This study showed that Extension Services, like any other human service organizations, are having difficulty in serving diverse populations where there are overlapping political jurisdictions. One example of such a situation was the interstate metropolitan region that included Washington, D.C., Maryland and Virginia. This region is one of 38 such regions in the United States. The three extension services in metropolitan Washington appear to be failing to meet the need for nutrition education, consumer education, urban horticulture, street safety, and volunteer civic leadership and other needs because they are not fully utilizing available resources and are unable to capitalize on such earmarked resources as those designated by the Office of Management and Budget Circular A-95 review process which requires areawide consultation and regional planning. An organizational model was developed as part of the study and appears to satisfy such criteriaas maximizing resource utilization and access to new resources while minimizing friction among the land grant universities and related institutions in the region. In clarifying needs and refining issues, over 50 knowledgeable consultants were. involved in the study. In developing the model and testing for feasibility the ten key actors on policy matters that would become involved in accepting and implementing the model were used as a panel of experts. They further defined needs and approaches, critiqued the preliminary models, and eventually agreed upon the proposed model presented in the study. The result of the study is "A Proposed Model for an Interstate Metropolitan Extension Service Authority for Metropolitan Washington." The model has five major elements: a proposed charter, a set of bylaws, a table of organization, a decisionmaking process, and recommendations for implementing the model are included in the study. / Ed. D.

Through the years, many millions of people have been living in poverty with lack of economic opportunity. These people live in the underdeveloped areas of the world. Until recent years, they accepted their poverty as a part of life, but the two world wars and the spread of industrial civilization have changed their lives. They now realize their misery is unnecessary and a better standard of living is possible. These people need the hand of fellowship with all free nations to give them guidance and help in their endeavor to bring about a better life for their masses. The United States and the rest of the free world can no longer live in isolation from the two-thirds of the human race that are poor and hungry. Most Americans are now realizing our importance in helping to raise the standard of living throughout the world. The United States has adopted the Point Four Technical Assistance Program to provide help to these underdeveloped areas in order that they may realize their aspirations for a better life. This aid is provided only to those countries that ask for help; it is not forced upon those countries that are reluctant. The objective of Point Four is to help the people of those countries, through their own efforts to produce more food, more clothing, more materials for housing, and more mechanical power to lighten their burdens. India is an underdeveloped country that has put forth a. great effort to improve its economic condition. After becoming independent in 1947, India tried out many experiments in rural betterment. These experiments proved to be so successful that India drew up a Five-Year Plan and a Community Development Program to help relieve the tremendous poverty in India. The development programs are to arouse the Indian people to an understanding of what they can accomplish through their own group efforts. These millions of people, who have lived so long in poverty, will benefit from modern scientific knowledge. The United States immediately made Point Four Technical Assistance available to India upon the signing of the Indo-American Agreement in January 1952. This assistance was to be used in assisting the Indian Government in its program of economic development. The first major task undertaken under tho economic development programs was to improve agricultural production. Other goals to be worked toward were better education, improved health, housing, and developing of natural resources. These goals will have to be carried out over a long period of time to obtain maximum economic development, but minimum development goals were hoped to be reached by 1956. India is receiving Point Four Technical Assistance from the United States, the United Nations, and other countries of the world in order that its people may be lifted out of poverty into a better standard of living. This cannot be done overnight, but with continued help India’s people will be able to realize their hopes of a self-sufficient country and a better life. / Master of Science

Thesis (MDF (Business Management))--University of Stellenbosch, 2007. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Tegniese bystand bly steeds ’n aktuele kwessie in die meeste ontwikkelende lande. Tegniese samewerking is vir baie dekades gebruik as ’n werktuig vir die opbou van toenemende kapasiteit en, van groter belang, as ’n manier om projekte te implementeer. Werkskrag is nodig sodat ontwikkeling kan plaasvind. Dit is ’n uitdaging om te bepaal hoe tegniese bystand voorsien moet word, en of sodanige bystand wél aan die ontvanger se behoeftes voldoen. Sommige is van mening dat Westerse lande geneig was om aan ontwikkelende lande voor te skryf watter soort tegniese bystand hulle sou benodig. Dit het daartoe gelei dat die meeste ontvangers nie verantwoordelikheid vir produksie aanvaar het nie. Navorsing verwys na die behoefte vir tegniese bystand asook die sukses wat tot nou toe behaal is op dié terrein, alhoewel dit gering was. Die meeste ontwikkelende finansiële instansies, insluitende die Wêreldbank, lewer bewys van tegniese bystandsprogramme. Hierdie programme dien as ondersteuning vir instansies in die uitbetaling van verdere fondse vir ontwikkeling. Die verslag dui aan dat, alhoewel tegniese bystand en ontwikkelingsfinansiering wél werk, vooruitgang steeds nodig is. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Technical assistance continues to be a topical issue in most developing countries. For many decades, technical cooperation has been used as a vehicle to build capacity building and, more importantly, as a way to implement projects. Capacity is required for development to take place. The challenge is how the technical assistance is provided, and whether such assistance is what the recipient needs. Western countries have tended to prescribe to the developing countries in terms of the kind of technical assistance they need, which has resulted in many recipients not taking responsibility for the output. The research alludes to the need for technical assistance and the successes that have been achieved until now in the field, even though they have been marginal. Most development finance institutions, including the World Bank, are shown to have technical assistance programmes. Such programmes assist the institutions in disbursing more development funds. The Report indicates that, although technical assistance and development finance do work, improvement is still required.

Este trabalho consiste na elaboração de um modelo para programação de atividades e alocação de técnicos que executam tarefas de instalação, manutenção preventiva e visita diagnóstica em equipamentos utilizados na produção de bens de consumo em escala industrial. O modelo utiliza técnicas de pesquisa operacional visando minimizar os custos envolvidos. O modelo em questão descreve as fases para a elaboração da programação das atividades e da alocação dos técnicos para executá-las, trazendo como contribuição ao tema restrições como acordo sindical de banco de horas celebrado com os empregados e nível de serviço prestado ao cliente. O presente modelo considera ainda eventuais penalidades existentes por atraso no início da instalação dos equipamentos comercializados. O modelo define as atividades que deverão ser atendidas prioritariamente e os impactos econômicos de tal decisão, distribuindo a carga de trabalho de forma mais uniforme possível entre os técnicos dentro do horizonte de planejamento. / This paper presents a model to schedule the activities and allocation of technicians that perform tasks of installation, preventive maintenance and diagnostic visits in equipments used in the production of consuming goods in industrial scale. The model uses operation research techniques aiming at minimizing the costs involved in these activities. The model in question describes the phases of scheduling and allocation of technicians in order to perform their activities. It brings as contribution to this theme constrains such as union agreement on Accumulation of hours regime entered with the employees and the level of service rendered to the client. This model also considers the occasional existing penalties due to delays at the beginning of the installation of the sold equipments. This model defines which activities must be prioritized as well as their economic impacts, distributing the workload in the most even way among the technicians within the planning horizon.

Thesis. 1976. Ph.D.--Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Dept. of Political Science. / Microfiche copy available in Archives and Dewey. / Vita. / Bibliography: leaves 294-300. / Ph.D.

While development cooperation largely consists of policy advice, the suggestions and inputs on development that policymakers in the Global South receive from donors and other international actors, little research exists on what makes policy advice useful to these policymakers. The aim of this study was to find out why policymakers in the Global South find some advice useful and some not. This was done through a field study in Kenya, using interviews with 23 policymakers and advisors. The analytical framework that was applied to the material reconciled the SCL model of analysing policy advice in terms of its content, with a critical postcolonial perspective which regarded the delivery of advice. The study showed that  the usefulness of policy advice for Kenyan policymakers is as dependent on the delivery of the advice as it is on its content, unlike what has been implied previously by Western research on think tanks. The study also concluded that not only is it possible to merge the two theoretical perspectives of policy advice and postcolonial theory, despite the difference in abstraction levels, applying a postcolonial perspective can be crucial in order to examine the full scope of what makes policy advice useful to policymakers in the Global South.

A construção de habitação por meio de sistema de mutirão, ainda utilizada por alguns órgãos públicos a fim de reduzir os custos da obra e ajudar na redução do déficit habitacional no país é o foco deste trabalho. Seu objetivo é a avaliação da gestão de obras de mutirão, com o desenvolvimento de critérios para estudar a gestão do empreendimento, abordando gestão de produção, gestão de suprimentos, gestão de pessoas, gestão ambiental, gestão de segurança, gestão de custos e qualidade do produto. Com esse fim, o trabalho apresenta uma revisão bibliográfica sobre mutirão, com histórico e conceitos, define os critérios para a avaliação da gestão de execução da obra e a avalia em dois casos. Ambos tiveram uma avaliação regular, sendo a parte do planejamento a mais crítica. A duração da obra ficou condicionada às dificuldades encontradas fora dela - falta de recurso e problemas na compra de material. / The housing using a self-construction with mutual-help still used by some agencies to reduce the production costs and help reduce the housing deficit in the country is the focus of this work. Your goal is to evaluate the management of mutualhelp works with the development of criteria to study the project management, covering production management, supply management, personnel management, environmental management, security management, cost management and quality of the product. To this end, the work presents a bibliographic review of mutual-help building, with history and concepts, defines the criteria for evaluating the management performance of the work and judges it in two cases. Both had a regular assessment, being part of planning the most critical. The duration of the work was conditioned to the problems encountered outside the work - lack of resources and problems in the purchase of equipment.

Le Cameroun accède à l’indépendance le 1er janvier 1960. Le 13 novembre 1960, la France signe avec le Cameroun une série d’accords de coopération qui couvrent divers domaines tant civils que militaire. En observant cette série d’accords de coopération, l’on se rend compte que le volet culturel occupe les ¾ de la coopération franco-camerounaise depuis 1960. Ce sujet ne traite pas de la coopération franco-camerounaise en général, mais des volets culturels, contenus dans la convention culturelle franco-camerounaise, qui est la base juridique de ces relations. Les relations culturelles franco-camerounaises ont évolué en dents de scie ; tantôt denses et chaleureuses [décennie 60 et 90], tantôt froides et tendues [70-80]. Ceci s’explique par les enjeux qui entourent ces relations culturelles. Pour la France, la culture reste l’instrument fondamental de sa politique étrangère. Les objectifs sont la diffusion de la culture française par : la langue française à travers les instruments classiques que sont les centres culturels français et les alliances franco-camerounais., la présence audio-visuelle française dans le monde à travers des médias tels TV5, RFI et CFI. Pendant la guerre froide, l’objectif principal était d’éviter que ne tombent certains Etats de son pré carré sous l’influence de l’un où l’autre bloc. A partir des années 90, la France intensifie son action culturelle au Cameroun, principalement pour faire front à la montée en puissance des anglo-saxons. Elle initie un combat en faveur de l’exception culturelle dans le cadre de la Francophonie. Côté camerounais, l’influence culturelle française a toujours été vue d’un regard méfiant. Tolérée sous Ahidjo pour des besoins de sécurité intérieure, ce dernier prend ses distances dès lors que l’unité et la stabilité du Cameroun sont assurées en 1972. Sous Biya, après des débuts plutôt froids dans la décennie 80, les relations culturelles franco-camerounaises connaissent depuis les années 90 leur apogée. Ceci est dû à la fin de la guerre froide, au retour du Cameroun dans la communauté francophone en 1991, à la crise économique, aux Etats généraux de la culture et de l’éducation nationale et surtout aux pressions américaines pour des questions démocratiques au Cameroun. Les relations culturelles franco-camerounaises touchent des volets divers comme l’assistance technique, l’enseignement supérieur, l’éducation, les activités culturelles. Le Cameroun fait partie de la Zone de solidarité prioritaire [ZSP] et bénéficie dont d’un caractère préférentiel dans la politique culturelle extérieure de la France. / Cameroon reaches the independence on January 1st, 1960. On November 13th, 1960, France and Cameroon signed a series of agreements of cooperation which covered diverse domains so civil as military. By observing this series of agreements of cooperation, we realize that the cultural part occupies ¾ some French-Cameroonian cooperation since 1960. This subject does not deal with the French-Cameroonian cooperation generally, but the cultural parts, contained in the French-Cameroonian cultural agreement [convention], which is the legal base of these relations. The French-Cameroonian cultural relations evolved uneven; sometimes dense and warm [decade 60 and 90], sometimes cold and tense [70-80]. This explains by the stakes which surround these cultural relations. For France, the culture remains the fundamental instrument of its foreign policy. The objectives are the diffusion of the French cultural influence by: the French language, through the classic instruments that are the French cultural centers and the French-Cameroonian alliances. The French broadcastin [audivisual] presence in the world through media such as TV5, RFI and CFI. During the cold war, the main objective was to avoid that fall certain africans states squared under the influence of the one or the other block.. In Cameroonian side, the French cultural influence was always seen by a suspicious glance. Tolerated under Ahidjo for needs of internal safety [security], he distances oneself since the unity and the stability of Cameroon was insured in 1972. Under Biya, after debuts rather cold in the decade 80, the French-Cameroonian cultural relations know since the 90s their peak. This is due to the end of the cold war, on the return of Cameroon in the French-speaking community in 1991, the economic crisis, in the general States of the culture and the Education and especially in American pressures for democratic questions in Cameroon. The French-Cameroonian cultural relations touch diverse sectors as the technical support, the higher education, the education, the cultural activities. Cameroon is a part of the Zone of priority solidarity [ ZSP] and benefits from preferential character in the outside cultural policy of France. But these cultural relations have perverse effects in Cameroon, in term of acculturation, in spite of the role played by the general states of the culture and the education. Finally, in spite of some positive points as the linguistic unity which played a role in the national integration in Cameroon, Cameroonians judge badly the intense French culturals activities in Cameroon.

Under the No Child Left Behind Act of 2001, states created statewide systems of support, in collaboration with existing agencies, to deliver targeted assistance to districts and schools identified as in need of support. With limited personnel and resources, state education agencies partnered with outside agents to address the needs of a growing number of low-performing schools. Support and services for low-performing schools were designed to increase opportunities for schools to meet academic content and achievement standards for all students. Strong outside agents (skilled in systems change, knowledge of interventions and capacity for relationship-building) have been shown to produce changes in low-performing schools, but the long-term effect of those changes is unclear. One barrier to the implementation of the statewide system of support, and to any useful evaluation of its impact, is the presence of vulnerable populations, such as students with disabilities. Because low-performing schools tend to have larger student populations identified with academic risk factors like disability status, understanding how the partnership between state education agencies and outside agents improves outcomes for students with disabilities, specifically, is essential in evaluating the overall impact of the statewide system of support. The purpose of this research is to examine how a mid-sized state’s implementation of the statewide system of support provision, as outlined in The No Child Left Behind Act of 2001, by incorporating an existing regional training and technical assistance system, one focused specifically on improving special education, impacted instructional delivery for students with disabilities.

<p>This study is based upon the double proposition that a transfer of modern management knowledge is an important component of the development assistance given to Third World countries and that this knowledge has a cultural basis that</p><p>restricts its transferability. The very essence of the cultural basis is thought to consist of culture contingent implicit assumptions about phenomena in the reality. Problems experienced in five cases of transfer of management knowledge are analysed in search for such implicit assumptions questioned. A paradigm comprising fifteen basic assumptions attached to the images of different management relevant phenomena is identified in the analysis carried out. Different corroborating conditions that make experiences from management-inaction corroborate the validity of the basic assumptions are also identified. The recognition of the relationships between basic assumptions and environmental conditions is held to be crucial to the understanding of how and why the cultural basis of modern management knowledge makes its transfer difficult. The identified relationships between basic assumptions and corroborating conditions has implications for two major issues discussed in cross-cultural management research: (i) it supports the convergence hypothesis, and (ii) it can be concluded that the perceived appropriateness of the “modern” delegativeparticipative management style hinges on the “industrialising” of environmental conditions. In addition to the implications for the cross-cultural management discourse, it is found that the perspective developed has implications for the institutionalism approach to management. In particular, it points to the importance of normative messages and collectively shared perceptions as isomorphic forces. It also points to important mechanisms behind institutional variability and change. The relationship between basic assumptions and environmental conditions is central to a strategy for transfer of modern management knowledge that is discussed in the end of the study. The importance of a cognitive transformation is emphasised as a prerequisite for a long-term success of such a transfer.</p>