No description available.

According to the “Draft development plan for meeting the current and future electricity demandfor 2023-2032” developed by the Polish Transmission System Operator PSE, the most appropriate solution is to significantly expand the possibilities of energy storage, due to its role as a factor improving the power balancing with the increase of wind farms and photovoltaic (PV) sources. Poland has changed the rules governing the energy industry to encourage energy storage. Few barriers have already been eliminated like double charging of transmission fees, but there is still a big novelty to come and that is the reform of the balancing market. With the introduction of this change many more revenue streams should be available that are already present in other EU countries. The objective of this thesis is to provide a high-level overview of the Polish electricity market, identification of existing legal barriers, assessing the role of battery energy storage systems (BESSs) participating in distinct applications, and evaluating a possible business case considering a foreseeable market evolution. The scope of the study is limited to only one storage option Li-Ion standalone project of 10MW/40MWh at HV Point of Connection. In literature review, there does not seem to be a study on storage in the context of Poland. Hence, identifying the research gaps, an analysis of standalone storage system for grid applications in Poland is performed. In this study the NPV, IRR and PP for different scenarios of available revenue streams is determined to compare current and future business models for techno-economic feasibility for BESS in the context of Poland. Results of the study are as following. In the future scenario under the assumed dispatch strategy and participation in CM, FCR, aFRR availability markets as well as aFRR energy market and wholesale arbitrage, the overall project IRR is around 18% with a payback time of around 5 years. Provided the number of new accessible revenue streams BESS can present a strong business case in Poland.

The Paris Agreement has ambitious targets to limit the global warming below 1.5 °Cin the 21st century. This goal is reflected in the national climate targets, for example, Sweden aims to achieve net zero greenhouse gas emissions by 2045, and thereafter achieve negative emissions. One of the pivotal ways to achieve these goals is by applying the mature bioenergy with carbon capture and storage (BECCS) technology to large-scale industries that emit CO2. Around 6% of the global emissions arise from the pulp and paper industry making them one of the largest localized emitters of biogenic CO2. This makes them suitable for retrofitting BECCS technologies and post-combustion capture (PCC) is one among them. This study presents a techno-economic assessment of an absorption-based PCC unit in SCA Östrand pulp mill. Chemical absorption using MEA and chilled ammonia process (CAP) using NH3 as the solvent are considered in this study. For both the processes, mass and energy balances using Aspen HYSYS were done and validated against published data in literature. Heat integration by applying excess or waste heat from the mill is also considered in this work. CO2 capture from flue gas originating from various emission sources in the mill (recovery boiler, lime kiln and multi-fuel boiler) are considered in different combinations in the analysis. The main key performance indicator (KPI) evaluated in this work is the cost of CO2capture for all the different cases for both the MEA- and chilled NH3-based absorption processes. The minimum cost of CO2 capture for MEA-based absorption process was found to be in the range 37-41 €/tCO2 and for CAP, it was found to be in the range 73-81 €/tCO2. For MEA-based absorption process, the excess low pressure steam from the mill satisfies the steam demand in all the cases, except the one where CO2 is captured from all the three emission sources. For CAP, sufficient excess low pressure steam is present in the mill for all the capture cases due to a lower reboiler duty compared to MEA-based absorption process. An optimal process configuration and capture scenario for the existing design conditions in the mill are derived and justified. A sensitivity analysis was carried out to find the associated bottlenecks from the breakdown of the cost of CO2 capture for each process. The overall BECCS cost is also sensitive to CO2 transport & storage costs. However, it is also clear that incentives for negative emissions will make BECCS an attractive solution for the pulp and paper industry.

The industrial sector not only has a big contribution to global emissions but also a low share of renewable energy for heat demand. Knowing that most of the energy consumption in industry is heat and that half of it is at medium-low temperature (below 400 ºC), it is a great market for the integration of solar thermal technologies. Following the criteria of high heat demand and low-temperature requirements, five promising industrial sectors and their processes have been analysed: food and beverage, paper and pulp, chemical, textile and mining. Steam generation at supply level has been considered one of the most promising systems considering its integration advantages and the potential of direct steam generation plants. The market potential study has been geographically determined performing an MCA; countries all over the world have been assessed considering their heat consumption in the promising sectors and other conditions that enhance the SHIP feasibility such as solar radiation levels, favourable energy policies, previous experience in SHIP plants, ease of doing business, etc. The price of natural gas has been also considered after selecting Europe as a suitable market. The potential heat demand that this technology could cover has been estimated considering limitations as the competitiveness with other renewable heat sources, the expected heat recovery potential for some sectors, the solar fraction of the region and roof space of the factories. The results show that the five countries with bigger potential are Germany, France, Netherlands, Italy, and Spain, while the sectors with the most suitable market are food and beverage, and chemical. A case study has been selected based on the previous conclusions: a Fresnel direct steam generation plant in Sevilla (Spain) characterized thanks to the data provided by the company Solatom. The plant has been modelled using the software TRNSYS, taking special consideration in the Fresnel performance, the dynamic steam drum behaviour and its influence on the start-up time of the plant. The results achieved through the techno-economic analysis show that parameters such as solar radiation, conventional fuel prices and EU ETS prices have a major impact on the economic indicators. A sensitivity analysis shows that locations with radiation levels above 1750 kWh/m2 have positive values for NPV, and above 2250 kWh/m2 the cost of generating solar heating (LCOH) is under European natural gas prices. In addition to this, fuel prices above 50 €/MWh, which are common for SMEs, results in payback periods under 10 years. Future trends depict favourable scenarios as current European policies are causing a rapid growth of the ETS. Therefore, solar heat in industrial processes can be a feasible alternative, or work as a complement, to conventional systems. Its deployment is driven by supportive policies, high radiation levels, costly fuels prices (such as the ones for SMEs) and the necessity of reducing GHG emissions and decrease the independence on fossil energies. / Industrisektorn har inte bara ett stort bidrag till globala utsläpp utan också en låg andel förnybar energi för värmebehov. Att veta att det mesta av energiförbrukningen i industrin är värme och att hälften av den är vid medelhög låg temperatur (under 400ºC), är det en fantastisk marknad för integration av solvärmeteknik. Enligt kriterierna för högt värmebehov och lågtemperaturkrav har fem lovande industrisektorer och deras processer analyserats: mat och dryck, papper och massa, kemikalier, textil och gruvdrift. Ånggenerering på leveransnivå har ansetts vara ett av de mest lovande systemen med tanke på dess integrationsfördelar och potentialen hos direkta ånggenereringsanläggningar. Marknadspotentialstudien har fastställts geografiskt med en MCA; länder över hela världen har bedömts med tanke på deras värmeförbrukning i de lovande sektorerna och andra förhållanden som förbättrar SHIP-genomförbarheten, såsom solstrålningsnivåer, gynnsam energipolitik, tidigare erfarenhet av SHIP-anläggningar, lätt att göra affärer etc. Priset på naturgas har också övervägs efter valet av Europa som en lämplig marknad. Det potentiella värmebehovet som denna teknik kan täcka har uppskattats med tanke på begränsningar som konkurrenskraft med andra förnybara värmekällor, den förväntade värmeåtervinningspotentialen för vissa sektorer, solfraktionen i regionen och fabrikernas takutrymme. Resultaten visar att de fem länderna med större potential är Tyskland, Frankrike, Nederländerna, Italien och Spanien, medan de sektorer som har den mest lämpliga marknaden är mat och dryck samt kemikalier. En fallstudie har valts utifrån de tidigare slutsatserna: en Fresnel-ångproduktionsanläggning i Sevilla (Spanien) som kännetecknas av uppgifterna från företaget. Anläggningen har modellerats med hjälp av programvaran TRNSYS, med särskild hänsyn till Fresnel-prestanda, det dynamiska ångtrummans beteende och dess inflytande på anläggningens starttid. De resultat som uppnåtts genom den tekno-ekonomiska analysen visar att parametrar som solstrålning, konventionella bränslepriser och EU: s ETS-priser har stor inverkan på de ekonomiska indikatorerna. En känslighetsanalys visar att platser med strålningsvärden över 1750 kWh/m2 har positiva värden för NPV och över 2250 kWh/m2 är kostnaden för att generera solvärme (LCOH) under europeiska naturgaspriser. Utöver detta leder bränslepriser över 50 €/MWh, som är vanliga för små och medelstora företag, till återbetalningsperioder under tio år. Framtida trender visar gynnsamma scenarier eftersom europeisk politik orsakar en snabb tillväxt på ETS. Därför kan solvärme i industriella processer vara ett genomförbart alternativ eller fungera som ett komplement till konventionella system. Dess utplacering drivs av stödjande politik, höga strålningsnivåer, dyra bränslepriser (som de för små och medelstora företag) och behovet av att minska växthusgasutsläppen och minska självständigheten för fossila energier.

A evolução do portfolio de serviços das operadoras em direção a ofertas convergentes que combinam serviços de voz, dados e vídeo é uma tendência do setor de telecomunicações. É neste contexto que o conceito de Internet Protocol Television (IPTV) ganha um papel relevante, pois permite às operadoras oferecerem serviços de vídeo utilizando como base uma infra-estrutura de rede convergente baseada em Internet Protocol (IP). Entretanto, existem diversos desafios relacionados à introdução de serviços IPTV. A nova realidade que inclui os serviços de vídeo apresenta um patamar de complexidade superior ao dos serviços já conhecidos. No que diz respeito à tecnologia, existem questões que permeiam desde a adaptação da infra-estrutura de rede e sistemas existentes até a implantação de plataformas de vídeo, até então não usuais no ambiente das operadoras. Neste cenário de complexidade, a metodologia de análise técnico-econômica proposta neste trabalho se torna útil para suportar a tomada de decisão relacionada à introdução de serviços IPTV. A metodologia proposta visa gerar subsídios para a identificação das condições em que se verifica a viabilidade econômica do serviço tendo em vista aspectos relacionados ao próprio serviço e a arquitetura tecnológica que o suporta. Para isto, a metodologia abrange as seguintes atividades: definição do serviço; mapeamento de seus requisitos; análise da arquitetura tecnológica existente; delineamento e dimensionamento da arquitetura tecnológica que suportará os novos serviços; modelagem econômica; análise de sensibilidade e cenários; e, por fim, análise dos resultados. Além da proposição da metodologia de análise, este trabalho inclui a aplicação da metodologia proposta em um caso de referência representativo da realidade de uma operadora de telecomunicações. / The evolution towards integrated service offerings that combine voice, video and data is a key trend for telecommunications service providers. IP-based technology plays an important role on this scenario by enabling the delivery of video over a multiservice IP network, a service commonly known as Internet Protocol Television (IPTV). There are many challenges to a large scale roll out of IPTV services, though. When compared to traditional voice and data services, video services introduce a higher level of complexity to the service providers\' environment. The technology issues related to IPTV range from the upgrade of the existing networks and systems to the deployment of new technology platforms oriented to video services delivery, which are not common in a service provider\'s technology architecture. Within this context, the techno-economic analysis methodology presented in this work aims to support the decision process underlying the IPTV services launch by a telecommunications service provider. The proposed methodology leads to the identification of economic feasibility conditions associated to relevant services aspects and required technology infrastructure alternatives. The methodology encompasses the main following activities: services definition; services\' requirements identification; analysis of the existing technology architecture; design and dimensioning of the new technology infrastructure that will support the services; economic analysis; sensitivity and scenario analysis. Besides the methodology proposition, this work includes a case study illustrating its application to a fictional service provider.

O objetivo principal desta dissertação é analisar as tecnologias de aplicativos da Web 2.0, desde uma perspectivas evolucionária, e dos seus impactos nas empresas em nível global. Desta forma, para poder entender o seu nascimento, essência e importância econômica para as empresas, se tomou como base teórica o conceito evolucionário de revoluções tecnológicas e paradigmas tecno-econômicos, o qual serviu como modelo para interpretar a atual revolução das tecnologias de informação e comunicação (TIC) e seu conseqüente paradigma tecnoeconômico, e na qual se constatou que este grupo de tecnologias surgiu no período de tempo atual de dito paradigma conhecido como “intervalo de reacomodação” (turning point). Por outro lado, se ressaltou que uma das principais características no processo de difusão de cada paradigma tecno-econômico é o seu impacto na organização das empresas. Desta forma, a teoria evolucionária se apresentou como a abordagem adequada para entender tanto o caráter da empresa atual, entendida esta em termos do conjunto de suas rotinas (conhecimentos e habilidades), quanto as suas principais inovações organizacionais como respostas aos desafios apresentados pela própria difusão do paradigma tecno-econômico atual das TIC, na qual o acumulo permanente de novos conhecimentos e informações, isto é, de rotinas dinâmicas se tornam variáveis chaves para o próprio processo permanente de inovação, vital para as empresas. Diante da crescente utilização das tecnologias de aplicativos da Web 2.0 entre as empresas a nível mundial como meios potenciais para atingir esses objetivos, o presente trabalho analisou o seu potencial para gerar de forma mais fluida novos conhecimentos e informações, isto é rotinas dinâmicas, tanto dentro da organização das empresas como na interação com os seus consumidores, refletindo-se, assim, no aumento de inovações permanentes de novos produtos e serviços. / The main objective of this dissertation is to analyze the technologies of Web 2.0 applications, from an evolutionary perspective, and its impacts on businesses globally. Thus, in order to understand its birth, nature and economic importance for companies, it was taken as theoretical basis the evolutionary concept of technological revolutions and technoeconomic paradigms, which served as a model to interpret the current revolution in information and communication technologies (ICT) and its consequent techno-economic paradigm, in which it was found that this group of technologies originated in the current time of said paradigm known as turning point. On the other hand, it was emphasized that a key feature in the process of diffusion of each techno-economic paradigm is its impact on business organization. Thus, evolutionary theory appeared as the appropriate approach to understand both the character of the current company, which is understood in terms of its set of routines (knowledge and skills), as its main organizational innovations as answers to the challenges presented by the own diffusion of the current ICT techno-economic paradigm, in which the continuous accumulation of new knowledge and information, that is, dynamic routines, become key variables to the self process of continuous innovation, vital for companies. With the increasing use of Web 2.0 application technologies among the companies in the world as a potential means to achieve these goals, this study examined its potential to generate more fluidly new knowledge and information, that is dynamic routines, both within the business organizations and in their interaction with their consumers, which was reflected in the increase of permanent innovations of new products and services.

A evolução do portfolio de serviços das operadoras em direção a ofertas convergentes que combinam serviços de voz, dados e vídeo é uma tendência do setor de telecomunicações. É neste contexto que o conceito de Internet Protocol Television (IPTV) ganha um papel relevante, pois permite às operadoras oferecerem serviços de vídeo utilizando como base uma infra-estrutura de rede convergente baseada em Internet Protocol (IP). Entretanto, existem diversos desafios relacionados à introdução de serviços IPTV. A nova realidade que inclui os serviços de vídeo apresenta um patamar de complexidade superior ao dos serviços já conhecidos. No que diz respeito à tecnologia, existem questões que permeiam desde a adaptação da infra-estrutura de rede e sistemas existentes até a implantação de plataformas de vídeo, até então não usuais no ambiente das operadoras. Neste cenário de complexidade, a metodologia de análise técnico-econômica proposta neste trabalho se torna útil para suportar a tomada de decisão relacionada à introdução de serviços IPTV. A metodologia proposta visa gerar subsídios para a identificação das condições em que se verifica a viabilidade econômica do serviço tendo em vista aspectos relacionados ao próprio serviço e a arquitetura tecnológica que o suporta. Para isto, a metodologia abrange as seguintes atividades: definição do serviço; mapeamento de seus requisitos; análise da arquitetura tecnológica existente; delineamento e dimensionamento da arquitetura tecnológica que suportará os novos serviços; modelagem econômica; análise de sensibilidade e cenários; e, por fim, análise dos resultados. Além da proposição da metodologia de análise, este trabalho inclui a aplicação da metodologia proposta em um caso de referência representativo da realidade de uma operadora de telecomunicações. / The evolution towards integrated service offerings that combine voice, video and data is a key trend for telecommunications service providers. IP-based technology plays an important role on this scenario by enabling the delivery of video over a multiservice IP network, a service commonly known as Internet Protocol Television (IPTV). There are many challenges to a large scale roll out of IPTV services, though. When compared to traditional voice and data services, video services introduce a higher level of complexity to the service providers\' environment. The technology issues related to IPTV range from the upgrade of the existing networks and systems to the deployment of new technology platforms oriented to video services delivery, which are not common in a service provider\'s technology architecture. Within this context, the techno-economic analysis methodology presented in this work aims to support the decision process underlying the IPTV services launch by a telecommunications service provider. The proposed methodology leads to the identification of economic feasibility conditions associated to relevant services aspects and required technology infrastructure alternatives. The methodology encompasses the main following activities: services definition; services\' requirements identification; analysis of the existing technology architecture; design and dimensioning of the new technology infrastructure that will support the services; economic analysis; sensitivity and scenario analysis. Besides the methodology proposition, this work includes a case study illustrating its application to a fictional service provider.

Σκοπός της εργασίας αυτής είναι η τεχνοοικονομική σύγκριση των δυο αρχιτεκτονικών, ADSL και οπτικών δικτύων και η εξαγωγή συμπερασμάτων για τα σχετικά κόστη και δυνατότητες που αφορούν τις αρχιτεκτονικές αυτές. Οι τελευταίες τεχνολογίες καθώς και οι αυξημένες απαιτήσεις σε χωρητικότητα και ταχύτητα, οδήγησαν σε λύσεις που συνδυάζουν διαφορετικά είδη τεχνολογιών, κυρίως υβριδικές τεχνολογίες, που προσφέρουν τεράστιες δυνατότητες με περιορισμένο κόστος ανά bit. Για τις απαιτήσεις της εποχής η τεχνολογία FTTx (Fiber To The x) και οι διάφορες παραλλαγές της, αποτελούν πολύ υποσχόμενες τεχνολογίες πρόσβασης που προσφέρονται ως βάσεις για τη δημιουργία μεγάλων και αξιόπιστων δικτύων που μπορούν να εξυπηρετήσουν μεγάλο αριθμό πελατών. Ωστόσο, οι πλέον υποσχόμενες τεχνολογίες είναι οι τεχνολογίες FTTx, οι οποίες υλοποιούνται αποκλειστικά με οπτικές ίνες. Όπως θα δούμε σε ήδη υπαρκτά δίκτυα, τα δίκτυα αναμορφώνονται και εξελίσσονται από παλαιότερες τεχνολογίες, αναβαθμίζονται σταδιακά, χωρίς να σημαίνει ότι οι παλαιότερη τεχνολογία μένει σε αχρηστία αμέσως μετά τις αναβαθμίσεις. Γίνονται αναφορές σε περιπτωσιολογικές μελέτες που πρέπει να γίνουν ώστε να είναι όσο το δυνατό πιο εύχρηστο και προσπελάσιμο ένα δίκτυο ενός μητροπολιτικού κέντρου. Η εργασία αυτή ολοκληρώνεται με συναρτήσεις κόστους, για την ολοκλήρωση ενός τέτοιου δικτύου, που εξάγονται υλοποιούνται με χρήση του εργαλείου Matlab. / The primary objective of this work is the techno economic comparison between ADSL and optic fiber networks, the export of conclusions on the relative costs and the capabilities that concern these architectures. The secondary objective is understanding the process of constructing an optical fiber nework. The latest technologic improvements as well as the increased requirements in speed and capacity, lead to solutions that combine different technologies types mainly hybrid technologies, which offer enormous possibilities with limited cost per bit. For present day requirements FTTx (Fiber the The x) can serve a large share of customers as base for creating bigger and more reliable networks. However, this promising technology is exclusively for only optical fiber based FTTx. As it will be shown through examples of already founded networks, they can be reformed and evolved from older technologies, can be progressively upgraded to mach the bandwidth and user capacity of future networks Case studies are performed in order to determine the best case of optical network that should satisfy consumers and telecommuters. This thesis is completed with the research of total cost functions which are imported in Matlab. The cost reports are exported and compared in the form of graphic cost charts.

No description available.

Hydrogen can be produced from biomass; this hydrogen is called biohydrogen. Biohydrogen produced in Western Canada can partially contribute to meeting the demand for hydrogen needed for bitumen upgrading. Gasification and pyrolysis are two promising pathways for producing biohydrogen in a large-scale plant. Syngas, produced from the gasification of biomass, and bio-oil, produced from fast pyrolysis of biomass, can be steam reformed to produce biohydrogen. The cost of biohydrogen delivered by pipeline to a distance of 500 km is $2.20 per kg of H2, assuming that a plant utilizes 2000 dry tonnes of whole-tree biomass per day processing it in a Battelle Columbus Laboratory (BCL) gasifier. For forest residue- and straw-based biohydrogen plants the values are similar: $2.19 and $2.31 per kg of H2, respectively. Maximum economy of scale benefits are realized for biohydrogen production plants capable of processing 2000 and 3000 dry tonnes per day using BCL and GTI (Gas Technology Institute) gasification technology, respectively. The cost of biohydrogen from fast pyrolysis ($2.47 per kg of H2 from a 2000 dry tonne per day plant), using forest residue as the feedstock, is higher than the cost of biohydrogen produced by gasification. Carbon credits of about $120-$140 per tonne of CO2 are required to make biohydrogen competitive with natural-gas-based hydrogen.