Yes / Objective: This study investigated whether dual tasks make disproportionately high demands in Huntington’s disease (HD) compared with controls, and also tested the Multiple Resources Theory. Method: Thirteen HD participants and 13 controls completed 2 dual task sets that varied in difficulty and complexity: Set 1 paired simple choice reaction time (RT) with digit forward, and Set 2 paired complex choice RT with digit backward. Results: We found that HD participants were overall slower; however, although they maintained similar levels of accuracy in the simple choice RT tasks with controls, their accuracy decreased in the complex choice RT tasks. In addition, we found that HD participants were more susceptible to speed-accuracy trade-offs. Despite that, they did not show greater dual task costs than controls. Conclusions: Overall, our findings do not support the Multiple Resources Theory, but they do provide some support for the Unitary Resource Theory and the attentional impairment hypothesis.

This paper presents an investigation into the optimal scheduling of realtime tasks of a multiprocessor system using hybrid genetic algorithms (GAs). A comparative study of heuristic approaches such as `Earliest Deadline First (EDF)¿ and `Shortest Computation Time First (SCTF)¿ and genetic algorithm is explored and demonstrated. The results of the simulation study using MATLAB is presented and discussed. Finally, conclusions are drawn from the results obtained that genetic algorithm can be used for scheduling of real-time tasks to meet deadlines, in turn to obtain high processor utilization.

The purpose of this study was to empirically evaluate the diagnostic utility of the Conners CPT and the P ASAT as a laboratory-based measures of attention, vigilance, working memory, and sustained mental effort in clinic-referred adults with and without ADHD. Moreover, the study was conducted in order to obtain additional evidence in ongoing efforts to clarify the classification and phenomenological status of ADHD in adults. Subjects were adults seeking psychological evaluation for a variety of presenting problems including, emotional, occupational, relational, and/or adjustment, difficulties. Standardized clinical evaluations were conducted and structured clinical interviews were used to determine clinical diagnosis and group membership (ADHD vs. Non-ADHD). It was hypothesized that ADHD adults would exhibit significantly more comorbid psychopathology, learning problems, and verbal memory deficits than non-ADHD adults. It was also hypothesized that the findings from the CPT (Conners, 1992) and P ASAT (Gronwall, 1977) would reliably discriminate these groups (ADHD and non-ADHD) of clinic-referred adults. While ADHD adults did not exhibit a higher frequency of learning disabilities, they did have significantly more comorbid psychopathology and were much more likely to experience clinically impairing deficits in verbal memory functioning. The combined results of the laboratory tasks accurately identified diagnostic group status in over 9 of 10 cases for ADHD adults and in approximately 8 of 10 cases for non-ADHD adults. The relevance of these findings for the psychiatric classification and experiential nature of ADHD in adults, as well as the clinical diagnostic utility of these laboratory measures for adult ADHD is discussed. / Master of Science

The rapid growth of an older demographic is an increasing concern around the world. Older people have been reported to suffer from physiological and neuromuscular declines in several systems including skeletal muscles, central nervous system, cardiovascular processes and respiratory function. These age-related changes are often reflected through impairments in functional performance of occupational tasks as well as activities of daily living. This may make an older population more prone to musculoskeletal disorders and injuries. In addition, health problems and injury risks are likely amplified by factors such as obesity. Obesity has emerged as a serious health concern in the United States in recent decades. However, obesity-related changes in performance and motor control as well as how they will be modified by gender, specifically among older adults, are still largely unexplored. As motor variability has recently been reported to be associated with fatigue development and may have the potential to reveal underlying mechanisms of neuromuscular control, the main goals of this study were to investigate the influence of gender and obesity on motor performance, neuromuscular control and endurance in the elderly, by examining differences in motor variability during intermittent submaximal isometric exertions of the knee and hand. Fifty-two older participants with age over 65 were recruited into four groups: obese male (9), obese female (13), non-obese male (15) and non-obese female (15). The obese groups consisted of those whose BMI was greater than 30 kg/m2. Participants were asked to perform intermittent (15s on and 15s off) isometric handgrip and knee extensions at 30% MVC until exhaustion. Force and muscle activations of the Vastus Lateralis, Rectus Femoris, Extensor Carpi Radialis and Flexor Carpi Radialis muscles were collected through the endurance task. Motor variability was quantified using the coefficient of variation (CV) and sample entropy (SaEn) of the surface electromyography (EMG) and force signals. Motor variability during exercise differed both between males and females, and between obese and non-obese people, reflecting different motor strategies employed in order to prolong endurance. Overall, across all individuals, we observed a significant positive correlation between cycle-to-cycle variability of knee extensor muscle activation during the baseline period of the task and endurance time. As for gender differences, males exhibited longer endurance times than females, and seemed to achieve that through utilizing a motor strategy involving a more variable (higher CV) and less complex (lower SaEn) agonistic muscle activity. Since this was accompanied by a lower fluctuation in the force signal (lower CV) and a higher complexity of force (SaEn), we interpreted this to be a motor strategy involving more variable recruitment of synergistic and antagonistic motor units during the knee extension task to prolong endurance time, among males compared to females. As for obesity differences, there were no obesity-related changes in endurance time. However, obese individuals exhibited a greater cycle-to-cycle variability that was positively correlated with endurance time during the knee extension task, indicating a larger alteration in the recruitment of motor units across successive contractions, which contributed to comparable endurance time and performance with their non-obese counterparts. During the hand-grip tasks, variabilities in force and muscle activity followed similar trends as the knee extension task. However, there were no significant gender or obesity differences in endurance time, and there also weren't any significant correlations between any of the dependent variables with endurance time. Thus, this study was a basic investigation into changes in motor variability and how it was associated with the development of fatigue among older adults; and the potential influences of gender and obesity on the relationships. Two tasks of high relevance to both occupational life and activities of daily living, i.e. knee extension and hand-grip were considered. Our findings enhance the theoretical understanding of the underlying neuromuscular control patterns and their relationship with fatigue for different individuals. Given that both aging and obesity rates are rising continuously and becoming a substantial health and safety problem especially in the occupational environment, the results from this study are both timely and critical for practical design applications, especially by recognizing the importance of having a variable motor pattern in task performance, even among older adults. / MS

Zero-shot video generation involves generating videos of concepts (action classes) that are not seen in the training phase. Even though the research community has explored conditional video generation for long high-resolution videos, zero-shot video remains a fairly unexplored and challenging task. Most recent works can generate videos for action-object or motion-content pairs, where both the object (content) and action (motion) are observed separately during training, yet results often lack spatial consistency between foreground and background and cannot generalize to complex scenes with multiple objects or actions. In this work, we propose Concept2Vid that generates zero-shot videos for classes that are completely unseen during training. In contrast to prior work, our model is not limited to a predefined fixed set of class-level attributes, but rather utilizes semantic information from multiple videos of the same topic to generate samples from novel classes. We evaluate qualitatively and quantitatively on the Kinetics400 and UCF101 datasets, demonstrating the effectiveness of our proposed model. / Master of Science / Humans are able to generalize unseen scenarios without explicit feedback. They can be thought of as self-learning Artificial Intelligence agents that can collect data from various modalities (video, audio, text) found in surrounding environments, to develop new knowledge and acclimate to unseen situations without explicit feedback. Many recent studies have learned how to perform this process for images, but very few have been able to extend it to videos. Videos provide rich multi-modal data, such as text, audio, and images, and hence are composed of multifaceted knowledge that can introduce more complex temporal and spatial constraints. Leveraging videos in combination with text and audio data can assist intelligent systems to learn similar to how humans do. Zero-shot video generation (ZSVG) involves generating videos of concepts that are not seen in the training phase of a machine learning model. Generating a zero-shot video requires a multitude of temporal and spatial dependencies. In generating a video, not only does the model need temporal coherence but also the understanding of object properties. Current approaches for ZSVG are not well suited due to these challenges. We propose Concept2Vid which generates zero-shot videos for classes that are completely unseen during training. In contrast to prior work, our model is not limited to a predefined fixed set of class descriptions, but rather utilizes semantic information from multiple videos of the same topic to generate samples from novel classes. We evaluate qualitatively and quantitatively on the Kinetics400 and UCF101 datasets, demonstrating the effectiveness of our proposed model.

Forskning visar att elever som utvecklar en tidig taluppfattning har lättare för möjligheten att ta till sig ytterligare kunskap inom matematiken. Forskning visar även på att arbete med laborativt material kan gynna elevernas inlärning. Vi ville därmed undersöka och synliggöra hur stor möjlighet som läromedel i årskurs 3 ger eleverna till att arbeta laborativt med taluppfattning. Även möjligheten till att föra resonemang i samband med dessa uppgifter undersöktes. Detta för att ge insikt för lärare när de ska göra val av läromedel eller lägga upp sin undervisning. En innehållsanalys har genomförts utefter ett analysschema. Två matematikbokserier valdes ut bestående av två böcker vardera (A och B) och deras innehåll analyserades utefter några utformade kriterier. Sammanlagt har fyra böcker riktade mot årskurs 3 analyserats för att besvara studiens syfte. Böckerna analyserades utefter; antal laborativa och icke-laborativa uppgifter som uppfyller kriterierna för taluppfattning samt vilka av dessa som förekom i böckerna. Även om uppgifterna lät eleverna föra resonemang antecknades. Det insamlade resultatet visade på att det var befintligt fler icke-laborativa uppgifter som uppfyllde kriterierna för taluppfattningen än de laborativa. Trots det låga antalet laborativa uppgifter visade resultatet att eleverna fick mer möjlighet till att föra egna resonemang i de laborativa uppgifterna jämfört med de icke-laborativa. Böckernas innehåll hade olika fokus och detta speglas även av det insamlade resultatet. Trots detta återfinns uppgifter som uppfyller samtliga av kriterierna för taluppfattning i alla av de analyserade böckerna. En slutsats är då att en fungerande undervisning kan bedrivas med hjälp av de valda läromedlen, dock kan läraren behöva komplettera innehållet med mer laborativa inslag i undervisningen. / Research shows that students who develop an early number sense find it easier to acquire further mathematical knowledge. Additionally, more research indicates that working with manipulative materials can benefit students' development. Therefore, we wanted to investigate and highlight the extent to which textbooks for Swedish students in Grade 3 allow them to work with manipulative activities related to number sense. Something that was also investigated was whether the textbooks encourage the students to reason. This knowledge could assist teachers in making decisions regarding textbook selection and the structure of their teaching. Two series of textbooks aimed towards 3rd grade mathematics, each consisting of two textbooks (A and B), were chosen for analysis. The analysis of the four textbooks were based on specific criteria.  A content analysis was conducted using an analysis framework. Two series of mathematic textbooks were selected and their content was analyzed based on specific criteria. The books were divided into 3A and 3B, resulting in a total of four books that were investigated. The analysis was based on certain criteria that included: the number of manipulative and non-manipulative tasks meeting the selected criteria for number sense (FoNS), and which of these tasks were present in the books. It was also noted whether the tasks allowed students to engage in further reasoning connected to the assignments. The collected results revealed that there were more non-manipulative tasks meeting the criteria for number sense compared to manipulative tasks. Despite the low number of manipulative tasks, the results indicated that students had more opportunities to engage in reasoning during the manipulative tasks compared to the non-manipulative ones. The content of the books had different focuses, which was reflected in the collected results. However, tasks meeting all the criteria for number sense were found in all of the analyzed books. Therefore, a conclusion is that teaching can be conducted using the selected textbooks, but teachers may need to supplement the content with more manipulative elements in their teaching.

Användandet av molnbaserade språkmodeller blir allt vanligare i takt med att de blir mer tillgängliga, och deras kapacitet att bearbeta och generera text förbättras ständigt. Men för användare och organisationer som arbetar med känslig information uppstår en utmaning, eftersom all data som behandlas av dessa modeller överförs till serveroperatören. I och med detta växer behovet av så kallade On-Premisemodeller, som kan köras lokalt på en användares eller organisations egna servrar. Därför ämnar detta projekt till att identifiera, testa och jämföra flera on-premise-språkmodeller med inriktning på textbehandling. Detta inkluderar uppgifter som att upptäcka fel i stavning, grammatik och bruk av skiljetecken, samt att analysera språkanvändning. Projektet innebar att söka efter modeller på hemsidan HuggingFace.co som hanterar både svenska och engelska och sedan implementera dem på olika AWS EC2-instanser. Efter en inledande granskning av flera modeller, identifierades två särskilt lovande alternativ, Viking och GPT-SW3, som var tillräckligt kapabla att genomföra de mer avancerade sorters tester. De utvalda modellerna genomgick en omfattande process av prompt-engineering för att optimera deras prestanda och maximera deras förmåga att demonstrera sin kompetens. Efter detta skapades standardiserade tester för grammatik, stavning och bruk av skiljetecken, samt översättning. Dessutom skapades mer avancerade tester som inkluderade omstrukturering av text, samt förenkling och anpassning av texter till en specifik persona. Resultaten av dessa tester visade att båda prövade modeller hade god förmåga att korrigera fel i stavning, grammatik, och bruk av skiljetecken i texter, samt översättning av texter. GPT-SW3 visade även god förmåga i personatesterna, medan modellen Viking inte var kapabel till att genomföra denna sorts behandling av texter. Parallellt med testandet av språkmodellerna utvecklades ett skript för att analysera hårdvarans prestanda och kostnad under exekveringen av språkmodellerna. Detta skript kördes på flera olika AWS EC2-instanser, var och en utrustad med olika typer av hårdvara. Prestationerna från de olika instanserna jämfördes, och resultaten visade att körning av modellerna på Inferentia2chip gav den bästa prestandan och den lägsta kostnaden per genererat ord, fastän denna hårdvara hade den högsta timkostnaden. Alla CPUinstanser som testades presterade betydligt sämre än GPU-instansen, men var markant billigare att hyra per timme. Detta kan vara en fördel för on-demand-applikationer där kostnadseffektivitet prioriteras. / The use of cloud-based language models is becoming increasingly common as they become more accessible, and their capabilities to process and generate text are continually improving. However, a challenge arises for users and organizations handling sensitive data because all processed data is transmitted to the server operator. As a result, there’s a growing need for so-called On-Premise models, which can be operated locally on the servers of a user or organization. This project aims to identify, test, and compare several on-premise language models, "Focusing on tasks such as detecting errors in spelling, grammar, and punctuation, as well as analyzing language usage. The project involved searching for models that support both Swedish and English on the website Huggingface.co and implementing them on various AWS EC2 instances. After an initial assessment, two particularly promising models, Viking and GPT-SW3, were identified as capable enough for more detailed testing. The selected models underwent an extensive prompt-engineering process to optimize their performance and maximize their ability to demonstrate their capabilities. Following this, standardized tests for grammar, spelling, punctuation, and translation were developed. Additionally,more advanced tests were designed, including restructuring, simplifying, and adapting texts to specific personas. The results from the tests showed that both tested models had high proficiency in correcting errors regarding spelling, grammar, and punctuation, and in translating texts between Swedish and English. GPT-SW3 had high proficiency in rewriting texts to use other styles, such as using formal or simplistic language, while the Viking model had no proficiency in achieving these types of tasks. Concurrently with the model testing, a script was developed to analyze the performance and costs of the hardware during the model executions. This script was implemented on several AWS EC2 instances, each equipped with different hardware types. The performance of these instances was compared, and the results showed that running the models on the Inferentia2 chip offered the best performance and the lowest cost per generated word, despite having the highest hourly rental cost. All CPU instances tested performed significantly worse than the GPU instance but were a lot cheaper to rent per hour. This could be advantageous for on-demand applications where cost efficiency is a priority.

Students only learn what they get the opportunity to learn. This means, for example, that students do not develop their reasoning- and problem solving competence unless teaching especially focuses on developing these competencies. Despite the fact that it has for the last 20 years been pointed out the need for a reform-oriented mathematics education, research still shows that in Sweden, as well as internationally, an over-emphasis are placed on rote learning and procedures, at the cost of promoting conceptual understanding. Mathematical understanding can be separated into procedural and conceptual understanding, where conceptual understanding can be connected to a reform oriented mathematics education. By developing a reasoning competence conceptual understanding can also be developed. This thesis, which deals with students’ opportunities to learn to reason mathematically, includes three studies (with data from Swedish upper secondary school, year ten and mathematics textbooks from twelve countries). These opportunities have been studied based on a textbook analysis and by studying students' work with textbook tasks during normal classroom work. Students’ opportunities to learn to reason mathematically have also been studied by examining the relationship between students' reasoning and their beliefs. An analytical framework (Lithner, 2008) has been used to categorise and analyse reasoning used in solving tasks and required to solve tasks. Results support previous research in that teaching and mathematics textbooks are not necessarily in harmony with reform-oriented mathematics teaching. And that students indicated beliefs of insecurity, personal- and subject expectations as well as intrinsic- and extrinsic motivation connects to not using mathematical reasoning when solving non-routine tasks. Most commonly students used other strategies than mathematical reasoning when solving textbook tasks. One common way to solve tasks was to be guided, in particular by another student. The results also showed that the students primarily worked with the simpler tasks in the textbook. These simpler tasks required mathematical reasoning more rarely than the more difficult tasks. The results also showed a negative relationship between a belief of insecurity and the use of mathematical reasoning. Furthermore, the results show that the distributions of tasks that require mathematical reasoning are relatively similar in the examined textbooks across five continents. Based on the results it is argued for a teaching based on sociomathematical norms that leads to an inquiry based teaching and textbooks that are more in harmony with a reform-oriented mathematics education. / Elever kan bara lära sig de det de får möjlighet att lära sig. Detta innebär till exempel att elever inte utvecklar sin resonemangs- och problemlösningsförmåga i någon större utsträckning om inte deras undervisning fokuserar på just dessa förmågor. Forskning, nationellt och internationellt visar att det finns en överbetoning på utantillinlärning och på procedurer. Detta verkar ske på bekostnad av en konceptuell förståelse, trots att det under 20 års tid pekats på behovet av en reforminriktad matematikundervisning. Matematisk förståelse kan delas in i procedurell- och konceptuell förståelse där en konceptuell förståelse kan kopplas till en reforminriktad matematikundervisning. Genom att utveckla förmågan att resonera matematiskt utvecklas också den konceptuella förståelsen. Denna avhandling, som inbegriper tre studier (med empiri från gymnasiet år ett och matematikläroböcker från tolv länder) behandlar elevers möjlighet att lära sig att resonera matematiskt. Dessa möjligheter har studerats utifrån att undersöka vilka möjligheter läroboken ger att lära sig matematiska resonemang, dels via en läroboksanalys och dels genom att studera elevers arbete med läroboksuppgifter i klassrumsmiljö. Elevers möjligheter att lära sig att resonera matematiskt har också studerats genom att undersöka relationen mellan elevers matematiska resonemang och deras uppfattningar om matematik. Ett analytiskt ramverk (Lithner, 2008) har används för att kategorisera och analysera resonemang som använts för att lösa uppgifter och som behövs för att lösa en uppgift. Resultaten från studierna har givit stöd åt tidigare forskning vad gäller att undervisning och läroböckerna inte nödvändigtvis harmonierar med en reforminriktad matematikundervisning. Och att elever har uppfattningar om matematik som bygger på osäkerhet, förväntan på ämnet och sin egen förmåga samt motivation och att dessa uppfattningar delvis kan kopplas till att eleverna inte använder matematiska resonemang för att försöka lösa icke-rutinuppgifter. Det vanligaste sättet att lösa läroboksuppgifter var att välja andra strategier än att använda sig av matematiska resonemang. Ett vanligt sätt att lösa uppgifter var att låta sig guidas, av främst en annan elev. Eleverna arbetade framförallt med de enklare uppgifterna i läroböckerna. Bland dessa enklare uppgifter var det mer sällsynt med uppgifter som krävde matematiska resonemang för att lösas relativt de svårare uppgifterna. Resultaten visade även att det fanns en negativ relation mellan en uppfattning av osäkerhet hos elever och ett användande av matematiska resonemang. Resultaten visade vidare att fördelningen av uppgifter som krävde matematiska resonemang var relativt lika i alla undersökta läroböcker från fem världsdelar. Utifrån resultaten argumenteras för en förändrad undervisning mot en undersökande undervisning och läroböcker som är mer i harmoni med en reforminriktad matematikundervisning.

Dans cette thèse nous étudions le problème d'ordonnancement temps réel multiprocesseur préemptif avec prise en compte du coût exact du système d'exploitation. Ce coût est formé de deux parties : une partie facile à déterminer, correspondant au coût de l'ordonnanceur et une partie difficile à déterminer, correspondant au coût de la préemption. Cette difficulté est due au fait qu'une préemption peut en engendrer une autre, pouvant ainsi créer un phénomène d'avalanche. Dans un premier temps, nous avons étudié l'ordonnancement hors ligne multiprocesseur de tâches indépendantes avec prise en compte du coût exact de la préemption et proposé une analyse d'ordonnançabilité fondée sur une heuristique d'ordonnancement multiprocesseur. Cette heuristique utilise la stratégie d'ordonnancement multiprocesseur par partitionnement. Pour prendre en compte le coût exact de la préemption sur chaque processeur nous avons utilisé la condition d'ordonnançabilité proposée par Meumeu et Sorel. Cette condition d'ordonnançabilité pour des tâches à priorités fixes, est basée sur une opération binaire d'ordonnancement qui permet de compter le nombre exact de préemption et d'ajouter leur coût dans l'analyse d'ordonnançabilité des tâches. L'heuristique proposée permet de maximiser le facteur d'utilisation restant afin de répartir équitablement les tâches sur les processeurs et de réduire leur temps de réponse. Elle produit une table d'ordonnancement hors ligne. Dans un second temps, nous avons étudié l'ordonnancement hors ligne multiprocesseur de tâches dépendantes avec prise en compte du coût exact de la préemption. Puisque la condition d'ordonnançabilité utilisée pour ordonnancer les tâches indépendantes ne s'applique qu'à des tâches à priorités fixes, elle ne permet pas de gérer les inversions de priorités que peuvent entraîner les tâches dépendantes. Nous avons donc proposé une nouvelle condition d'ordonnançabilité pour des tâches à priorités dynamiques. Elle prend en compte le coût exact de la préemption et les dépendances sans aucune perte de données. Ensuite en utilisant toujours la stratégie d'ordonnancement par partitionnement, nous avons proposé pour des tâches dépendantes une heuristique d'ordonnancement multiprocesseur qui réutilise cette nouvelle condition d'ordonnançabilité au niveau de chaque processeur. Cette heuristique d'ordonnancement prend en compte les coûts de communication inter-processeurs. Elle permet aussi de minimiser sur chaque processeur le makespan (temps total d'exécution) des tâches. Cette heuristique produit pour chaque processeur une table d'ordonnancement hors ligne contenant les dates de début et de fin de chaque tâches et de chaque commmunication inter-processeur. En supposant que nous avons une architecture multiprocesseur de type dirigée par le temps (Time-Triggered) pour laquelle tous les processeurs ont une référence de temps unique, nous avons proposé pour chacun des processeurs un ordonnanceur en ligne qui utilise la table d'ordonnancement produite lors de l'ordonnancement hors ligne. Cet ordonnanceur en ligne a l'avantage d'avoir un coût constant qui de plus est facile à déterminer de manière exacte. En effet il correspond uniquement au temps de lecture dans la table d'ordonnancement pour obtenir la tâche sélectionnée lors de l'analyse d'ordonnançabilité hors ligne, alors que dans les ordonnanceurs classiques en ligne ce coût correspond à mettre à jour la liste des tâches qui sont dans l'état prêt à l'exécution puis à sélectionner une tâche selon un algorithme, par exemple RM, DM, EDF, etc. Il varie donc avec le nombre de tâches prêtes à s'exécuter qui change d'une invocation à l'autre de l'ordonnanceur. C'est ce coût qui est utilisé dans les analyses d'ordonnançabilités évoquées ci-dessus. Un autre avantage est qu'il n'est pas nécessaire de synchroniser l'accès aux mémoires de données partagées par plusieurs tâches, car cette synchronisation a été déjà effectuée lors de l'analyse d'ordonnançabilité hors ligne. / In this thesis we studied the problem of multiprocessor preemptive real-time scheduling taking into account the exact cost of the operating system (OS). This cost is composed of two parts: a part easy to determine, corresponding to the scheduler cost and another part difficult to determine, corresponding to the preemption cost. This difficulty is due to the fact that a preemption can involve another one, being able to so create an avalanche phenomenon. First, we studied the off-line multiprocessor real-time scheduling of independent tasks taking into account the exact preemption cost. We proposed a schedulability analysis based on a multiprocessor scheduling heuristic. This heuristic uses the partitioned multiprocessor scheduling approach. In order to take into account the exact preemption cost on every processor we use the schedulability condition proposed by Meumeu and Sorel. This schedulability condition for fixed priorities tasks, is based on a binary scheduling operation which counts the exact number of preemptions and add their cost in the schedulability analysis. The proposed heuristic maximizes the remaining utilization factor to fairly distribute the tasks on processors and to reduce their response time. It produces an off-line scheduling table. Secondly, we studied the off-line multiprocessor real-time scheduling of dependent tasks taking into account the exact preemption cost. Because the schedulability condition used for scheduling independent tasks can be applied only to fixed priorities tasks, it does not allow to manage priorities inversions that are involved by dependent tasks. We proposed a new schedulability condition for dependent tasks which enables fixed and dynamic priorities. This schedulability condition takes into account the exact preemption cost and dependences between tasks without any loss of data. Always with the partitioned scheduling approach, we proposed for dependent tasks a multiprocessor scheduling heuristic which reuses, on every processor, the schedulability condition proposed previously. In addition, this scheduling heuristic takes into account the interprocessors communication costs. It also minimizes on every processor the makespan (total execution time of the tasks on all the processors). This heuristic produces for every processor an off-line scheduling table. Supposing that we have a time-triggered multiprocessor architecture such that all the processors have a unique time reference, we proposed for every processor an on-line scheduler which uses the scheduling table produced during the off-line schedulability analysis. This on-line scheduler has the advantage to have a constant cost that is easy to determine exactly.Indeed, this cost corresponds only to the time necessary to read in the scheduling table the task selected for execution. In the on-line classical scheduler, this cost corresponds to the time necessary to update the list of ready tasks in order to select a task, according to a given scheduling algorithm, for example RM, DM, EDF, etc. In this case, the cost for selecting a task varies with the number of ready tasks which changes from an invocation of the scheduler to another one. Another advantage of the proposed on-line scheduler is that it is not necessary to synchronize the access to the data shared by several tasks, because this synchronization was already done during the off-line schedulability analysis.

<p>Thanks to I have got to explore different teaching ways around the problem solving in a year 3, in a multicultural school which is located south of Stockholm, I have been able to answer my question at issue in my degree work. My question at issue on this investigation and the purpose with my degree work was to explore different teaching ways that promotes pupils with another mother tongue than Swedish, to develop reading comprehension and to get a better understanding of mathematical concepts in problem solving tasks. On this investigation have I chosen to teach these pupils to explore, reach and gain a deeper understanding of what teaching about problem solving promotes these pupils. I have when it concerns choice of method and material collections assumed from a qualitative investigation and gathered the material with help from participation notices and interviews. </p><p>I have in my investigation reached the conclusion that those pupils with another mother tongue than Swedish developed reading comprehension and got a better understanding of mathematical concepts in problem solving tasks by being taught in a creative and varied teaching. A creative and varied teaching as I taught those pupils in contained:</p><ul><li>the pupils had to work with living-related problem tasks</li><li>the pupils had to work in pairs to resolve problem solving</li><li>the pupils had to work in larger groups to resolve problem solving</li><li>the pupils had to work in a creative way, by writing and drawing pictures and do their own mathematical fairy tale in problem solving</li><li>the pupils had to work with manipulatives to resolve problem solving in half classes.</li></ul> / <p>Tack vare att jag fick undersöka olika undervisningssätt runt problemlösning i en årskurs 3, i en mångkulturell skola som ligger söder om Stockholm, har jag kunnat besvara min frågeställning i mitt examensarbete. Syftet med examensarbetet var att undersöka vilken undervisning som gynnar elever med annat modersmål än svenska att utveckla läsförståelsen och få en ökad förståelse för matematiska begrepp i problemlösningsuppgifter. I undersökningen har jag valt att själv undervisa eleverna för att kunna undersöka, komma fram till och få en djupare förståelse om vilken undervisning runt problemlösning som gynnar dessa elever. När det gäller mitt val av metod och materialinsamling har jag valt att utgå från en kvalitativ undersökning, där jag har använt mig av deltagande observationer och intervjuer. </p><p>Jag har i min undersökning kommit fram till att dessa elever med annat modersmål än svenska utvecklade läsförståelsen och fick en ökad förståelse för matematiska begrepp i problemlösningsuppgifter genom att undervisas i en kreativ och varierad undervisning. En kreativ och varierad undervisning som jag undervisade eleverna i bestod av:</p><ul><li>att eleverna fick arbeta med elevnära problemuppgifter</li><li>eleverna fick arbeta med att lösa problemlösning i par</li><li>eleverna fick arbeta med att lösa problemlösning i större grupper</li><li>eleverna fick arbeta kreativt, genom att skriva och rita bilder och egna räknehändelser i problemlösning</li><li>eleverna fick arbeta med laborativt medel för att kunna lösa problemuppgifter i halvklasser.</li></ul>