This study examines if and how the use of writing process and peer review can be beneficial to the text quality when writing a short essay in a foreign language. The study focuses on a group of Swedish high school students, 17 and 18 years of age, studying their second foreign language, German, with no prior experience of working with peer review in any subject. To investigate the efficiency of the use of writing process and peer review, four research questions were formulated:   1   To what extent does peer review lead to an improvement of the text quality?      a)  What comments to the texts do the students give during the group discussion?      b)  What do the students change in their own text after the group discussion?      c)  What are the students’ attitudes toward the work with peer review?   In order to understand how the students worked with the comments and how it affected the text quality, the conversations were compared with the actual changes made between the two text versions. The comments were mostly very polite. Even when the students criticized, they tried to give feedback very gently. All texts were improved after the peer review, although most of the errors from the first draft were still present in the second version. After the writing of the second draft, the students took a survey, where they were able to express their views on various aspects of the project. The students were mostly positive to this way of working with texts, although some of them found that they did not know enough German yet. Nevertheless, most of them wanted to try it again, to see their own progress.

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Costuma-se identificar o ensino do Francês Instrumental (FI), prática que se inscreve entre as modalidades do ensino do Francês Língua Estrangeira (FLE), com o ensino da leitura de textos em francês e trata-se, em geral, da leitura de textos informativos. Neste trabalho, contudo, propomos, também, a leitura de textos literários neste contexto de ensino/aprendizagem. Para tal, fazemos, primeiramente, um histórico do FI. Em seguida, discutimos os processos cognitivos da leitura, da leitura em língua estrangeira e a especificidade da leitura literária em língua estrangeira. Enfim, a partir da metodologia proposta por Dabène e Quet (2000), refletimos sobre a contribuição do texto literário em um curso de FI por meio da análise das verbalizações orais e escritas realizadas por alunos desse curso / It is used to identifying the teaching of Reading in French (RF), as a practice that is included among the modalities of the teaching of French as a Foreign Language (FFL) with the teaching of reading of French texts and in general, it deals with the reading of informative texts. In this work, however, I also propose literary text readings in the context of teaching/learning. For such, I do, firstly, a historical of RF. After that, I discuss the cognitive processes of reading, reading in foreign language and the specifity of literary reading in foreign language. Finally, from the proposed methodology by Dabène and Quet (2000), I reflect about the contribution of the literary text in a RF course through the analysis of oral and written verbalizations achieved by the students of this course.

Costuma-se identificar o ensino do Francês Instrumental (FI), prática que se inscreve entre as modalidades do ensino do Francês Língua Estrangeira (FLE), com o ensino da leitura de textos em francês e trata-se, em geral, da leitura de textos informativos. Neste trabalho, contudo, propomos, também, a leitura de textos literários neste contexto de ensino/aprendizagem. Para tal, fazemos, primeiramente, um histórico do FI. Em seguida, discutimos os processos cognitivos da leitura, da leitura em língua estrangeira e a especificidade da leitura literária em língua estrangeira. Enfim, a partir da metodologia proposta por Dabène e Quet (2000), refletimos sobre a contribuição do texto literário em um curso de FI por meio da análise das verbalizações orais e escritas realizadas por alunos desse curso / It is used to identifying the teaching of Reading in French (RF), as a practice that is included among the modalities of the teaching of French as a Foreign Language (FFL) with the teaching of reading of French texts and in general, it deals with the reading of informative texts. In this work, however, I also propose literary text readings in the context of teaching/learning. For such, I do, firstly, a historical of RF. After that, I discuss the cognitive processes of reading, reading in foreign language and the specifity of literary reading in foreign language. Finally, from the proposed methodology by Dabène and Quet (2000), I reflect about the contribution of the literary text in a RF course through the analysis of oral and written verbalizations achieved by the students of this course.

Nossa pesquisa teve como objetivo explorar as implicações relativas à utilização de material didático de natureza virtual livre em contexto formal de ensino-aprendizagem de italiano LE/L2. As implicações foram tratadas em forma de Problemas de Ensino e o termo utilização foi desdobrado em dois aspectos: utilização em sala de aula presencial e produção. Orientou-nos a hipótese de que o uso de materiais didáticos de natureza virtual livre, em contexto formal de ensino-aprendizagem de língua italiana como LE/L2, deflagra uma série de implicações observáveis e específicas as quais podem ser definidas em termos de Problemas de Ensino (ORTALE, 2010) , dada a sua natureza peculiar, ou seja, livre. A fim de alcançar nossos objetivos, lançamos mão de uma metodologia qualitativa de viés construtivista e interpretativista. Os Problemas de Ensino foram identificados por meio da análise de Relatos de Problemas de Ensino (ORTALE, 2010). Balizaram nossas análises a metodologia de formação de professores, alicerçada na ideia de Aprendizagem Baseada em Problemas (ABP), explicitada em Ortale (2010), e as técnicas e procedimentos de desenvolvimento de teoria fundamentada, conforme Strauss e Corbin (2008). Os Problemas de Ensino relativos à utilização foram investigados em duas disciplinas de língua italiana ofertadas em nível de graduação junto à Faculdade de Letras de uma universidade pública do estado de São Paulo. Os Problemas de Ensino relativos à produção foram pesquisados nos contextos de duas edições de um curso de formação de professores de língua italiana em serviço e em pré-serviço que ministramos no âmbito de duas universidades públicas brasileiras - uma no estado de Santa Catarina e outra no estado de São Paulo. Encontramos um total de 11 (onze) Problemas de Ensino - 7 (sete) relacionados ao aspecto da produção de Material Didático Virtual Livre e 4 (quatro) relacionados ao aspecto da utilização. Notamos, por meio de nossa análise, a proeminência de dois fatores associados aos Problemas de Ensino encontrados: as crenças a respeito de materiais didáticos de natureza virtual livre e a demanda pelo desenvolvimento de competências relativas aos aspectos virtual e livre desse tipo de material didático. Concluímos que os Problemas de Ensino identificados não são específicos, mas, sim, característicos dos materiais didáticos de natureza virtual livre / The aim of our research was to explore the implications related to the use of Free Virtual Educational Materials in the context of formal teaching and learning Italian as FL/SL. The implications were dealt as Problems of Teaching (ORTALE, 2010) and the term use was considered according to two aspects: use in presential classrooms and production. The hypothesis was that the use of Free Virtual Educational Materials, in the context of formal teaching and learning Italian as FL/SL, triggers a series of observable and specific implications, which can be defined in terms of Problems of Teaching due to its peculiar nature, that is, being a free educational material. The methodology adopted here was qualitative, both constructivist and interpretativist. The Problems of Teaching were identified through the analysis of the Reports of Problems of Teaching (ORTALE, 2010). The analyses were based on the methodology of teacher education, supported by the idea of Problem-Based Learning (PBL), explained in Ortale (2010), and the techniques and procedures of the Grounded Theory, according to Strauss e Corbin (2008). The Problems of Teaching related to the use were investigated in two undergraduate subjects of Italian Language offered by the College of Arts in a public university in São Paulo state. The Problems of Teaching related to the production were researched in the context of two editions of the training course for teachers of Italian Language in-service and pre-service, taught at two Brazilian public universities one in Santa Catarina state and the other in São Paulo state. We have found the total of 11 (eleven) Problems of Teaching 7 (seven) related to the aspect of production of Free Virtual Educational Materials and 4 (four) related to the aspect of its use. We have noticed through our analysis, the prominence of two factors associated to the Problems of Teaching which were found in the research: the beliefs regarding Free Virtual Educational Materials and the demand to develop the competences related to the free and virtual aspects of this sort of material. We concluded that the Problems of Teaching identified here are not specific but are typical of educational materials that are virtual and free

Nossa pesquisa teve como objetivo explorar as implicações relativas à utilização de material didático de natureza virtual livre em contexto formal de ensino-aprendizagem de italiano LE/L2. As implicações foram tratadas em forma de Problemas de Ensino e o termo utilização foi desdobrado em dois aspectos: utilização em sala de aula presencial e produção. Orientou-nos a hipótese de que o uso de materiais didáticos de natureza virtual livre, em contexto formal de ensino-aprendizagem de língua italiana como LE/L2, deflagra uma série de implicações observáveis e específicas as quais podem ser definidas em termos de Problemas de Ensino (ORTALE, 2010) , dada a sua natureza peculiar, ou seja, livre. A fim de alcançar nossos objetivos, lançamos mão de uma metodologia qualitativa de viés construtivista e interpretativista. Os Problemas de Ensino foram identificados por meio da análise de Relatos de Problemas de Ensino (ORTALE, 2010). Balizaram nossas análises a metodologia de formação de professores, alicerçada na ideia de Aprendizagem Baseada em Problemas (ABP), explicitada em Ortale (2010), e as técnicas e procedimentos de desenvolvimento de teoria fundamentada, conforme Strauss e Corbin (2008). Os Problemas de Ensino relativos à utilização foram investigados em duas disciplinas de língua italiana ofertadas em nível de graduação junto à Faculdade de Letras de uma universidade pública do estado de São Paulo. Os Problemas de Ensino relativos à produção foram pesquisados nos contextos de duas edições de um curso de formação de professores de língua italiana em serviço e em pré-serviço que ministramos no âmbito de duas universidades públicas brasileiras - uma no estado de Santa Catarina e outra no estado de São Paulo. Encontramos um total de 11 (onze) Problemas de Ensino - 7 (sete) relacionados ao aspecto da produção de Material Didático Virtual Livre e 4 (quatro) relacionados ao aspecto da utilização. Notamos, por meio de nossa análise, a proeminência de dois fatores associados aos Problemas de Ensino encontrados: as crenças a respeito de materiais didáticos de natureza virtual livre e a demanda pelo desenvolvimento de competências relativas aos aspectos virtual e livre desse tipo de material didático. Concluímos que os Problemas de Ensino identificados não são específicos, mas, sim, característicos dos materiais didáticos de natureza virtual livre / The aim of our research was to explore the implications related to the use of Free Virtual Educational Materials in the context of formal teaching and learning Italian as FL/SL. The implications were dealt as Problems of Teaching (ORTALE, 2010) and the term use was considered according to two aspects: use in presential classrooms and production. The hypothesis was that the use of Free Virtual Educational Materials, in the context of formal teaching and learning Italian as FL/SL, triggers a series of observable and specific implications, which can be defined in terms of Problems of Teaching due to its peculiar nature, that is, being a free educational material. The methodology adopted here was qualitative, both constructivist and interpretativist. The Problems of Teaching were identified through the analysis of the Reports of Problems of Teaching (ORTALE, 2010). The analyses were based on the methodology of teacher education, supported by the idea of Problem-Based Learning (PBL), explained in Ortale (2010), and the techniques and procedures of the Grounded Theory, according to Strauss e Corbin (2008). The Problems of Teaching related to the use were investigated in two undergraduate subjects of Italian Language offered by the College of Arts in a public university in São Paulo state. The Problems of Teaching related to the production were researched in the context of two editions of the training course for teachers of Italian Language in-service and pre-service, taught at two Brazilian public universities one in Santa Catarina state and the other in São Paulo state. We have found the total of 11 (eleven) Problems of Teaching 7 (seven) related to the aspect of production of Free Virtual Educational Materials and 4 (four) related to the aspect of its use. We have noticed through our analysis, the prominence of two factors associated to the Problems of Teaching which were found in the research: the beliefs regarding Free Virtual Educational Materials and the demand to develop the competences related to the free and virtual aspects of this sort of material. We concluded that the Problems of Teaching identified here are not specific but are typical of educational materials that are virtual and free

This anticipated piece of work named "Teaching Spanish in preschool and young school age is divided into two parts. The first part is the theoretical part and describes the evolutionary specifics of preschool and young school-aged children. The diploma thesis responds to very frequent question when is appropriate to start with teaching a foreign language. It also describes the advantages and disadvantages of teaching foreign languages in early age. It also pursues the issue how should be the teaching of a foreign language realized in preschool institutions and in the first grade of primary school. The second part of diploma thesis is a handbook for teaching Spanish in preschool age which is made on the basis of experimental method for teaching French.

CoordenaÃÃo de AperfeiÃoamento de Pessoal de NÃvel Superior / Esta pesquisa tem como objetivo estudar as estratÃgias de aprendizagem (EA) utilizadas por aprendizes de inglÃs como lÃngua estrangeira em EaD. Adotamos a conceituaÃÃo de Oxford (1990), de acordo com a qual estratÃgias sÃo ―passos tomados pelo aluno para melhorar o prÃprio aprendizado‖. As estratÃgias agrupam-se em dois grandes conjuntos â o das diretas e o das indiretas, que se subdividem em: estratÃgias de memÃria; de compensaÃÃo; estratÃgias cognitivas; metacognitivas; afetivas; e sociais. A fim de identificarmos os perfis de uso de EA por aprendizes em EaD, aplicamos o InventÃrio de EstratÃgias de Aprendizagem de LÃnguas - IEALE - (OXFORD, 1990), na versÃo traduzida por Paiva (1998) para o portuguÃs. Entre outros resultados, verificamos que a mÃdia geral no IEALE para nossos sujeitos foi de 3,02 (trÃs vÃrgula zero dois), o que os encaixa em uma categoria mÃdia de uso das EA. A ordem da mÃdia de uso dos grupos de EA que compÃem o IEALE foi: 1. metacognitivas; 2. sociais; 3. cognitivas; 4. afetivas; 5. memÃria; e 6. compensaÃÃo. Foi tambÃm analisada a relaÃÃo entre o perfil de uso de EA e o desempenho desses alunos em disciplinas de lÃngua inglesa, realizando testes nÃo-paramÃtricos de correlaÃÃo (Spearman Rho). Os testes estatÃsticos apontam uma correlaÃÃo tanto entre desempenho oral (sig. 0,000), quanto escrito (sig. 0,012), e o uso de EA. Foram ainda comparados os resultados obtidos neste estudo aos resultados de outros estudos sobre EA em modalidade presencial. Infelizmente, a metodologia empregada pela maioria das pesquisas brasileiras nÃo ofereceu condiÃÃes de generabilidade e, por isso, nÃo foi possÃvel realizar contraste entre os dados desta pesquisa e os obtidos por outras pesquisas brasileiras. Na anÃlise de pesquisas estrangeiras, foi identificada a seguinte ordem quanto à mÃdia de uso dos grupos de EA: 1. Metacognitivas e CompensaÃÃo; 2. Sociais e Cognitivas; 3. MemÃria e Afetivas, dados bastante similares Ãqueles que obtivemos com os sujeitos desta pesquisa. Este estudo possibilitou um cruzamento natural entre as definiÃÃes de EA e autonomia de aprendizagem. Mudando a perspectiva que enxerga as EA como um dos mecanismos para promover a autonomia, acreditamos serem as EA, na realidade, aquilo que deverÃamos medir para avaliar a autonomia de aprendizagem. / The main goal of this dissertation is to study the learning strategies used by distance learners of English as a Foreign Language in virtual environments. The study is based on Oxfordâs (1990) concept of strategies as steps taken by the learner to improve his/her own learning. The strategies are divided into two groups â direct and indirect strategies, and each group is divided into sub groups: memory, compensation, cognitive, metacognitive, affective and social strategies. In order to identify the different profiles of users of learning strategies, the translated version (PAIVA, 1998) of the Strategy Inventory of Language Learning (OXFORD, 1990) - SILL - was used. Results indicated that the average score in the SILL was 3.2 (three point two) among the distance learning learners. This average score places the learners in the profile of medium users of the strategies. The rank of use for the strategy groups was: 1st metacognitive; 2nd social; 3rd cognitive; 4th affective; 5th memory; and 6th compensation. The relationship between the user profile and the performance in English courses was also analyzed, using a non-parametric test of correlation (Spearman Rho). The results of the tests indicate a significant correlation between the use of strategies and learnersâ performance on courses that developed both oral (sig. 0.000) and written skills (0.012). The results yielded by the application of the Inventory of Learning Strategies were also compared to the results obtained by other studies using the same inventory in face-to-face contexts. Unfortunately, this comparison could not be made with Brazilian studies, since the methodology used by them did not allow for generalizations. The analysis of the results obtained by foreign studies indicated that the rank of use for the groups of strategies was: 1st metacognitive and compensation; 2nd Social and Cognitive; 3rd memory and affective skills, a rank very close to the one obtained by this study. This study has also raised the possibility of combining the concepts of Learning Strategies with those of learning autonomy, adding to the view of learning strategies as tools to develop autonomy, the possibility of using these strategies to evaluate learning autonomy.

This master's thesis study is devoted to the features of teaching speaking students of creative specialties. The structure of the work consists of two chapters: theoretical and practical. The theoretical part discusses the main directions in teaching students to speak at non-linguistic faculties, age and psychological characteristics of students in secondary vocational education institutions and the most common methods and techniques for teaching speaking. The second chapter on the basis of the educational-methodical complex of exercises for teaching speaking of this group of students is described, created in addition to the main textbook. Experimental-search proved the effectiveness of using such a manual in English lessons for students of creative specialties, such as music and acting. Some provisions of the dissertation research are presented and published in the scientific article "The possibilities of musical art in mastering the English language by students of creative specialties" in the scientific journal "Meridian" under the editorship of Yu. I. Zhegusov in January 2020. / Данное магистерское диссертационное исследование посвящено особенностям обучения говорению студентов творческих специальностей. Структура работы состоит из двух глав: теоретической и практической. В теоретической части рассматриваются основные направления в обучении говорению студентов на неязыковых факультетах, возрастные и психологические особенности обучающихся учреждений среднего профессионального образования и наиболее распространенные методы и приемы по обучении говорению. Во второй главе на основе описывается учебно-методический комплекс упражнений на обучение говорению данной группы студентов, созданный в дополнение к основному учебнику. Опытно-поисковым путем доказана эффективность использования такого пособия на уроках английского языка у студентов творческих специальностей, таких как музыка и актерское мастерство. Некоторые положения диссертационного исследования представлены и опубликованы в научной статье «Возможности музыкального искусства в освоении английского языка студентами творческих специальностей» в научном журнале «Меридиан» под ред. Ю. И. Жегусова в январе 2020 года.

The diploma thesis focuses on teaching grammar in the context of in-company language courses. What needs to be taken into consideration are both the psychological aspects of adult learners and the sociological characteristics of a typical course participant, their position of a client which is connected to high expectations of the service provided - language tuition. The role of the teacher in an in-company course is much less authoritative than in a traditional course and teachers become rather partners or coaches for the learners. The pedagogical research conducted among 172 Czech in-company learners with the help of an electronic questionnaire shows that the main aim of in-company students is to be able to communicate efficiently in real-life situations from their private and working lives. It is the role of the teacher, or the coursebook author, to choose which grammar structures are necessary to succeed in the respective situations. Therefore, the most suitable method for teaching grammar in the context of in-company courses is the Engage, Study, Activate method combined with the eclectic method.