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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
61

Análise preditiva da resistência à deflexão dos instrumentos rotatórios de NiTi em diferentes diâmetros nominais, conicidades e temperaturas. / Predicted analyze of the resistance to the deflection of the NiTi rotary instruments in different nominal diameters, taper and temperatures.

Barbosa, Luciana Aparecida Pereira 17 March 2008 (has links)
O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a resistência à deflexão dos instrumentos endodônticos rotatórios K3 SybronEndo, de vários diâmetros nominais - padrão ISO - e diferentes conicidades, .02, .04 e .06. Avaliar se as alterações de temperatura de 25°C (ambiente) para 37°C (corpórea) e uma baixa temperatura 0°C influenciam de maneira significante na resistência à deflexão dos mesmos; e por último estabelecer uma equação para prever o comportamento desses instrumentos em relação a sua resistência à deflexão em diferentes ângulos de curvaturas. Foram utilizados cinco instrumentos K3 nos diâmetros nominais: #15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40 e 45 nas três conicidades: .06, .04, .02 totalizando 105 instrumentos que foram submetidos a um teste de deflexão numa máquina universal, onde se avaliou a resistência à deflexão destes instrumentos de 0° (instrumentos sem deflexão, reto) até um ângulo de deflexão de 16° nas três diferentes temperaturas: 27°C, 37°C e 0°C. Foram obtidos resultados onde a resistência à deflexão dos instrumentos não foi influenciada de modo significante nas alterações de temperatura analisadas e não seguem um padrão linear. O diâmetro nominal e principalmente a conicidade (taper) dos instrumentos influenciam de maneira significante na resistência à deflexão dos mesmos. Um teste de regressão linear por função polinomial de primeiro grau indicou que esses instrumentos apresentavam uma resistência à deflexão que segue um padrão linear, e pôde ser predito através da seguinte equação: RD = a + bx onde se é possível calcular a resistência à deflexão de um instrumento em um determinado ângulo de curvatura do canal radicular. / The aim of this work was to evaluate the resistance to the deflection of the SybronEndo K3 NiTi rotary instruments in relation to the nominal diameter standard ISO in the three tapers: .06, .04, .02; to evaluate if the temperature changes of 25°C (room temperature) to 37°C (body temperature) and a low temperature 0°C influence the resistance to the deflection of these instruments in a significant way; and at last, to establish an equation to foresee the behaviour of these instruments in relation to their resistance to the deflection in different angles of curvatures. Five K3 instruments were used in the nominal diameters: #15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, and 45 in the three tapers: .06, .04, .02 adding up 105 instruments, which were subjected to an deflection test in an universal machine, where it was evaluated the resistance to the deflection of these instruments of 0° (instruments without deflection, straight) until a angle of deflection of 16° in the three different temperatures: 27°C, 37°C and 0°C. It was obtained a result where the resistance to the deflection of the instruments was not influenced, in significant way, the analyzed temperature changes, and they do not follow a linear standard. The nominal diameter and mainly the taper of the instruments influence, in significant way, the Abstract resistance to the deflection of them. A linear regression test for polynomial function of first degree indicated that these instruments presented a resistance to the deflection that follows a linear standard, and it could be predicted through the equation: RD = a + bx where it is possible to calculate the resistance to the deflection of an instrument in a determinate angle of curvature of root canal.
62

Análise fotoelástica das tensões geradas por diferentes planejamentos de próteses parciais fixas cimentadas sobre implantes cone morse / Photoelastic analyses of stress generated by different designs of cemented-retained fixed partial denture on morse taper implants

Menani, Luiz Ricardo 28 August 2009 (has links)
O presente trabalho se propôs a avaliar, por meio de análise fotoelástica, o comportamento biomecânico de próteses parciais fixas cimentadas sobre implantes cone Morse (Titamax CM 4.0x11mm, Neodent) com coroas isoladas ou unidas, simulando a reabilitação de áreas posteriores com e sem a presença de elemento dental distal aos implantes, e ainda variando o tipo de material de recobrimento estético empregado na restauração protética (cerâmica ou resina), quando sobre estas próteses foram aplicadas diferentes tipos de cargas estáticas. Foi confeccionado um modelo fotoelástico simulando um espaço protético intercalado, com ausência do segundo pré-molar e primeiro molar, reabilitado por meio de quatro tipos de coroas cimentadas sobre dois implantes adjacentes: UC - coroas unidas com recobrimento estético em cerâmica; IC - coroas individuais com recobrimento estético em cerâmica; UR - coroas unidas com recobrimento estético em resina; IR - coroas individuais com recobrimento estético em resina. Análise fotoelástica qualitativa foi realizada sob diferentes condições de aplicação de carga na superfície oclusal das coroas: oclusal distribuída (10kgf), puntiforme simultânea (10kgf), puntiforme alternada no molar e no pré-molar (5kgf). A primeira análise foi feita na presença de contato proximal efetivo entre as próteses e o dente a distal dos implantes. A segunda análise foi realizada após a eliminação da coroa do dente distal no modelo fotoelástico. Registros fotográficos foram obtidos de cada situação de análise, a fim de facilitar a observação e comparação do padrão de distribuição das franjas isocromáticas em torno dos implantes. De acordo com os resultados obtidos, pode-se concluir que as restaurações cimentadas provocaram tensões no modelo fotoelástico mesmo quando da ausência de cargas oclusais. A ferulização das restaurações em cerâmica promoveu melhores distribuições das tensões isocromáticas em torno dos implantes. A presença do pilar distal com ponto de contato efetivo e ajustado nas restaurações modificou a distribuição das tensões isocromáticas, sendo que os estresses gerados pelas cargas oclusais foram também dissipados pelas réplicas dos dentes e transmitidos ao sistema fotoelástico. Ressalta-se a importância da obtenção de oclusão bem ajustada e equilibrada, para que haja adequada distribuição de forças aos implantes e osso de suporte, garantindo maior longevidade e previsibilidade de sucesso. / The purpose of this study was to evaluate the biomechanical behavior of fixed prostheses cemented over morse taper implants simulating a posterior rehabilitation with or without distal teeth to the implants, by use of a photoelastic stress analysis technique. Non-segmented or segmented ceramic or resin crowns were constructed over the implants and were evaluated when different static loads were applied. A photoelastic model simulating a prosthetic space without the second premolar and the first molar was done. The edentulous space was rehabilitated with crowns cemented over morse taper implants: UC = non-segmented ceramic crowns; IC = segmented ceramic crowns; UR = non-segmented resin crowns, and IR = segmented resin crowns. Qualitative photoelastic analysis was done with different loads conditions at the occlusal surface of the crowns: distributed occlusal (10kgf), punctiform over the first molar and second premolar simultaneously (5kgf), and punctiform over the first molar or second premolar alternatively (5kgf). The first analysis was done when the proximal contact was present between the crowns and the distal teeth to implants. The second was done after the remotion of the distal teeth at the photoelastic model. The resulting stress in all areas of the model was monitored and recorded photographically in the field of a circular polariscope. The fringe pattern findings were collected for the loadings subjected to each condition and loading position. According to the results obtained it would be concluded that the cemented restorations promoted stress even without occlusal loads. The ferulization of the ceramic restorations promoted a better stress distribution around the implants. The presence of the distal teeth with an effective and adjusted contact point modified the stress distribution. Stresses generated by occlusal loads was distributed by the replicas of the teeth and transmitted to the photoelastic system. The adjusted and balanced occlusion is important to the correct load distribution to the implants and support bone, which assure a better prognostic to the rehabilitation.
63

Análise fotoelástica das tensões geradas por diferentes planejamentos de próteses parciais fixas cimentadas sobre implantes cone morse / Photoelastic analyses of stress generated by different designs of cemented-retained fixed partial denture on morse taper implants

Luiz Ricardo Menani 28 August 2009 (has links)
O presente trabalho se propôs a avaliar, por meio de análise fotoelástica, o comportamento biomecânico de próteses parciais fixas cimentadas sobre implantes cone Morse (Titamax CM 4.0x11mm, Neodent) com coroas isoladas ou unidas, simulando a reabilitação de áreas posteriores com e sem a presença de elemento dental distal aos implantes, e ainda variando o tipo de material de recobrimento estético empregado na restauração protética (cerâmica ou resina), quando sobre estas próteses foram aplicadas diferentes tipos de cargas estáticas. Foi confeccionado um modelo fotoelástico simulando um espaço protético intercalado, com ausência do segundo pré-molar e primeiro molar, reabilitado por meio de quatro tipos de coroas cimentadas sobre dois implantes adjacentes: UC - coroas unidas com recobrimento estético em cerâmica; IC - coroas individuais com recobrimento estético em cerâmica; UR - coroas unidas com recobrimento estético em resina; IR - coroas individuais com recobrimento estético em resina. Análise fotoelástica qualitativa foi realizada sob diferentes condições de aplicação de carga na superfície oclusal das coroas: oclusal distribuída (10kgf), puntiforme simultânea (10kgf), puntiforme alternada no molar e no pré-molar (5kgf). A primeira análise foi feita na presença de contato proximal efetivo entre as próteses e o dente a distal dos implantes. A segunda análise foi realizada após a eliminação da coroa do dente distal no modelo fotoelástico. Registros fotográficos foram obtidos de cada situação de análise, a fim de facilitar a observação e comparação do padrão de distribuição das franjas isocromáticas em torno dos implantes. De acordo com os resultados obtidos, pode-se concluir que as restaurações cimentadas provocaram tensões no modelo fotoelástico mesmo quando da ausência de cargas oclusais. A ferulização das restaurações em cerâmica promoveu melhores distribuições das tensões isocromáticas em torno dos implantes. A presença do pilar distal com ponto de contato efetivo e ajustado nas restaurações modificou a distribuição das tensões isocromáticas, sendo que os estresses gerados pelas cargas oclusais foram também dissipados pelas réplicas dos dentes e transmitidos ao sistema fotoelástico. Ressalta-se a importância da obtenção de oclusão bem ajustada e equilibrada, para que haja adequada distribuição de forças aos implantes e osso de suporte, garantindo maior longevidade e previsibilidade de sucesso. / The purpose of this study was to evaluate the biomechanical behavior of fixed prostheses cemented over morse taper implants simulating a posterior rehabilitation with or without distal teeth to the implants, by use of a photoelastic stress analysis technique. Non-segmented or segmented ceramic or resin crowns were constructed over the implants and were evaluated when different static loads were applied. A photoelastic model simulating a prosthetic space without the second premolar and the first molar was done. The edentulous space was rehabilitated with crowns cemented over morse taper implants: UC = non-segmented ceramic crowns; IC = segmented ceramic crowns; UR = non-segmented resin crowns, and IR = segmented resin crowns. Qualitative photoelastic analysis was done with different loads conditions at the occlusal surface of the crowns: distributed occlusal (10kgf), punctiform over the first molar and second premolar simultaneously (5kgf), and punctiform over the first molar or second premolar alternatively (5kgf). The first analysis was done when the proximal contact was present between the crowns and the distal teeth to implants. The second was done after the remotion of the distal teeth at the photoelastic model. The resulting stress in all areas of the model was monitored and recorded photographically in the field of a circular polariscope. The fringe pattern findings were collected for the loadings subjected to each condition and loading position. According to the results obtained it would be concluded that the cemented restorations promoted stress even without occlusal loads. The ferulization of the ceramic restorations promoted a better stress distribution around the implants. The presence of the distal teeth with an effective and adjusted contact point modified the stress distribution. Stresses generated by occlusal loads was distributed by the replicas of the teeth and transmitted to the photoelastic system. The adjusted and balanced occlusion is important to the correct load distribution to the implants and support bone, which assure a better prognostic to the rehabilitation.
64

Análise preditiva da resistência à deflexão dos instrumentos rotatórios de NiTi em diferentes diâmetros nominais, conicidades e temperaturas. / Predicted analyze of the resistance to the deflection of the NiTi rotary instruments in different nominal diameters, taper and temperatures.

Luciana Aparecida Pereira Barbosa 17 March 2008 (has links)
O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a resistência à deflexão dos instrumentos endodônticos rotatórios K3 SybronEndo, de vários diâmetros nominais - padrão ISO - e diferentes conicidades, .02, .04 e .06. Avaliar se as alterações de temperatura de 25°C (ambiente) para 37°C (corpórea) e uma baixa temperatura 0°C influenciam de maneira significante na resistência à deflexão dos mesmos; e por último estabelecer uma equação para prever o comportamento desses instrumentos em relação a sua resistência à deflexão em diferentes ângulos de curvaturas. Foram utilizados cinco instrumentos K3 nos diâmetros nominais: #15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40 e 45 nas três conicidades: .06, .04, .02 totalizando 105 instrumentos que foram submetidos a um teste de deflexão numa máquina universal, onde se avaliou a resistência à deflexão destes instrumentos de 0° (instrumentos sem deflexão, reto) até um ângulo de deflexão de 16° nas três diferentes temperaturas: 27°C, 37°C e 0°C. Foram obtidos resultados onde a resistência à deflexão dos instrumentos não foi influenciada de modo significante nas alterações de temperatura analisadas e não seguem um padrão linear. O diâmetro nominal e principalmente a conicidade (taper) dos instrumentos influenciam de maneira significante na resistência à deflexão dos mesmos. Um teste de regressão linear por função polinomial de primeiro grau indicou que esses instrumentos apresentavam uma resistência à deflexão que segue um padrão linear, e pôde ser predito através da seguinte equação: RD = a + bx onde se é possível calcular a resistência à deflexão de um instrumento em um determinado ângulo de curvatura do canal radicular. / The aim of this work was to evaluate the resistance to the deflection of the SybronEndo K3 NiTi rotary instruments in relation to the nominal diameter standard ISO in the three tapers: .06, .04, .02; to evaluate if the temperature changes of 25°C (room temperature) to 37°C (body temperature) and a low temperature 0°C influence the resistance to the deflection of these instruments in a significant way; and at last, to establish an equation to foresee the behaviour of these instruments in relation to their resistance to the deflection in different angles of curvatures. Five K3 instruments were used in the nominal diameters: #15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, and 45 in the three tapers: .06, .04, .02 adding up 105 instruments, which were subjected to an deflection test in an universal machine, where it was evaluated the resistance to the deflection of these instruments of 0° (instruments without deflection, straight) until a angle of deflection of 16° in the three different temperatures: 27°C, 37°C and 0°C. It was obtained a result where the resistance to the deflection of the instruments was not influenced, in significant way, the analyzed temperature changes, and they do not follow a linear standard. The nominal diameter and mainly the taper of the instruments influence, in significant way, the Abstract resistance to the deflection of them. A linear regression test for polynomial function of first degree indicated that these instruments presented a resistance to the deflection that follows a linear standard, and it could be predicted through the equation: RD = a + bx where it is possible to calculate the resistance to the deflection of an instrument in a determinate angle of curvature of root canal.
65

Statistical modeling and design in forestry : The case of single tree models

Berhe, Leakemariam January 2008 (has links)
<p>Forest quantification methods have evolved from a simple graphical approach to complex regression models with stochastic structural components. Currently, mixed effects models methodology is receiving attention in the forestry literature. However, the review work (Paper I) indicates a tendency to overlook appropriate covariance structures in the NLME modeling process.</p><p>A nonlinear mixed effects modeling process is demonstrated in Paper II using Cupressus lustanica tree merchantable volume data and compared several models with and without covariance structures. For simplicity and clarity of the nonlinear mixed effects modeling, four phases of modeling were introduced. The nonlinear mixed effects model for C. lustanica tree merchantable volume with the covariance structures for both the random effects and within group errors has shown a significant improvement over the model with simplified covariance matrix. However, this statistical significance has little to explain in the prediction performance of the model.</p><p>In Paper III, using several performance indicator statistics, tree taper models were compared in an effort to propose the best model for the forest management and planning purpose of the C. lustanica plantations. Kozak's (1988) tree taper model was found to be the best for estimating C. lustanica taper profile.</p><p>Based on the Kozak (1988) tree taper model, a Ds optimal experimental design study is carried out in Paper IV. In this study, a Ds-optimal (sub) replication free design is suggested for the Kozak (1988) tree taper model.</p>
66

Capillary Electrochromatography-Mass Spectrometry (CEC-MS) of Surfactants

Norton, Dean Stephen 06 August 2007 (has links)
This research presents advancements in the coupling of capillary electrochromatography (CEC) to mass spectrometry (MS) for the analysis of different chemical classes of surfactants. Chapter 1 provides a brief introduction that summarizes the mechanics and fundamentals of CEC, including instrumentation and applications for CEC-MS. Chapter 2 describes the on-line hyphenation of a packed CEC column with an internally tapered tip coupled to electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry (ESI-MS) and atmospheric pressure chemical ionization-mass spectrometry (APCI-MS) for the analysis of betaine-type amphoteric or zwitterionic surfactants (Zwittergent®). The interesting aspects include CEC-MS column manufacture and charaterization, as well as a comparison between the CEC-ACPI-MS and CEC-ESI-MS ionization pattern of zwittergents. In Chapter 3, the CEC-MS of alkyltrimethyl-ammonium ions (ATMA+) with chain length ranging from C1-C18 is optimized using an internally tapered CEC-MS column packed with mixed mode C6/strong cation exchange stationary phase and coupled to an ESI source. In addition, the optimized CEC-ESI-MS protocol is applied for the challenging analysis of commercial sample Arquad S-50 ATMA+ containing cis-trans unsaturated and saturated soyabean fatty acid derivatives. In Chapter 4, a novel CEC-UV method for separation of the various Triton X-100 oligomers is presented. A systematic mobile phase tuning and comparison of monomeric vs. polymeric stationary phases was conducted. In Chapter 5, we present the first application of CEC coupled to MS for analysis of Triton X (TX-) series surfactants. A characterization from the viewpoint of the ion and adduct formation for TX-series nonionic surfactants with a variable number of ethoxy units (n=1.5-16) in the scan mode are first discussed. Next, utilizing the TX-series as model alkylphenolpolyethoxylates (APEOs), a detailed investigation of the chromatographic separation and MS detection are performed followed by analysis of very long chain TX series with n=30-70. In Chapter 6, CEC-MS utilizing full scan positive ion mode of ESI was employed to study the effect of fragmentor voltage on the in-source collision induced dissociation (IS-CID) of several APEO nonionic surfactants. Finally, in Chapter 7, the preparation and characterization of a novel liquid crystalline stationary phase suitable for separation of neutral and charged compounds in packed column CEC is evaluated.
67

MULTIMODE DEVICES IN COMMUNICATION AND SENSING SYSTEMS

Gong, Xiaoyu 13 May 2014 (has links)
Multimode devices play an increasingly important role in both communication and sensing systems. Mode division multiplexing (MDM) in multimode fiber (MMF) is becoming a promising method to further increase the capacity of optical transmission link with a controllable mode coupler. Similarly, optic sensors based on core-cladding-mode interference can be widely used in measurement of refractive index (RI), temperature and strain. Fiber Bragg gratings (FBGs) in single mode operation have been extensively studied as in-line optical components for both communication and sensing applications. In recent years, research has been extended to FBGs in few-mode operation as mode couplers in MDM applications. Experimentally, mode conversion from fundamental linear polarization (LP) mode LP01 to higher order LP11 mode in two-mode FBG (TMFBG) has been observed. Index asymmetry and electric field distortion induced by ultraviolet (UV) side illumination in fabrication of FBG make the two modes no longer orthogonal. However, its spectrum analysis mainly depends on experimental data and software simulation using the complex finite element method (FEM). Here a simpler theoretical model based on coupled mode theory (CMT) and Runge-Kutta method (RKM) is proposed. An analytical expression of the mode coupling coefficient is derived and the modeling results match very well with experimental data. Abrupt fiber tapers allow power transfer between core and cladding modes and show promise as RI sensing components when two abrupt tapers are cascaded into an in-line Mach-Zehnder interferometer (MZI). The main advantage of the MZI taper sensor is its low manufacturing cost. However, the optical spectrum analyzer (OSA) used as the receiver and demodulation device in the conventional setup is still expensive. Three simplified schemes of fiber taper MZI RI sensor systems are designed and demonstrated experimentally. The transmitter and the demodulation devices for the three schemes are a single wavelength laser and a photodetector (PD), two modulated lasers and a PD together with data acquisition and processing module, and a broadband source (BBS) and a PD together with matched MZI, respectively. In all those implementations OSA is not required, which significantly lowers the cost and leads to easy integration. Although extra modulation/demodulation devices are required, the second implementation has the best performance. Automatic operation is realized by LabVIEW programming. High sensitivity (2371 mV/RI unit (RIU)) and high stability are achieved experimentally. Those new schemes have great potential to be applied to other interferometric optic sensor systems. / Thesis (Master, Electrical & Computer Engineering) -- Queen's University, 2014-05-09 11:44:44.837
68

Deformation processes in great subduction zone earthquake cycles

Hu, Yan 29 April 2011 (has links)
This dissertation consists of two parts and investigates the crustal deformation associated with great subduction zone earthquake at two different spatial scales. At the small scale, I investigate the stress transfer along the megathrust during great earthquakes and its effects on the forearc wedge. At the large scale, I investigate the viscoelastic crustal deformation of the forearc and the back arc associated with great earthquakes. Part I: In a subduction zone, the frontal region of the forearc can be morphologically divided into the outer wedge and the inner wedge. The outer wedge which features much active plastic deformation has a surface slope angle generally larger than that of the inner wedge which hosts stable geological formations. The megathrust can be represented by a three-segment model, the updip zone (velocity-strengthening), seismogenic zone (velocity-weakening), and downdip zone (velocity-strengthening). Our dynamic Coulomb wedge theory postulates that the outer wedge overlies the updip zone, and the inner wedge overlies the seismogenic zone. During an earthquake, strengthening of the updip zone may result in compressive failure in the outer wedge. The inner wedge undergoes elastic deformation. I have examined the geometry and mechanical processes of outer wedges of twenty-three subduction zones. The surface slope of these wedges is generally too high to be explained by the classical critical taper theory but can be explained by the dynamic Coulomb wedge theory. Part II: A giant earthquake produces coseismic seaward motion of the upper plate and induces shear stresses in the upper mantle. After the earthquake, the fault is re-locked, causing the upper plate to move slowly landward. However, parts of the fault will undergo continuous aseismic afterslip for a short duration, causing areas surrounding the rupture zone to move seaward. At the same time, the viscoelastic relaxation of the earthquake-induced stresses in the upper mantle causes prolonged seaward motion of areas farther landward including the forearc and the back arc. The postseismic and interseismic crustal deformation depends on the interplay of these three primary processes. I have used three-dimensional viscoelastic finite element models to study the contemporary crustal deformation of three margins, Sumatra, Chile, and Cascadia, that are presently at different stages of their great earthquake cycles. Model results indicate that the earthquake cycle deformation of different margins is governed by a common physical process. The afterslip of the fault must be at work immediately after the earthquake. The model of the 2004 Sumatra earthquake constrains the characteristic time of the afterslip to be 1.25 yr. With the incorporation of the transient rheology, the model well explains the near-field and far-field postseismic deformation within a few years after the 2004 Sumatra event. The steady-state viscosity of the continental upper mantle is determined to be 10^19 Pa S, two orders of magnitude smaller than that of the global value obtained through global postglacial rebound models. / Graduate
69

Deformation processes in great subduction zone earthquake cycles

Hu, Yan 29 April 2011 (has links)
This dissertation consists of two parts and investigates the crustal deformation associated with great subduction zone earthquake at two different spatial scales. At the small scale, I investigate the stress transfer along the megathrust during great earthquakes and its effects on the forearc wedge. At the large scale, I investigate the viscoelastic crustal deformation of the forearc and the back arc associated with great earthquakes. Part I: In a subduction zone, the frontal region of the forearc can be morphologically divided into the outer wedge and the inner wedge. The outer wedge which features much active plastic deformation has a surface slope angle generally larger than that of the inner wedge which hosts stable geological formations. The megathrust can be represented by a three-segment model, the updip zone (velocity-strengthening), seismogenic zone (velocity-weakening), and downdip zone (velocity-strengthening). Our dynamic Coulomb wedge theory postulates that the outer wedge overlies the updip zone, and the inner wedge overlies the seismogenic zone. During an earthquake, strengthening of the updip zone may result in compressive failure in the outer wedge. The inner wedge undergoes elastic deformation. I have examined the geometry and mechanical processes of outer wedges of twenty-three subduction zones. The surface slope of these wedges is generally too high to be explained by the classical critical taper theory but can be explained by the dynamic Coulomb wedge theory. Part II: A giant earthquake produces coseismic seaward motion of the upper plate and induces shear stresses in the upper mantle. After the earthquake, the fault is re-locked, causing the upper plate to move slowly landward. However, parts of the fault will undergo continuous aseismic afterslip for a short duration, causing areas surrounding the rupture zone to move seaward. At the same time, the viscoelastic relaxation of the earthquake-induced stresses in the upper mantle causes prolonged seaward motion of areas farther landward including the forearc and the back arc. The postseismic and interseismic crustal deformation depends on the interplay of these three primary processes. I have used three-dimensional viscoelastic finite element models to study the contemporary crustal deformation of three margins, Sumatra, Chile, and Cascadia, that are presently at different stages of their great earthquake cycles. Model results indicate that the earthquake cycle deformation of different margins is governed by a common physical process. The afterslip of the fault must be at work immediately after the earthquake. The model of the 2004 Sumatra earthquake constrains the characteristic time of the afterslip to be 1.25 yr. With the incorporation of the transient rheology, the model well explains the near-field and far-field postseismic deformation within a few years after the 2004 Sumatra event. The steady-state viscosity of the continental upper mantle is determined to be 10^19 Pa S, two orders of magnitude smaller than that of the global value obtained through global postglacial rebound models. / Graduate
70

Caracterização dendrométrica e avaliação econômica de povoamentos de eucalipto para multiprodutos / Dendrometric characterization and economic evaluation of Eucalyptus stands for multiproduct

Santos, Felipe Rodrigues 28 September 2010 (has links)
Made available in DSpace on 2016-12-23T13:51:49Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertacao de Felipe Rodrigues Santos.pdf: 2322223 bytes, checksum: 0a4e2ac2777ef4dfa460bbad962daa00 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-09-28 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Este estudo de caso teve como objetivos obter informações de produção de quatro povoamentos clonais de eucalipto; avaliar funções de afilamento e quantificar a madeira para uso único e multiprodutos; avaliar economicamente as possibilidades de uso da madeira; e dar suporte para tomada de decisão a empreendedores interessados em investir na atividade de silvicultura de eucalipto. Quatro povoamentos de clones híbridos de eucalipto, com idades de 77 (povoamento 1), 72 (povoamento 2), 53 (povoamento 3) e 40 meses (povoamento 4), localizados no município de Jerônimo Monteiro, ES, foram inventariados com alocação aleatória de 10 parcelas, em cada povoamento, medindo-se as variáveis CAP e H. Foram cubadas árvores e obtido o volume pela fórmula de Smalian. Foram ajustados modelos hipsométricos e de volume e calculados a média dos diâmetros, diâmetro médio, área basal por hectare e média das alturas para cada povoamento. Em seguida foram ajustados os modelos de afilamento em sua forma original: Kozak et al. (1969), Demaerschalk (1972), Ormerod (1973) e Schöepfer (1966). A seleção dos modelos para estimar altura comercial nos diâmetros 14, 12, 10, 8, 7 e 6 cm e volume comercial nos diâmetros 14, 7 e 6 cm deu-se pela aplicação dos critérios estatísticos em conjunto com a análise gráfica dos resíduos. Nos povoamentos 1, 2 e 3 foram determinadas as produções de uso único para celulose e energia, e no povoamento 4 para energia, bem como a produção combinada destes usos com a possibilidade de parte do fuste para mourões. Assim, foram determinadas a produção combinada de celulose e mourões para os povoamentos 1, 2 e 3, e energia e mourões para o povoamento 4. Para a avaliação econômica foram aplicados os métodos VPL, BPE e CMP. Observou-se que a média dos diâmetros, diâmetro médio e área basal apresentaram relação direta com a idade dos povoamentos. Os resultados dos ajustes dos modelos mostraram diferença no perfil do fuste entre os povoamentos. O aproveitamento da madeira de uso único para celulose foi maior no povoamento 1 (97%), seguido do povoamento 3 (90%) e 2 (80%). Para energia, a proporção foi maior nos povoamentos 1 e 4 (99 e 94%,respectivamente) em relação ao 2 e 3 (86 e 91%, respectivamente). Para multiprodutos, observou-se que os povoamentos 3 e 4 apresentaram maior proporção de uso da madeira para mourões em relação à celulose e energia. O uso da madeira para energia mostrou-se inviável economicamente em todas as situações avaliadas. Já, para celulose, sob uma taxa de juros baixa, mostraram-se viáveis economicamente. No entanto, os povoamentos 2 e 3 foram mais sensíveis à variação de aumento na taxa de juros em relação ao povoamento 1. O uso da madeira para multiprodutos foi alternativa mais viável para os quatro povoamentos. O CMP mostrou-se sensível quanto às variações de idade, taxa de juros e uso da madeira / This case study aimed to obtain information for the production of four clones Eucalyptus stands; to evaluate taper functions and quantify the wood to use single and multiproduct; economically evaluate the potential use of wood, and support for decision-making entrepreneurs interested in investing in the forestry of Eucalyptus. Four stands of Eucalyptus hybrid clones, aged 77 (stand 1), 72 (stand 2), 53 (stand 3) and 40 months (stand 4), located in the town of Jerônimo Monteiro, ES, were surveyed with random of 10 plots in each stand, measuring variables CAP and H. Trees were scaled and obtained the volume by Smalian s formula. Hypsometric and volume models were adjusted and calculated the mean diameter, quadratic mean diameter, basal area per hectare and average height for each stand. Then the taper models were adjusted in its original form: Kozak et al. (1969), Demaerschalk (1972), Ormerod (1973) and Schöepfer (1966). The selection of models to estimate the commercial height in the diameters 14, 12, 10, 8, 7 and 6 cm and trade volume in the diameter 14, 7 and 6 cm was due to the application of statistical criteria in conjunction with the graphic analysis of residues. In stands 1, 2 and 3 were determined use single products for pulp and energy, and the stand 4 for energy, as well as the combined production of these uses with the possibility that some of the stem for fencepost. Thus, were determined the production combined of pulp and fencepost for stands 1, 2 and 3, and energy and fencepost to the stand 4. For the economic evaluation were applied the methods NPV, EPB and APC. It was observed that the mean diameter, quadratic mean diameter and basal area were directly related with age. The results of the adjustment of the models showed a difference in the profile of the stem between the stands. The use of wood of single use for pulp was higher in stand 1 (97%), followed by stand 3 (90%) and 2 (80%). For energy, the proportion was higher in stands 1 and 4 (99 and 94%, respectively) compared to 2 and 3 (86 and 91%, respectively). For multiproduct, it was observed that stands 3 and 4 had a higher proportion of use of wood for fencepost in relation to pulp and energy. The use of wood for energy has proven to be uneconomical in all situations evaluated. Already, for cellulose, in a low interest rate, proved to be economically viable. However, the stands 2 and 3 were more sensitive to variation in the interest rate in relation to stand 1. The use of wood for multiproduct was more viable alternative to the four stands. The APC was sensitive for changes in age, interest rate and use of wood

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