Syftet med studien är att med hjälp av nationell och internationell tidigare forskning kartlägga lärares undervisning i skrivandet i grundskolans tidigare år F–3. Studien är en systematisk litteraturstudie och tar sin utgångspunkt i de centrala begreppen: skrivande, undervisningsmetoder, språklig medvetenhet och stöttning. De databaserna som har använts är den nationella databasen SwePub, den internationella databasen ERIC och Google Scholar för att få publikationer inom det valde området. Det valde materialet består av 19 publikationer varav 11 internationella och 8 nationella. En innehållsanalys användes för att analysera materialet som resulterade i att 11 underkategorier skapades. Resultatet visar att lärare undervisar bokstäver, ord, meningar och genrer med hjälp av olika metoder, till exempel lekar, multimodalitet, teater, LTG-metod i skrivundervisningen. Det sammanställda resultatet visar att användning av dessa skrivundervisningsmetoder utvecklar elevernas kunskaper i skrivandet.

Problem-solving and integration of knowledge are key objectives of the undergraduate dental curriculum of the School of Dentistry, University of Pretoria, which aims to develop the clinical reasoning skills of students. For practical reasons the School provides discipline-based teaching and learning, which, according to the literature, might limit a student’s ability to integrate knowledge during clinical reasoning processes. The literature suggests that problem-solving by means of case studies – an active teaching and learning strategy– might be a useful method to develop and integrate knowledge at undergraduate level, and that earlier exposure to clinical cases might assist in the attainment of clinical reasoning skills at an earlier stage. Hence, this action research study describes the planning, design, implementation and evaluation of a “new” Comprehensive Patient Care curriculum over a three-year period (2009 - 2011) based on Kern’s “six-step approach to curriculum development”. The new curriculum employs an adjunctive integrated case-based approach according to the principles described in the “Four Component Instructional Design Model” and a new variant of the so-called “progress test”, starting already in the preclinical (third) year of study, to develop and test students’ clinical reasoning skills over time. The exit-level progress test results of dental students who had been taught by following an adjunctive integrated case-based approach were statistically analysed, using mixed model statistics, and were compared with the clinical decision-making skills of cohorts who had been taught by following the traditional discipline-based approach. These analyses were complemented by bivariate and multivariate quantitative analyses and qualitative student feedback (mixed methods). The validity of the progress test results was also examined by comparing the results of different cohorts. The fifth-year cohort who had been exposed to integrated case-based teaching and learning from their preclinical year performed significantly better in the progress test at exit level than the cohorts who had received only discipline-based teaching and learning, even when controlling for previous academic performance. These findings were supported by the quantitative and qualitative feedback that students gave about the educational processes that were followed. The progress test performed reasonably well as a measurement tool and all the differences that were measured between the different cohorts could be explained logically. Case specificity posed the biggest threat to the reliability of the test. The results suggest that integrated case-based teaching and learning, commencing in the preclinical study years, might be a useful intervention to improve clinical reasoning ability at exit level in dental schools such as the School of Dentistry, University of Pretoria that follow a discipline-based approach. The results of this action research study provided particularly useful information, which will allow further improvements to the educational intervention. The results of this study require further research to substantiate the findings beyond doubt. / Thesis (PhD)--University of Pretoria, 2013. / gm2014 / Dental Management Sciences / unrestricted

The objective of the empirical study was to explore which teaching methods science teachers in elementary schools describe that they use and the effects these methods have on student motivation towards the subject, according to these teachers. The study is based on the socio constructivism perspective while also correlating pragmatism and cognitive constructivism in relation to teaching methods in science lessons. Semi-structured interviews have been conducted with experienced and skilled elementary science teachers from around the district of Jönköping. Through the interviews the teachers gave accounts and descriptions of teaching choices they make for their lessons. They also accounted for the tangible effects these methods had on students’ motivation in the subject. As per the results of this study, it is perceived that the interviewed teachers base their teaching on the previously described learning theories. As they are a vital part of our education and learning in Sweden it is fair to point out that the integrating of these teaching and learning theories fit different scenarios of learning differently. Therefore, they absolutely need not necessarily be considered as contradicting each other as much as complementing the other as evidently shown in the study. Because learning theories have differing focus in learning, teachers would be well placed in their pedagogical aspirations by using different learning perspectives to be able to cater for different aspects of learning. Furthermore, different curriculum needs may require different theoretical learning focus. The teachers’ descriptions about their teaching methods suggest that they seek theoretical support and inspiration from various learning theories, more so, in this study, from sociocultural perspective and through pragmatism. This study has also revealed that the teachers make use of an accumulated repertoire of subject know-how and are actively using it in various ways to impact student learning and motivation. As teachers, the right attitude would be to understand which methods fit the class dynamic as this will affect student engagement and subsequently, performance and motivation. It is clear therefore, that the need to adapt teaching to cater for students’ individual needs should be deemed a good reason to help unlock students’ potential in their quest for knowledge acquisition

The aim of this work was to prepare activities and identify suitable physics problems that focus on students' abilities to solve physics problems and should help them develop their physical thinking. Four activities are described in this thesis. A teacher's methodical sheet that describes the activity and includes information about the type of developed problem solving skill as well as a worksheet with problems and solution of the worksheet were created for each activity. All worksheets were tested at upper secondary schools. The aim of the research was to find out if teachers and students consider the prepared activities, or more precisely the worksheets, as useful and usable. For the purposes of this research, a case study was chosen as a research method, in which participant observations and structured interviews with students and teachers were the main data for collection sources.

This thesis deals with the issue of working with text in biology lessons at primary schools. The aim of this work is to determine the ability of pupils to analyze text materials and to work with them in different ways. In the research part of the thesis were created texts for teaching pupils at the 2nd level of primary school and the following 8 tasks. Tasks were given to pupils (n=75) in grades 6, 7 and 8 at different stages of the lessons. The tasks were subsequently evaluated and the student's ability to solve the problem was assessed on the basis of the results. In six assignments, pupils had a higher success rate then 70%, while only two had less than 45%. Research results have shown that the ability of pupils to understand and work with text is good. It has also been found out which methods are amiss and how to adjust the tasks. Key words Work with text, teaching of biology, didactics of biology, teaching methods

This diploma thesis concerns the analysis of data from student, teacher and school questionnaires for PISA 2015 survey conducted in the Czech Republic. The conceptual framework of PISA 2015 questionnaire survey and characteristics of previous PISA and TIMSS surveys are briefly described in the thesis. As far as the student questionnaires are concerned, we have mainly focused on teaching methods used in scientific subjects and the attitudes of Czech students to these subjects. We have also taken interest in students' feelings at school, their satisfaction with life, their school ambitions, their interests, and the use of ICT. As for the teacher questionnaires, we have particularly chosen questions focused on teaching methods used in scientific subjects, teacher education and the relationship to their profession. Furthermore, we have processed questions from the school questionnaires focused on general information about the school, size of the school, school equipment and management, teaching staff and phenomena hindering the learning of students. The obtained data are presented in graphs and tables. If a question was part of any previous PISA or TIMSS survey, we compared the development of responses throughout the surveys. To evaluate these changes in the responses, we have used statistical methods. All...

This diploma thesis concentrates on comparing the relationship of examined Czech and Finnish pupils to biology and its teaching. The study was written with a focus on the ninth graders (n = 373) of primary schools of Prague and Oulu. The aim of this work was to compare the relationship of Czech and Finnish pupils to biology and its teaching, respectively to find out how Czech and Finnish pupils approach biology, what contributed to pupils' interest in biology and which teaching activities contribute to more enjoyable biology lessons. The research tool was a questionnaire. The data were statistically evaluated and discussed in the context of Czech literature and English literature from Finland. The results show that Finnish pupils have more positive attitude to biology than Czech pupils. The most favourite biology topic of Czech and Finnish pupils is human body. Time spent in nature contributes the most to pupils' interest in biology. Czech pupils would appreciate more excursions in biology lessons. Finnish pupils would like teachers to teach topics that pupils suggested.

Tal i bråkform är en viktig del av den svenska läroplanen, ett räknesätt som många elever har svårt att förstå. Lärare behöver vara insatta i olika undervisningsmetoder för tal i bråk-form, för att skapa bra undervisningstillfällen för elever. Detta behövs speciellt för elever i matematiksvårigheter. Undervisning ska anpassas utifrån elevers behov, vilket sker bäst när lärare känner till undervisningsmetoder som är fördelaktiga för elevers inlärning. Denna litte-raturstudie presenterar därför 15 undervisningsmetoder som forskning konstaterar som fördel-aktiga för undervisning om tal i bråkform för elever i matematiksvårigheter. Undervisnings-metoderna skiljer sig åt och är fördelaktiga på olika sätt. Undervisningsmetoderna passar också olika bra beroende på elevers tidigare kunskaper. Samtliga undervisningsmetoder för-klaras för att ge en tydlig bild av hur de kan bidra till fördelaktiga inlärningstillfällen för ele-ver i matematiksvårigheter. / Fractions is an important part of the Swedish curriculum, which many students have diffi-culties understanding. Teachers need to be familiar with different teaching methods for frac-tions to create good teaching opportunities for students. Especially for students with mathe-matic difficulties. Teaching should be adapted based on students’ needs, which happens best when teachers know which teaching methods that are beneficial for students’ learning. This literature study therefore presents 15 teaching methods that research finds to be advantageous for teaching fractions to students in mathematical difficulties. The teaching methods differ and are advantageous in different ways. The teaching methods also suit the students differ-ently depending on the students’ previous knowledge. All 15 teaching methods are explained to give a clear picture of how they can contribute to advantageous learning opportunities for students with mathematical difficulties.

Presented diploma thesis describes the process of map skills development in educational reality. The key element of the thesis composes of teaching reality examination, which has not been explored in connection to map skills before. The reality examination allows us to document current situation in map skills development and to implement possible changes into the process. The main aim of this thesis is to describe various teaching approaches to map skill development in practical use, all documented by video recording which is the main method used for this thesis. Theoretical part defines the term of map skills and their descriptions as well as the personal approach to teaching and its impact on the educational process. The personal approach to teaching is in practice performed by the selection of teaching method and forms which are also discused in this thesis. The practical section of the thesis is dedicated to examination of the cognitive difficultness of tasks assigned by teacher, using the video as a method of the research which eliminates possible misinterpretation. Assigned tasks are classified to several map skill types and based on the data colection further classification of 3 main teacher types is performed. Part of the thesis is also dedicated to comparison of cognitive difficultness of...

Syftet med studien är att undersöka vad svensk och internationell forskning visar om hur transspråkande används för att stötta språk-, kunskaps- och identitetsutveckling i det flerspråkiga klassrummet. Studien är en systematisk litteraturstudie som diskuteras i förhållande till sociokulturell teori och transspråkande som pedagogisk strategi. Resultatet av studien visar att transspråkande dels kan ske på övergripande nivå där hela skolan kännetecknas av en positiv inställning, dels genom att lärare använder transspråkande genom digitala verktyg, språkgrupper, modersmål- och studiehandledare, men också genom samarbete med hem och vårdnadshavare. Detta svarar också på studiens frågeställning om hur transspråkande kan stötta flerspråkiga elever i grundskolans tidigare år. Resultatet visar att transspråkande stärker elevens kunskapsinhämtning, språkutveckling och identitet.