Este trabalho tem como fonte de estudo os filmes do diretor húngaro Béla Tarr, começando com Ninho Familiar, de 1977, e encerrando com O Cavalo de Turim, de 2011. Neste período o cineasta realizou, além de outros trabalhos, nove longasmetragens, alguns dos quais em parceria com o escritor húngaro László Krasznahorkai. Entretanto, esta pesquisa não tratou de suas obras como unidades separadas e/ou totalizáveis, mas como blocos de imagens em permanente contato com um plano de questionamentos a respeito da experiência estética do pensamento. Deste modo, o trabalho com os filmes teve como foco a análise fragmentos, continuidades e descontinuidades, por meio dos quais procurou traçar uma linha relacional entre o estilo das imagens e o problema do pensamento. Do ponto de vista da problematização do pensamento, esta pesquisa esteve ancorada no solo teórico-metodológico desenvolvido por Gilles Deleuze e Gilles Deleuze & Félix Guattari, do qual partiu o desenvolvimento de um estudo a respeito de quais os procedimentos audiovisuais criados nos filmes e de como eles possibilitam uma experiência radicalmente imanente do pensamento e, portanto, essencialmente intensiva. Ou seja, esta dissertação se voltou para um estudo dos procedimentos de criação audiovisual, entendendo-os como modos intensivos por meio dos quais se torna possível sentir o aparecimento deste espaço vazio que constitui a experiência do próprio pensamento não-subjetivo ou, dito em outras palavras, como vivência do tempo em sua multiplicidade intensiva. Portanto, foi no interior deste campo de questionamento que perspectivamos o cinema de Béla Tarr, tratando de desenvolver uma visão analítica que não partisse das premissas de uma divisão simplesmente formal dos procedimentos cinematográficos e que tampouco partisse da crença a respeito de um possível lugar exterior e desinteressado em relação às obras, o qual possibilitaria, por exemplo, uma leitura verídica a respeito das intencionalidades mais ou menos ocultas em cada um dos filmes. Ao invés destes modos analíticos, esta dissertação tentou se endereçar às obras procurando compreender como elas articulam injunções e/ou desvios de forças, criando, por meio de afecções e afectos, um procedimento imanente, no sentido do próprio encontro entre o olhar e a tela. Deste modo, cada capítulo desta dissertação desenvolve, a partir de um conjunto determinado de filmes do diretor, uma compreensão a respeito das forças, as quais, por vezes, exigiram a entrada de leituras transversais, advindas tanto do conjunto da obra do diretor, como de pensadores do campo filosofia, e também da literatura e do próprio cinema. É neste sentido que o cinema de Béla Tarr se converte em um teorema, ou em um nó, que solicita um diálogo orgânico tanto com teóricos que escreveram a respeito dos filmes, mas também com outros pensadores, como é o caso notório de Friedrich Nietzsche. / This research is grounded in the films of the Hungarian director Béla Tarr, the first of which is Family Nest (1977) and the last is Turin\'s Horse (2011). Through this period, the filmmaker made, among other works, nine feature films, some of which in partnership with the writer László Krasznahorkai. Nevertheless, this research did not deal with their works as separable and/or inseparable units, but as blocs of images in constant contact with a surface of questions regarding the aesthetic experience of thought. By analyzing the films through fragments, continuities, ruptures and discontinuities we were able to draw a relational line between the style of the images and the problem of thought. Regarding the problem of though, this study is anchored to the theses and methodologies developed by Gilles Deleuze and Gilles Deleuze & Félix Guattari. From that, we investigated which audiovisual procedures created on the films could make us think of a radically immanent experience of thought and, therefore, an essentially intensive one. Therefore, this academic work looked for audiovisual creations understood as intensive modes to seize the emergence of this empty space that constitutes the experience of non-subjective thought in other words, time as intensive multiplicity. Therefore, we conceive an analytic view that neither stems from a formal division of film procedures nor from the belief on a possible place of detachment apart from the films or a place that could permit, for instance, a truthful reading on the more or less hidden intentions behind each film. What this research aimed for was to understand how the films of Béla Tarr articulate injunctions and detours of forces that allow us, by affections and affects, to think of them as purely immanent procedures. Moreover, each chapter, based on a determined set of Tarr\'s films, developed a comprehension of the encounters between forces, which, at times, requested transversal readings, coming from thinkers of Philosophy, Literature and Cinema itself, including works on the ouevre of the director. It is in this sense that Béla Tarr\'s cinema appears as a theorem, or a knot, that invites us to an organic dialogue not only with theorists that wrote about his films, but also with other thinkers, such as Friedrich Nietzsche.

Este trabalho tem como fonte de estudo os filmes do diretor húngaro Béla Tarr, começando com Ninho Familiar, de 1977, e encerrando com O Cavalo de Turim, de 2011. Neste período o cineasta realizou, além de outros trabalhos, nove longasmetragens, alguns dos quais em parceria com o escritor húngaro László Krasznahorkai. Entretanto, esta pesquisa não tratou de suas obras como unidades separadas e/ou totalizáveis, mas como blocos de imagens em permanente contato com um plano de questionamentos a respeito da experiência estética do pensamento. Deste modo, o trabalho com os filmes teve como foco a análise fragmentos, continuidades e descontinuidades, por meio dos quais procurou traçar uma linha relacional entre o estilo das imagens e o problema do pensamento. Do ponto de vista da problematização do pensamento, esta pesquisa esteve ancorada no solo teórico-metodológico desenvolvido por Gilles Deleuze e Gilles Deleuze & Félix Guattari, do qual partiu o desenvolvimento de um estudo a respeito de quais os procedimentos audiovisuais criados nos filmes e de como eles possibilitam uma experiência radicalmente imanente do pensamento e, portanto, essencialmente intensiva. Ou seja, esta dissertação se voltou para um estudo dos procedimentos de criação audiovisual, entendendo-os como modos intensivos por meio dos quais se torna possível sentir o aparecimento deste espaço vazio que constitui a experiência do próprio pensamento não-subjetivo ou, dito em outras palavras, como vivência do tempo em sua multiplicidade intensiva. Portanto, foi no interior deste campo de questionamento que perspectivamos o cinema de Béla Tarr, tratando de desenvolver uma visão analítica que não partisse das premissas de uma divisão simplesmente formal dos procedimentos cinematográficos e que tampouco partisse da crença a respeito de um possível lugar exterior e desinteressado em relação às obras, o qual possibilitaria, por exemplo, uma leitura verídica a respeito das intencionalidades mais ou menos ocultas em cada um dos filmes. Ao invés destes modos analíticos, esta dissertação tentou se endereçar às obras procurando compreender como elas articulam injunções e/ou desvios de forças, criando, por meio de afecções e afectos, um procedimento imanente, no sentido do próprio encontro entre o olhar e a tela. Deste modo, cada capítulo desta dissertação desenvolve, a partir de um conjunto determinado de filmes do diretor, uma compreensão a respeito das forças, as quais, por vezes, exigiram a entrada de leituras transversais, advindas tanto do conjunto da obra do diretor, como de pensadores do campo filosofia, e também da literatura e do próprio cinema. É neste sentido que o cinema de Béla Tarr se converte em um teorema, ou em um nó, que solicita um diálogo orgânico tanto com teóricos que escreveram a respeito dos filmes, mas também com outros pensadores, como é o caso notório de Friedrich Nietzsche. / This research is grounded in the films of the Hungarian director Béla Tarr, the first of which is Family Nest (1977) and the last is Turin\'s Horse (2011). Through this period, the filmmaker made, among other works, nine feature films, some of which in partnership with the writer László Krasznahorkai. Nevertheless, this research did not deal with their works as separable and/or inseparable units, but as blocs of images in constant contact with a surface of questions regarding the aesthetic experience of thought. By analyzing the films through fragments, continuities, ruptures and discontinuities we were able to draw a relational line between the style of the images and the problem of thought. Regarding the problem of though, this study is anchored to the theses and methodologies developed by Gilles Deleuze and Gilles Deleuze & Félix Guattari. From that, we investigated which audiovisual procedures created on the films could make us think of a radically immanent experience of thought and, therefore, an essentially intensive one. Therefore, this academic work looked for audiovisual creations understood as intensive modes to seize the emergence of this empty space that constitutes the experience of non-subjective thought in other words, time as intensive multiplicity. Therefore, we conceive an analytic view that neither stems from a formal division of film procedures nor from the belief on a possible place of detachment apart from the films or a place that could permit, for instance, a truthful reading on the more or less hidden intentions behind each film. What this research aimed for was to understand how the films of Béla Tarr articulate injunctions and detours of forces that allow us, by affections and affects, to think of them as purely immanent procedures. Moreover, each chapter, based on a determined set of Tarr\'s films, developed a comprehension of the encounters between forces, which, at times, requested transversal readings, coming from thinkers of Philosophy, Literature and Cinema itself, including works on the ouevre of the director. It is in this sense that Béla Tarr\'s cinema appears as a theorem, or a knot, that invites us to an organic dialogue not only with theorists that wrote about his films, but also with other thinkers, such as Friedrich Nietzsche.

Puis-je croire ce que je vois ? Cette question surgit dans la religion, la science et l'art. Elle persiste, comme si la focale d'une caméra pouvait mesurer la distance entre la justice et la justesse. En effet, existe-t-il une éthique de la création cinématographique, interrogée tant du côté du travail d'un cinéaste que du côté de la réception, c'est-à-dire dans la façon de rendre compte d'une expérience de cinéma ? Si oui, cette éthique dérive-t-elle toujours d'un engagement politique préalable qui la guiderait ? Ou bien, son origine est-elle d'un tout autre type ? Cette thèse en esthétique du cinéma pose ces questions et confronte quelques-uns des films les plus énigmatiques et puissants du septième art avec les notions clé du philosophe français E. Levinas. La relecture serrée de son œuvre, sa critique du "dévoilement" heideggérien, jalonne les analyses détaillées de films comme Solaris, Les harmonies Werckmeister ou encore Zelig. Progressivement, chacun d'entre eux révèle sa profonde affinité avec les autres, même si tous n'appartiennent pas à la même période, ni au même style ou genre. La cohérence de l'ensemble est dans la problématique, dont chaque chapitre s'efforce d'éclairer un nouvel aspect. Ainsi, la recherche de l'autre et la pensée de Dieu représentent des points nodaux du texte sans que l'on y ait recours aux "images sacrées". / Can I believe what I see ? This question occurs in religion, science and art. As if pulling a camera's focus could measure the distance between justice and justness. Actually, is there any ethics of creation in cinema questioned from a filmmaker's inner motivation, as well as from the possibilities of transcription of such an experience ? If so, are ethics always directed by prior political involvement ? Or by another type of instruction ? This thesis in film studies asks these questions and confronts some of the most demanding and multi-leveled films by great authors with the key notions of E. Levinas (1906-1995), one of the most important French philosophers in the 20th century. Reading closely the thinker's oeuvre, his criticism of Heidegger's unveiling, this thesis offers a detailed analysis of Solaris, Werckmeister Harmonies and Zelig. Step by step, they reveal their deep-rooted affinities with each other, even though they do not all belong to the same period, style or genre. They are also connected to metaphysics in an innovative way. Both, seeking for the other and thinking of God, represent main points in this exposé without referring to holy images.

Lors de la préparation de L’Évangile selon Matthieu (1964), Pier Paolo Pasolini indique dans une lettre au théologien Lucio Caruso qu’il ne souhaite pas adapter le texte biblique mais le « traduire fidèlement en images ». Adapter une œuvre littéraire pour le grand écran consiste généralement à en extraire un « contenu » à partir duquel un scénario sera développé. Or, c’est à l’œuvre matthéenne que le cinéaste souhaite nous ramener, non à l’histoire du Christ. Il va ainsi s’attacher à traduire la poésie du texte au moyen du cinéma. Le concept de traduction auquel Pasolini fait appel ne désigne-t-il pas un mode de relation aux œuvres dont pourraient relever d’autres films réalisés à partir de sources écrites ? C’est ce que cette thèse entend vérifier en rapprochant l’expérience de L’Évangile du travail entrepris par Danièle Huillet et Jean-Marie Straub à partir de plusieurs textes et de la relation entretenue par le cinéma de Béla Tarr aux écrits de László Krasznahorkai. À travers ces démarches apparaît la possibilité d’une altération formelle du film par le texte. Elles nous font passer du régime de la translation, qui sous-tend la majorité des théories de l’adaptation, à ceux de la reprise et de la métamorphose. Que ce concept de traduction puisse éclairer certains aspects de la pratique cinématographique, c’est ce que je chercherai simultanément à démontrer. La vision d’un film tient d’une énonciation continue où s’éprouve la langue. Aussi, envisager le cinéma comme un espace traductif, c’est y voir un lieu possible de redistribution des positions et de reconfiguration des énoncés. Cette poétique du traduire est une politique, qui engage une conception de la création artistique. / During the preparation of The Gospel According to Matthew (1964), Pier Pasolini stated in a letter to theologian Lucio Caruso that he did not want to adapt the biblical text, but wished to “translate [it] faithfully into images”. To adapt a literary work onto the big screen usually consists in extracting out of it a “content” from which a script can then be developed. But Pasolini’s intent was to take us back to the text of the gospel, not to the story of Christ – hence his endeavour to translate the text’s poetry by means of cinema. The concept of translation invoked by Pasolini denotes a certain mode of relationship to a given work. Could this mode pertain to other films derived from written sources? This is what will be investigated in this thesis, by bringing together the experience of The Gospel According to Matthew and two other approaches: on the one hand, the works by Danièle Huillet and Jean-Marie Straub based on various texts; on the other hand, the relationship between Béla Tarr’s cinema and László Krasznahorkai’s writings. Through these processes emerges the idea of a possible alteration of the film’s form by the text. From the rule of translation, which underlies most of the theories of adaptation, we move to the rule of reprise and metamorphosis. I will also try to demonstrate that this concept of traduction can shed light on some aspects of the practice of filmmaking. The viewing of a film is a continuous enunciation where the language is being experienced. Therefore, to consider cinema as a translative space is to perceive it as a place where positions can be dealt anew and utterances reshaped. This translative poetics is actually a politics, and one which affects our conception of artistic creation.

Que peut la singularité par rapport au film ? Cette thèse évalue la possibilité d'analyser un film à partir des éléments singuliers dont il est composé. La singularité dont il est question correspond aux éléments dissemblables, aporétiques, lacunaires qui ne se conforment pas avec ce qu'on est en droit d'attendre d'une narration, d'une esthétique ou d'une grammaire cinématographique. Cette recherche a dû aborder le concept même de singularité pour diverses acceptions, mais aussi pour des domaines aussi bien scientifiques qu'artistiques. La méthode qui en est sortie a été appliquée à un corpus de film restreint : Nostalghia d'Andreï Tarkovski, Les Harmonies Werckmeister de Béla Tarr et Seven invisible men de Sharunas Bartas. Son application a révélé combien ces œuvres sont infiniment plus complexes et plus ambiguës que l'on a pu le croire. Elle a surtout permis de mettre en évidence que ce que l'analyse figurale nomme figure doit être prolongé par la notion d'anti-figure. La figure seule ne suffit plus à restituer les battements toujours vivaces qui parcourent un film. D'autre part, elle laisse apercevoir combien ces battements répondent en réalité à la confrontation de trois hiatus, l'un figuratif, l'autre représentatif et le dernier psychique, impliquant la mémoire des images, le réel et le pathos. / This thesis evaluates the possibility of analyzing a movie from the singular elements it contains. The singularity in question corresponds to dissimilar elements, of aporias or gaps that does not comply with what we expect from a narrative, from an aesthetic or from a cinematographic grammar. This research has approached the concept of singularity both in science and in the arts by studying the different meanings of this termThe method that was elaborated from the properties of singularities was subsequently applied to a small corpus of movie: Nostalghia by Andrei Tarkovsky, Werckmeister Harmonies by Béla Tarr and Seven invisible men by Sharunas Bartas.Its application has revealed how these works are much more complex and ambiguous than we might believe. He has contributed to highlight that what the figural analysis calls a figure should be extended by the notion of anti-figure. a figure alone is not sufficient to render the beats that cross a movie. On the other hand, it lets see how these beats actually correspond to the confrontation of three hiatus, the first is figurative, the second is representative and the last is psychic involving the memory of images, the reality and the pathos.

Ce mémoire examine le rapport du visible à l’invisible dans l’œuvre du cinéaste hongrois Béla Tarr afin de montrer comment cette œuvre fait sa plus grande place, quoique le plus souvent sous la forme d’une absence-présence, à la question du néant et de la mort. À travers une étude tripartite, tour à tour concernant le traitement cinématographique et thématique du monde, du temps et du personnage et de leurs fonctions, l’objectif de cette recherche est celui de montrer comment cette œuvre soustractive interroge le rapport de l’existant à un monde qui fait défaut. C’est la promesse, en partie telle que théorisée par Peter Sloterdijk, qui permettra ultimement d’éclairer la démarche tragique des personnages tarriens : lutte contre la mort au moyen d’un constant effort de soi et ce, jusqu’à l’épuisement radical. La notion de personnage-figurant développée dans ce mémoire se propose d’articuler ensemble les valeurs figuratives et thématiques communes aux différents personnages qui traversent l’œuvre afin d’en mieux comprendre, malgré les ruptures stylistiques et narratives, la continuité. Enfin, le dialogue engagé ici entre l’œuvre du cinéaste et certains concepts-clé de la tradition philosophique (le monde, le soi, le temps) entend montrer comment la première ouvre des pistes pertinentes pour une réflexion sur le sujet contemporain et son époque. / This master’s thesis examines the relation between the visible and the invisible in Hungarian filmmaker Bela Tarr’s work in order to shed light on the exploration of nothingness and death—mostly appearing as an absence-presence—in Tarr’s cinema. Through a tripartite study focusing on the visual and thematic treatment, as well as the function of the world, of time and of the cinematic character, I will demonstrate how Tarr’s “subtractive” films interrogate the relation of the self to a missing world. The notion of the “promise”, as conceptualized by Peter Sloterdijk, will provide insight into the Tarrian character’s tragic fate: a tremendous effort to escape death that can only end in an extreme fatigue. The notion of “personnage-figurant” proposed here aims to bind together the figurative and thematic values shared by the various characters in order to better understand the continuity of the work beyond its stylistic and narrative ruptures. Finally, the dialogue initiated here between Tarr’s work and various philosophical key concepts (world, self, time) intends to demonstrate how the Hungarian director’s work opens up interesting avenues for a discussion of subjectivity in our own times.

Ce mémoire s’intéresse aux scènes de danse de trois films du réalisateur hongrois Béla Tarr afin d’en dégager une esthétique du temps. L’analyse des films sera précédée d’une recherche sur la philosophie du temps, centrée autour de l’œuvre Temps et récit de Paul Ricœur, dans laquelle le temps humain est décrit comme un temps raconté. Retraçant sa pensée, nous définirons l’éternité telle qu’exprimée chez Augustin, indissociable d’une expérience spirituelle. Nous examinerons ensuite différents enjeux de l’histoire de la danse au cinéma touchant au récit, à l’attraction et à la spiritualité. Ces recherches préliminaires permettront d’articuler notre analyse entre philosophie et esthétique, et de décrire une temporalité à la fois exprimée intellectuellement par les films et vécue par le spectateur ou la spectatrice. La danse, en construisant un temps de l’immanence qui s’oppose au régime narratif, invite à la contemplation et ouvre sur une expérience ayant des affinités avec la conception augustinienne de l’éternité. / This master’s thesis focuses on the dance scenes from three films by the Hungarian director Béla Tarr, in order to flesh out an aesthetic of time. The films’ analysis will be preceded by a research on the philosophy of time, centered around Paul Ricœur’s work Time and Narrative, in which the human time is described as a narrated time. Tracing his thought, we will define the notion of eternity as conceived by Augustine that is inseparable from a spiritual experience. We will then examine different issues of the history of dance in cinema concerning narrative, attraction and spirituality. This preliminary research will let us articulate our analysis between philosophy and aesthetic in order to describe a temporality expressed both intellectually in the films and lived by the viewer. Dance, while constructing a time of immanence that opposes the narrative regime, invites contemplation and opens an experience that is compatible with the Augustinian conception of eternity.

Aiming to make an intervention in both emerging Slow Cinema and classical Trauma Cinema scholarship, this thesis demonstrates the ways in which the post-trauma cinema of Filipino filmmaker Lav Diaz merges aesthetics of cinematic slowness with narratives of post-trauma in his films Melancholia (2008), Death in the Land of Encantos (2007) and Florentina Hubaldo, CTE (2012). Diaz has been repeatedly considered as representative of what Jonathan Romney termed in 2004 “Slow Cinema”. The director uses cinematic slowness for an alternative approach to an on-screen representation of post-trauma. Contrary to popular trauma cinema, Diaz’s portrait of individual and collective trauma focuses not on the instantenaeity but on the duration of trauma. In considering trauma as a condition and not as an event, Diaz challenges the standard aesthetical techniques used in contemporary Trauma Cinema, as highlighted by Janet Walker (2001, 2005), Susannah Radstone (2001), Roger Luckhurst (2008) and others. Diaz’s films focus instead on trauma’s latency period, the depletion of a survivor’s resources, and a character’s slow psychological breakdown. Slow Cinema scholarship has so far focused largely on the films’ aesthetics and their alleged opposition to mainstream cinema. Little work has been done in connecting the films’ form to their content. Furthermore, Trauma Cinema scholarship, as trauma films themselves, has been based on the immediate and most radical signs of post-trauma, which are characterised by instantaneity; flashbacks, sudden fears of death and sensorial overstimulation. Following Lutz Koepnick’s argument that slowness offers “intriguing perspectives” (Koepnick, 2014: 191) on how trauma can be represented in art, this thesis seeks to consider the equally important aspects of trauma duration, trauma’s latency period and the slow development of characteristic symptoms. With the present work, I expand on current notions of Trauma Cinema, which places emphasis on speed and the unpredictability of intrusive memories. Furthermore, I aim to broaden the area of Slow Cinema studies, which has so far been largely focused on the films’ respective aesthetics, by bridging form and content of the films under investigation. Rather than seeing Diaz’s slow films in isolation as a phenomenon of Slow Cinema, I seek to connect them to the existing scholarship of Trauma Cinema studies, thereby opening up a reading of his films.