For the EU to reach its 2050 climate targets the aviation industry that is highly dependent on fossil fuels needs to drastically reduce its emissions. In the decarbonisation of the aviation industry drop-in sustainable aviation fuels (SAFs) have been identified as a promising solution to abate the industry’s emissions. To increase the adoption of SAFs, The EU has announced a proposal called ReFuelEU Aviation, introducing obligated blend mandates for SAFs that airlines and fuel suppliers need to comply with, starting at 2% in 2025 going up to 70% by 2050. A subset of SAFs called electrofuels, made from green hydrogen and carbon dioxide, could become essential in the sustainability transition with an emission abatement potential of up to 95% compared to fossil jet fuel. However, there exist no large scale production of electrofuels and previous research suggests that they will be several times more expensive to produce than their fossil counterparts, highlighting that the production and adoption will be challenging. In this thesis we first study how and under which conditions electrofuel value chains can develop in Sweden and second to which extend locally-produced electrofuels may be economically feasible. The former was studied qualitatively and the latter quantitatively, which together identified challenges and opportunities for electrofuels to decarbonise the aviation industry. The qualitative analysis was researched by conducting semi-structured interviews with industry actors, researching the current policy landscape and analysing the findings from a theoretical lens of ‘complementarity formation mechanisms in technology value chains’. The quantitative analysis was researched by a techno-economic assessment of e-kerosene production in Sweden using an alkaline electrolyser, different carbon capture technologies and a Fischer Tropsch fuel synthesis. In the qualitative analysis we found, in contrast to previous research, that the incremental cost associated with adoption of electrofuels is not necessarily the greatest concern. Instead, the value chain development of electrofuels is dependent on synchronised development of the input sectors renewable energy, hydrogen production and carbon capture technologies. Industry actors may not invest in large scale electrofuel production until they have secured a supply for renewable energy. There is also a liability of limited scalability in these, affected by slow permit processes and construction of new renewable energy, risking that electrofuels are not produced sustainably and at a high cost. We also found that producing bio-electrofuels, utilising lignocellulosic biomass from e.g., forest residue, can become important for Swedish fuel production. In the quantitative analysis the results show a levelised cost of e-kerosene of 3.8-6.1 times higher than the fossil jet fuel price of April 2023, sensitive to changes in energy price and capital expenditures of electrolysers for hydrogen production. We also found that the source of carbon capture affects the price, where direct air capture (DAC) increased total costs by 32% and 25% compared to bioethanol and pulp and paper, respectively. The levelised cost yield emission abatement costs between 457-1,042 €/tonne CO2e, depending on energy scenario and emissions abatement potential. In conclusion, we have found that the production of electrofuels for aviation is contingent on low energy prices, point-source carbon capture and economies of scale in hydrogen production. This highlights that renewable energy in combination with technological developments in hydrogen and carbon production is essential to establish a sustainable value chain. This can become challenging as other industries, such as green steel, will require similar inputs for production, emphasising that the location of electrofuel plants highly impacts the business case and possibility to produce relatively sustainable and cost competitive products. / För att EU ska nå sina klimatmål för 2050 behöver flygindustrin, som är beroende av fossila bränslen, drastiskt minska sina utsläpp. I dekarboniseringen av flygindustrin har hållbara flygbränslen (SAF) identifierats som en potentiell lösning för att minska utsläppen i industrin. EU har tagit fram förslaget ReFuelEU Aviation som inför obligatoriska inblandningskrav av SAF för flygbolag och bränsleleverantörer, med start 2025 på 2% och en ökning till 70% fram till år 2050. En subkategori av SAF kallade elektrobränslen, som tillverkas av grön vätgas och koldioxid, kan bli avgörande i hållbarhetsomställningen med en potential att reducera utsläpp med upp till 95% jämfört med fossilt flygbränsle. Samtidigt finns det idag ingen storskalig produktion av elektrobränslen och forskare och branschexperter tror att produktionskostnaderna kommer att vara flera gånger dyrare än den fossila motsvarigheten, vilket antyder att produktionen av elektrobränslen kommer medföra utmaningar. I denna uppsats studerar vi först hur och under vilka förutsättningar elektrobränsle-värdekedjor kan utvecklas i Sverige, och sedan under vilka förutsättningar produktion av elektrobränslen kan vara ekonomiskt konkurrenskraftigt. Den första frågeställningen studerades kvalitativt och den andra kvantitativt, vilka tillsammans identifierade utmaningar och möjligheter för produktion och användning av elektrobränslen för att dekarbonisera flygindustrin. Den kvalitativa analysen bestod av semistrukturerade intervjuer med aktörer inom branschen och forskning kring det nuvarande policylandskapet. Dessa resultat analyserades sedan utifrån en teoretisk lins av ’komplementära formationsmekanismer i teknologiska värdekedjor’. Den kvantitativa delen analyserades genom en tekno-ekonomisk analys av e-fotogenproduktion i Sverige genom en alkalisk elektrolysör, olika tekniker för koldioxidavskiljning och bränslesyntes via Fischer-Tropsch. I den kvalitativa analysen fann vi, i motsats till tidigare forskning, att de inkrementella kostnaderna för införandet av elektrobränslen inte nödvändigtvis är det största hindret. I stället är utvecklingen av elektrobränsle-värdekedjor beroende av en synkroniserad utveckling av förnybar energi, vätgasproduktion och koldioxidavskiljningstekniker då industriella aktörer kan vara motvilliga att investera i storskalig elektrobränsleproduktion innan de har en säkrat tillgång av förnybar energi. Det finns också en risk för begränsad skalbarhet på grund av långsamma tillståndsprocesser för konstruktion av ny förnybar energi, vilket kan leda till att elektrobränslen inte produceras hållbart och till höga kostnader. Vi fann också att produktion av bio-elektrobränslen, genom att använda lignocellulistisk biomassa från exempelvis skogsrester, kan bli viktigt för den svenska bränsleproduktionen. I den kvantitativa analysen visade resultaten att kostnaden för e-fotogen är 3.8-6.1 gånger högre än den fossila motsvarigheten och att priset var känsligt mot förändringar i energipris och investeringskostnader för elektrolysören för vätgasproduktion. Vi fann också att källan till koldioxidavskiljning påverkar priset, där direktluftsavskiljning (DAC) ökade de totala kostnaderna med 32% respektive 25% jämfört med bioetanol och pappersmassa. Produktionskostnaderna för elektrobränslen indikerarar en utsläppsminskningskostnad mellan 457-1,042 €/ton CO2e, beroende på energiscenario och utsläppsminskningspotential. Slutsatsen är att produktionen av elektrobränslen för flygindustrin är beroende av låga energipriser, källa för koldioxidavskiljning och stordriftsfördelar för vätgasproduktion. Detta påvisar att förnybar energi i kombination med teknologisk utveckling inom vätgas- och koldioxidproduktion är avgörande för att etablera en välfungerande värdekedja. Detta kan bli utmanande då andra industrier, som produktionen av grönt stål, kommer att kräva liknande insatsvaror för produktion och betonar därmed vikten av den geografiska placeringen av elektrobränslefabriker för att ha möjligheten att producera hållbara och kostnadseffektiva bränslen.

La demande énergétique mondiale continue d’augmenter. Les prix des énergies fossiles sont instables et incertains. La libéralisation du marché électrique et une conscience environnementale des acteurs mondiaux sont des leviers au développement des énergies renouvelables. Ces dernières se développent à un rythme rapide dans le monde. Elles ont atteint une maturité technique qui leur permet de devenir un segment important de l’industrie de l’énergie. Leur insertion dans le mix énergétique pose de nouveaux défis par rapport aux sources d'énergie traditionnelles. Avec un potentiel abondant encore sous-exploité, le photovoltaïque et l'énergie éolienne sont avantageux sur le plan économique et environnemental. Cependant, leur caractère intermittent diminue leur efficacité énergétique lorsqu’elles sont exploitées individuellement. L'utilisation de systèmes hybrides (multi-sources) combinant ces sources d'énergie renouvelables, le réseau de distribution national (réseau électrique historique) et les systèmes de stockage classiques, est généralement considérée par tous comme solution d’avenir, à la fois efficiente et fiable. Il est alors nécessaire de repenser la structure des réseaux électriques et des marchés de l’énergie, ainsi que des changements dans les méthodes de gestion de réseau. Dans ce contexte, l’apport envisagé avec ce travail de thèse est de contribuer à la modélisation et l’optimisation de systèmes multi-sources multi-charges pour alimenter aussi bien des sites isolés « énergie de proximité » (campus, village) que des sites étendus tels que des régions françaises à travers leur interconnexion « pooling ». Différents scenarii de gestion et différentes configurations des systèmes sont modélisés, testés et comparés pour analyser l’efficacité et la robustesse de chaque cas de figure. Une analyse technico-économique complète est réalisée, dans le but d’étudier la faisabilité de chaque système. Pour démontrer la validation de ces modèles, des études ont été réalisées sur un campus Universitaire Français, un micro-réseau au Mali et trois régions Françaises. Ces dernières ont fait l’objet d’application à un modèle original d’interconnexion basé sur les réseaux de Pétri pour l’aide à la décision en termes de configurations du réseau et le contrôle des flux d’énergie échangés entre des territoires producteurs-consommateurs interconnectés sans système de stockage / Global energy demand continues to rise. The fossil fuel prices are unstable and uncertain. The liberalization of the electricity market and environmental awareness of the global leaders are levers for the development of renewable energy. These are growing at a rapid pace in the world. They reached technical maturity that enables them to become an important segment of the energy industry. Their integration in the energy mix poses new challenges compared to traditional energy sources. With an underexploited potential, photovoltaic and wind energy are advantageous economically and environmentally. However, their intermittent decreases their energy efficiency when operated. The use of hybrid systems (multi-sources) combining these renewable energy sources, the national distribution network (historical grid) and conventional storage systems, is generally regarded by all as a future solution, both efficient and reliable. Thereby, it is necessary to rethink the structure of electrical networks and energy markets, and changes in network management methods. In this context, the foreseen intake with this thesis is to contribute to the modeling and optimization of multi- load multi- source systems to power both remote sites “closeness energy” (campus, village) and large sites such as French regions through their interconnection "pooling ". Different scenarios of management and different configurations of the systems are modeled, tested and compared to analyze the effectiveness and robustness of each case. A complete technical and economic analysis is performed in order to study the feasibility of each system. To demonstrate the validation of these models, studies were performed on a French university campus, a Micro-grid in Mali and three French regions. These latter have been applied to an original interconnection model based on Petri nets for decision support in terms of network configuration and control of energy flows exchanged between interconnected producers/consumers territories without storage

L'intégration massive des énergies renouvelables variables (EnRV) provoque d'importants changements dans le système électrique. Auparavant développé de manière vertical et centralisé, le système était robuste et fiable. Cependant, la production des EnRV est intermittente et peu prévisible. Ainsi, le système doit être plus flexible grâce à de nouvelles options telles que la maîtrise de la demande, le stockage ou l'effacement de la production EnRV. Cependant, le potentiel des EnRV est réparti inégalement en Europe et avec d'importants taux de pénétration d'EnRV, les échanges d'électricité entre les régions vont augmenter provoquant des congestions dans le réseau. Ainsi, les options de flexibilité ne pourront peut-être pas réduire ces congestions. Pour analyser ces effets, le travail mené dans cette thèse utilise le modèle de prospective long terme POLES (Prospective Outlook on Long-term Energy Systems) couplé avec le nouveau module du secteur électrique EUTGRID (EUropean – Transmission Grid Investment and Dispatch). Ce module inclut une représentation détaillée du réseau de transport européen d'électricité avec un calcul des flux plus réaliste. De plus, les renforcements sont déterminés suivant les coûts de congestion de chaque ligne. Ce nouveau couplage permet d'avoir une évolution dynamique du réseau de transport. Le rôle du réseau de transport est ensuite analysé et comparé avec les autres options de flexibilité. Les investissements dans le réseau augmentent ainsi fortement avec d'importants taux de pénétration des EnRV alors que les options de flexibilité ne peuvent pas intégralement remplacer le réseau. Finalement, un travail exploratoire est mené avec l'introduction de réseaux de distribution génériques (urbain, semi-urbain and rural) dans EUTGRID. Les résultats montrent que les renforcements sont légèrement décalés avec une augmentation de l'utilisation des technologies de back-up (i.e. centrales à gaz) ce qui augmente les émissions totales. / The power system is facing a major shift with the large-scale development of variable renewable energy sources (VRES). This vertical and centralized architecture helped the system to be robust and reliable. However, VRES production is intermittent and less predictable. As a result, the system needs to add more flexibility with new options such as Demand Side Management, storage technologies and VREs curtailment. But renewable energies potentials are unevenly distributed in Europe and, with high shares of VREs, power flows exchanges will increase between specific regions. As a result, the existing transmission grid would face congestions and these flexibility options might not be sufficient to alleviate these bottlenecks. To analyse these impacts, the work carried in this thesis uses the long-term energy model POLES (Prospective Outlook on Long-term Energy Systems) coupled with the new European power sector module EUTGRID (EUropean – Transmission Grid Investment and Dispatch). It includes a detailed transmission grid and more realistic power flows with a DC-OPF. A grid investment mechanism is also incorporated to determine the grid investments based on nodal prices. This new coupling permits to get a dynamic evolution of the transmission grid. The role of the transmission grid is being assessed and compared with other flexibility options. The grid investments increase largely with important development of VRES while other flexibility options cannot completely replace them. Finally, an exploratory work is being carried with the introduction of generic distribution grids (urban, semi-urban and urban) in EUTGRID. The results show that the reinforcements are slightly delayed with a greater use of back-up technologies which increases the total emissions.

Les avancées théoriques permettent de discerner l’innovation dans les services tout en prenant en compte les spécificités de ces activités, ainsi que les concepts de la théorie néoschumpetérienne. Cette intégration doit faire face à des obstacles lorsque le concept de système de l’innovation est appliqué aux services. Dans ce cas, la principale difficulté a été de développer cette analyse autour d’un produit non-tangible, où il existe une variabilité intrinsèque de conceptions justifiables du produit du service. Notre thèse s’est construite autour de deux piliers. Nous avons d’abord démontré que l’association des approches intégratrices de l’innovation dans les services avec la notion de réseau technico-économique constitue une perspective d’analyse de la dynamique de l’innovation dans les services et, qu’en même temps, elle permet de prendre en compte la diversité des acteurs, des sources, des formes et des objectifs de l’innovation, sans pour autant mettre de côté la pluralité des activités de services ou restreindre leurs possibilités d’évolution. Ensuite, nous avons considéré, par rapport à notre objet de recherche, les services hospitaliers, que les innovations correspondent à l’évolution des conventions qui définissent le produit attendu pour ce service. A partir de l’étude de cas d’innovations dans les hôpitaux, au Brésil et en France, nous avons pu vérifier des logiques différentes d’innovation qui, dans le cadre d’une analyse en termes de réseau technico-économique, proviennent de l’action d’acteurs hétérogènes qui interagissent au sein des différents systèmes hospitaliers, permettant une analyse de la dynamique de ces processus d’innovation. / Os avanços na compreensão da inovação em serviços têm resultado numa abordagem integradora que permite vislumbrar a inovação em serviços tendo em conta as especificidades dessas atividades e os conceitos da teoria neo-schumpeteriana. Essa integração encontra obstáculos quando o conceito de sistema de inovação é aplicado aos serviços. A principal dificuldade tem sido desenvolver esse enfoque em torno de um produto não tangível, resultante da definição convencional dos atores envolvidos na relação de serviço, em que a variabilidade de concepções justificáveis do produto do serviço é intrínseca. Com base na investigação de um determinado ramo de serviços, os serviços hospitalares, nossa tese se alicerça em dois pontos. Primeiro, propomos que a associação da abordagem integradora da inovação em serviços à noção de rede tecno-econômica constitui uma perspectiva de análise da dinâmica da inovação em serviços que, ao mesmo tempo, contempla a diversidade de atores, fontes, formas e objetivos da inovação, sem deixar de lado a pluralidade das atividades de serviços ou restringir suas possibilidades de evolução. Segundo, em relação ao nosso objeto de pesquisa, podemos propor que as inovações nos serviços hospitalares correspondem à evolução das convenções que definem o produto esperado desse serviço. A partir do estudo de casos de inovações em hospitais, no Brasil e na França, verificamos lógicas de inovação distintas que, numa análise em termos de rede tecno-econômica, resultam das lógicas de ação dos atores heterogêneos que interagem nos respectivos sistemas hospitalares, permitindo uma análise da dinâmica desses processos de inovação nos termos propostos. / The achievements in the understanding of innovation in services has resulted into a integrating approach where this type of innovation is seen within its specificities and the concepts of neoschumpeterian theory. Such integrating approach is hampered when the concept of innovation system is applied to services. The main difficulty in this case has been to develop this approach around an intangible product, deriving from the conventional definition of the actos involved in a service relation, with intrinsic product concept variability. Based on a particular industry, hospital services industry, this dissertation is grounded in two points. First, I suggest the association between the integrating approach and technoeconomic networks offers a perspective to analyze service innovation dynamics by including a wide array of actors, sources, forms and objectives of innovation without overlooking the plurality of the service activities or constraining their possibilities of evolution. Second, in relation of my research goal, I can suggest innovation in hospital services correspond to the evolution of the conventions which define the expected product of this service. Departing from the case studies in Brazil and in France, I verify different innovation rationales, by analyzing the technoeconomic networks, resulting from different logics of action in heterogeneous actors which interact in their particular hospital systems. This allows the dynamics of such innovation processes as formerly suggested.

Les avancées théoriques permettent de discerner l’innovation dans les services tout en prenant en compte les spécificités de ces activités, ainsi que les concepts de la théorie néoschumpetérienne. Cette intégration doit faire face à des obstacles lorsque le concept de système de l’innovation est appliqué aux services. Dans ce cas, la principale difficulté a été de développer cette analyse autour d’un produit non-tangible, où il existe une variabilité intrinsèque de conceptions justifiables du produit du service. Notre thèse s’est construite autour de deux piliers. Nous avons d’abord démontré que l’association des approches intégratrices de l’innovation dans les services avec la notion de réseau technico-économique constitue une perspective d’analyse de la dynamique de l’innovation dans les services et, qu’en même temps, elle permet de prendre en compte la diversité des acteurs, des sources, des formes et des objectifs de l’innovation, sans pour autant mettre de côté la pluralité des activités de services ou restreindre leurs possibilités d’évolution. Ensuite, nous avons considéré, par rapport à notre objet de recherche, les services hospitaliers, que les innovations correspondent à l’évolution des conventions qui définissent le produit attendu pour ce service. A partir de l’étude de cas d’innovations dans les hôpitaux, au Brésil et en France, nous avons pu vérifier des logiques différentes d’innovation qui, dans le cadre d’une analyse en termes de réseau technico-économique, proviennent de l’action d’acteurs hétérogènes qui interagissent au sein des différents systèmes hospitaliers, permettant une analyse de la dynamique de ces processus d’innovation. / Os avanços na compreensão da inovação em serviços têm resultado numa abordagem integradora que permite vislumbrar a inovação em serviços tendo em conta as especificidades dessas atividades e os conceitos da teoria neo-schumpeteriana. Essa integração encontra obstáculos quando o conceito de sistema de inovação é aplicado aos serviços. A principal dificuldade tem sido desenvolver esse enfoque em torno de um produto não tangível, resultante da definição convencional dos atores envolvidos na relação de serviço, em que a variabilidade de concepções justificáveis do produto do serviço é intrínseca. Com base na investigação de um determinado ramo de serviços, os serviços hospitalares, nossa tese se alicerça em dois pontos. Primeiro, propomos que a associação da abordagem integradora da inovação em serviços à noção de rede tecno-econômica constitui uma perspectiva de análise da dinâmica da inovação em serviços que, ao mesmo tempo, contempla a diversidade de atores, fontes, formas e objetivos da inovação, sem deixar de lado a pluralidade das atividades de serviços ou restringir suas possibilidades de evolução. Segundo, em relação ao nosso objeto de pesquisa, podemos propor que as inovações nos serviços hospitalares correspondem à evolução das convenções que definem o produto esperado desse serviço. A partir do estudo de casos de inovações em hospitais, no Brasil e na França, verificamos lógicas de inovação distintas que, numa análise em termos de rede tecno-econômica, resultam das lógicas de ação dos atores heterogêneos que interagem nos respectivos sistemas hospitalares, permitindo uma análise da dinâmica desses processos de inovação nos termos propostos. / The achievements in the understanding of innovation in services has resulted into a integrating approach where this type of innovation is seen within its specificities and the concepts of neoschumpeterian theory. Such integrating approach is hampered when the concept of innovation system is applied to services. The main difficulty in this case has been to develop this approach around an intangible product, deriving from the conventional definition of the actos involved in a service relation, with intrinsic product concept variability. Based on a particular industry, hospital services industry, this dissertation is grounded in two points. First, I suggest the association between the integrating approach and technoeconomic networks offers a perspective to analyze service innovation dynamics by including a wide array of actors, sources, forms and objectives of innovation without overlooking the plurality of the service activities or constraining their possibilities of evolution. Second, in relation of my research goal, I can suggest innovation in hospital services correspond to the evolution of the conventions which define the expected product of this service. Departing from the case studies in Brazil and in France, I verify different innovation rationales, by analyzing the technoeconomic networks, resulting from different logics of action in heterogeneous actors which interact in their particular hospital systems. This allows the dynamics of such innovation processes as formerly suggested.

Electricity grids require the ancillary services frequency control, grid operation, re-establishment of supply and voltage stability for a proper operation. Historically, conventional power plants in the transmission grid were the main source providing these services. An increasing share of decentralized renewable energy in the electricity mix causes decreasing dispatch times for conventional power plants and may consequently lead to a partial replacement of these technologies. Decentralized energy sources are technically capable of providing ancillary services. This work focuses on the provision of reactive power for voltage stability from decentralized sources. The aim is to answer the question of how voltage stability and reactive power management can be achieved in a future electricity system with increasing shares of decentralized renewable energy sources in an economical and efficient way. A methodology that takes reactive power and voltage stability in an electricity system into account is developed. It allows for the evaluation of the economic benefits of different reactive power supply options. A non-linear and a linearized techno-economic grid model are formulated for this purpose. The analysis reveals an increasing importance of reactive power from the distribution grid in future development scenarios, in particular if delays in grid extension are taken into account. The bottom-up assessment indicates a savings potential of up to 40 mio. EUR per year if reactive power sources in the distribution grid provide reactive power in a controlled manner. Although these savings constitute only a small portion of the total cost of the electricity system, reactive power from decentralized energy sources contributes to the change towards a system based on renewable energy sources. A comparison of different reactive power remuneration mechanisms shows that a variety of approaches exist that could replace the inflexible mechanisms of obligatory provision and penalized consumption of reactive power that are mostly in place nowadays.

Les avancées théoriques permettent de discerner l’innovation dans les services tout en prenant en compte les spécificités de ces activités, ainsi que les concepts de la théorie néoschumpetérienne. Cette intégration doit faire face à des obstacles lorsque le concept de système de l’innovation est appliqué aux services. Dans ce cas, la principale difficulté a été de développer cette analyse autour d’un produit non-tangible, où il existe une variabilité intrinsèque de conceptions justifiables du produit du service. Notre thèse s’est construite autour de deux piliers. Nous avons d’abord démontré que l’association des approches intégratrices de l’innovation dans les services avec la notion de réseau technico-économique constitue une perspective d’analyse de la dynamique de l’innovation dans les services et, qu’en même temps, elle permet de prendre en compte la diversité des acteurs, des sources, des formes et des objectifs de l’innovation, sans pour autant mettre de côté la pluralité des activités de services ou restreindre leurs possibilités d’évolution. Ensuite, nous avons considéré, par rapport à notre objet de recherche, les services hospitaliers, que les innovations correspondent à l’évolution des conventions qui définissent le produit attendu pour ce service. A partir de l’étude de cas d’innovations dans les hôpitaux, au Brésil et en France, nous avons pu vérifier des logiques différentes d’innovation qui, dans le cadre d’une analyse en termes de réseau technico-économique, proviennent de l’action d’acteurs hétérogènes qui interagissent au sein des différents systèmes hospitaliers, permettant une analyse de la dynamique de ces processus d’innovation. / Os avanços na compreensão da inovação em serviços têm resultado numa abordagem integradora que permite vislumbrar a inovação em serviços tendo em conta as especificidades dessas atividades e os conceitos da teoria neo-schumpeteriana. Essa integração encontra obstáculos quando o conceito de sistema de inovação é aplicado aos serviços. A principal dificuldade tem sido desenvolver esse enfoque em torno de um produto não tangível, resultante da definição convencional dos atores envolvidos na relação de serviço, em que a variabilidade de concepções justificáveis do produto do serviço é intrínseca. Com base na investigação de um determinado ramo de serviços, os serviços hospitalares, nossa tese se alicerça em dois pontos. Primeiro, propomos que a associação da abordagem integradora da inovação em serviços à noção de rede tecno-econômica constitui uma perspectiva de análise da dinâmica da inovação em serviços que, ao mesmo tempo, contempla a diversidade de atores, fontes, formas e objetivos da inovação, sem deixar de lado a pluralidade das atividades de serviços ou restringir suas possibilidades de evolução. Segundo, em relação ao nosso objeto de pesquisa, podemos propor que as inovações nos serviços hospitalares correspondem à evolução das convenções que definem o produto esperado desse serviço. A partir do estudo de casos de inovações em hospitais, no Brasil e na França, verificamos lógicas de inovação distintas que, numa análise em termos de rede tecno-econômica, resultam das lógicas de ação dos atores heterogêneos que interagem nos respectivos sistemas hospitalares, permitindo uma análise da dinâmica desses processos de inovação nos termos propostos. / The achievements in the understanding of innovation in services has resulted into a integrating approach where this type of innovation is seen within its specificities and the concepts of neoschumpeterian theory. Such integrating approach is hampered when the concept of innovation system is applied to services. The main difficulty in this case has been to develop this approach around an intangible product, deriving from the conventional definition of the actos involved in a service relation, with intrinsic product concept variability. Based on a particular industry, hospital services industry, this dissertation is grounded in two points. First, I suggest the association between the integrating approach and technoeconomic networks offers a perspective to analyze service innovation dynamics by including a wide array of actors, sources, forms and objectives of innovation without overlooking the plurality of the service activities or constraining their possibilities of evolution. Second, in relation of my research goal, I can suggest innovation in hospital services correspond to the evolution of the conventions which define the expected product of this service. Departing from the case studies in Brazil and in France, I verify different innovation rationales, by analyzing the technoeconomic networks, resulting from different logics of action in heterogeneous actors which interact in their particular hospital systems. This allows the dynamics of such innovation processes as formerly suggested.

Abstract Electrocoagulation (EC) is an emerging technology that combines the functions and advantages of conventional coagulation, flotation, and electrochemistry in water and wastewater treatment. The aims of this work included doing an updated literary review of recent feasible applications of EC, which were found to be plentiful. Since the economic and practical operational key figures related to EC haven’t been extensively mapped out before, this was a prime objective of this part of the work. The aim of the next part of this work was to find new feasible applications for EC in the treatment of water and wastewater. The studied wastewaters included bio- and synthetic oil-in-water emulsions, various industrial nutrient-containing wastewaters, and peat bog drainage water containing humic substances (an interesting and topical problem, especially in Finland). These studies proved the feasibility of EC. In addition, larger-scale experiments were also conducted successfully, thus proving the scalability of the EC process. Extensive economic analyses of the studied EC applications were also done. The operational costs and energy consumption of EC were found to be very low—typically about 0.1–1.0 €/m3 and 0.4–4.0 kWh/m3. It has been forecasted that in the future there will be a shortage of virgin phosphorus. Therefore, another essential purpose of this work was to conduct a preliminary study on the feasibility of using EC for nutrient (especially phosphorus, but also nitrogen) removal and recovery from different types of real wastewater. Specifically, it may be possible to use EC sludges containing notable amounts of phosphorus and nitrogen as additives in granulated bio ash-based fertilizer products for various applications. This is a novel idea and a “hot topic” in the waste utilization sector and in circular and bioeconomy. / Tiivistelmä Elektrokoagulaatio (electrocoagulation, EC) on nosteessa oleva teknologia, joka yhdistää perinteisen koagulaation, flotaation ja sähkökemian hyödyt ja mahdollisuudet vesien ja jätevesien käsittelyssä. Tämän työn ensimmäisenä tavoitteena oli laatia kirjallisuuskatsaus EC:n viimeaikaisista käyttökelpoisista sovelluksista, joita löytyi runsaasti. Koska EC:n toiminnallisia ja taloudellisia avainlukuja ei ole kartoitettu kattavasti aiemmin, tämän tekeminen oli tämän osion tärkein tavoite. Väitöstyön seuraavana tavoitteena oli löytää uusia sovellutuksia EC:lle vesien ja jätevesien käsittelyssä. Tutkittuja vesiä olivat bio- ja synteettisistä öljyistä valmistetut öljy-vesiemulsiot, erilaiset teolliset ravinnepitoiset jätevedet ja humusainepitoiset turvesoiden valumavedet (kiinnostava ja ajankohtainen ongelma, erityisesti Suomessa). EC todettiin käyttökelpoiseksi teknologiaksi näissä kokeissa. Suuremman skaalan kokeilla todistettiin lisäksi EC-prosessin skaalautuvuus. Lisäksi, em. EC-sovellutuksista suoritettiin kattavat taloudelliset analyysit. EC:n käyttökustannukset ja energiankulutus todettiin erittäin pieniksi, tyypillisesti ne olivat välillä 0.1–1.0 €/m3 ja 0.4–4.0 kWh/m3. On ennustettu, että tulevaisuudessa on pulaa neitseellisestä fosforista. Tästä johtuen eräs tämän työn keskeisistä tarkoituksista oli suorittaa alustavia kokeita liittyen EC:n käyttökelpoisuuteen ravinteiden (erityisesti fosfori, mutta myös typpi) poistossa ja talteenotossa aidoista jätevesistä. Erityisesti jatkossa voisi olla järkevää hyödyntää runsaasti fosforia ja typpeä sisältäviä EC-sakkoja lisäaineina rakeistetuissa biotuhkapohjaisissa lannoitteissa eri sovellutuksissa. Tämä idea on uusi ja on jo herättänyt suurta kiinnostusta mm. kierto- ja biotaloussektoreilla.

This master thesis deals with the current situation of waste management of material usable municipal waste with focus on various fractions of plastics. The theoretical part summarises the legislation of waste treatment, also contains an analysis of the current situation of waste management in the Czech Republic and comparison the situation in the European Union. In the next part of thesis are described basic fractions of plastics and their properties. There are mentioned the current problems with plastics processing and the risks of leakage to the environment. Furthermore, a complex chain of plastic waste reprocessing is described, since the inception of plastics waste to the manufacture of products made from recycled plastics. The most attention is paid to the discription of recycling plant, where the output material from sorting lines is reprocessed into a secondary material in the form of flakes or granules. Also this part is focused on the technology of recycling line and the individual devices are described. In the practical part of the thesis is created techno-economic model of recycling line with the aim of its use for balance calculations of recycling and also economic evaluation. As a part of the model was made a market research of secondary raw materials with a focus on price development. Subsequetly, sensitivity analyzes of selected parameters are applied to the model and the impact of scenarios on the economic results are evaluated.

Electricity grids require the ancillary services frequency control, grid operation, re-establishment of supply and voltage stability for a proper operation. Historically, conventional power plants in the transmission grid were the main source providing these services. An increasing share of decentralized renewable energy in the electricity mix causes decreasing dispatch times for conventional power plants and may consequently lead to a partial replacement of these technologies. Decentralized energy sources are technically capable of providing ancillary services. This work focuses on the provision of reactive power for voltage stability from decentralized sources. The aim is to answer the question of how voltage stability and reactive power management can be achieved in a future electricity system with increasing shares of decentralized renewable energy sources in an economical and efficient way. A methodology that takes reactive power and voltage stability in an electricity system into account is developed. It allows for the evaluation of the economic benefits of different reactive power supply options. A non-linear and a linearized techno-economic grid model are formulated for this purpose. The analysis reveals an increasing importance of reactive power from the distribution grid in future development scenarios, in particular if delays in grid extension are taken into account. The bottom-up assessment indicates a savings potential of up to 40 mio. EUR per year if reactive power sources in the distribution grid provide reactive power in a controlled manner. Although these savings constitute only a small portion of the total cost of the electricity system, reactive power from decentralized energy sources contributes to the change towards a system based on renewable energy sources. A comparison of different reactive power remuneration mechanisms shows that a variety of approaches exist that could replace the inflexible mechanisms of obligatory provision and penalized consumption of reactive power that are mostly in place nowadays.