrees geometry to form a two layer extrudate. Melt flow in the confluent region and die land to the die exit was observed through side windows of a visualisation cell. Stream velocity ratio was varied by control of extruder screw speeds. Layer thickness ratios producing wave type interfacial instability were quantified for each melt coextruded on itself and for the combined melts. Stream pressures and screw speeds were monitored and analysed. Wave type interfacial instability was present during the processing of the melts at specific, repeatable, stream layer ratios. Increased melt elasticity appeared to promote this type of instability. Analysis of process data indicates little correlation between perturbations in extruder screw speeds and stream pressures. The analysis did however show covariance between the individual stream pressure perturbations. Interestingly there was significant correlation even when interfacial instability was not present. We conclude that naturally occurring variation in extruder screw speeds do not perturb stream pressures and, more importantly, natural perturbations in stream pressures do not promote interfacial instability.

L’oxyde nitrique (NO) est un messager gazeux jouant de nombreux rôles physiologiques, en particulier au niveau du système cardiovasculaire. Sa biodisponibilité est limitée par sa demi-vie très courte et sa combinaison avec les thiols le stabilise et en assure le stockage et le transport. La diminution de la production endogène de NO observée dans les maladies cardiovasculaires place les médicaments donneurs de NO au centre de nouvelles stratégies thérapeutiques. Cette étude a été dédiée au développement de nouveaux matériaux réservoirs de NO. Tout d’abord, la serumalbumine (SA) a été nitrosée selon trois processus afin d’obtenir un composé mono-S-nitrosé biocompatible. Ensuite, en vue d’obtenir un réservoir à forte capacité de charge en NO, des nanoparticules d’or recouvertes par l’acide dihydrolipoïque, AuNP@DHLA ont été greffées par un nombre élevé de molécules de glutathion réduit (GSH). Il en résulte un fort pouvoir anti-oxydant des nanoparticules synthétisées (AuNP@DHLA-(GSH)n) qui devrait éviter de perturber l’état redox in vivo. De plus, ce nano-objet s’avère poly-S-nitrosable, en s’appuyant sur l’expérience acquise avec la macromolécule SA-SNO. Enfin, des nanoparticules stabilisées par les ions citrate (AuNP-citrate) très instables en condition physiologique ont été incorporées à des films multicouches de polyélectrolytes, obtenus par assemblage couche-par-couche. Il en résulte une stabilisation des AuNP et le film les contenant présente une excellente cyto/hémocompatibilité. Ces travaux ouvrent la voie à l’incorporation des nanoparticules AuNP@DHLA-(GSH)n dans un film multicouches, à leur nitrosation et au dépôt du matériau final en tant que réservoir de NO sur des dispositifs médicaux pour le traitement de maladies cardiovasculaires / Nitric oxide (NO) is a gaseous messenger playing numerous physiological roles, especially in the cardiovascular system. However, its bioavailability is limited due to a short half-life. The combination to thiols increases its stability and facilitates its storage and transport. Thus NO donor drugs represent a promising therapeutic approach in such diseases. The present study aimed at developing NO reservoirs. Firstly, serum albumin (SA) was S-nitrosated through three chemical pathways to prepare SA-SNO. Then, potential NO reservoirs with high loading capacity were developed by anchoring reduced glutathione (GSH) to dihydrolipoic acid capped gold nanoparticles, AuNP@DHLA. The obtained AuNP@DHLA-(GSH)n showed stronger antioxidant power and they will be able not to disturb the cell homeostasis. Its further poly-S-nitrosation will benefit from the S-nitrosation of SA as both macromolecular possess free thiols. In parallel, citrate ions stabilized AuNP were entrapped in multilayer polyelectrolyte films using layer-by-layer (LbL) assemblies, providing proof-of-concept of multilayer films as a useful tool to protect AuNP from degradation and increase the cyto/hemocompatibility toward biological elements. The present work opens the window to S-nitrosate AuNP@DHLA-(GSH)n either as a colloidal solution or immobilized in the multilayer system, which is expected to be applied into developing of NO eluting stent for the treatment of cardiovascular diseases