L'intégration massive des énergies renouvelables variables (EnRV) provoque d'importants changements dans le système électrique. Auparavant développé de manière vertical et centralisé, le système était robuste et fiable. Cependant, la production des EnRV est intermittente et peu prévisible. Ainsi, le système doit être plus flexible grâce à de nouvelles options telles que la maîtrise de la demande, le stockage ou l'effacement de la production EnRV. Cependant, le potentiel des EnRV est réparti inégalement en Europe et avec d'importants taux de pénétration d'EnRV, les échanges d'électricité entre les régions vont augmenter provoquant des congestions dans le réseau. Ainsi, les options de flexibilité ne pourront peut-être pas réduire ces congestions. Pour analyser ces effets, le travail mené dans cette thèse utilise le modèle de prospective long terme POLES (Prospective Outlook on Long-term Energy Systems) couplé avec le nouveau module du secteur électrique EUTGRID (EUropean – Transmission Grid Investment and Dispatch). Ce module inclut une représentation détaillée du réseau de transport européen d'électricité avec un calcul des flux plus réaliste. De plus, les renforcements sont déterminés suivant les coûts de congestion de chaque ligne. Ce nouveau couplage permet d'avoir une évolution dynamique du réseau de transport. Le rôle du réseau de transport est ensuite analysé et comparé avec les autres options de flexibilité. Les investissements dans le réseau augmentent ainsi fortement avec d'importants taux de pénétration des EnRV alors que les options de flexibilité ne peuvent pas intégralement remplacer le réseau. Finalement, un travail exploratoire est mené avec l'introduction de réseaux de distribution génériques (urbain, semi-urbain and rural) dans EUTGRID. Les résultats montrent que les renforcements sont légèrement décalés avec une augmentation de l'utilisation des technologies de back-up (i.e. centrales à gaz) ce qui augmente les émissions totales. / The power system is facing a major shift with the large-scale development of variable renewable energy sources (VRES). This vertical and centralized architecture helped the system to be robust and reliable. However, VRES production is intermittent and less predictable. As a result, the system needs to add more flexibility with new options such as Demand Side Management, storage technologies and VREs curtailment. But renewable energies potentials are unevenly distributed in Europe and, with high shares of VREs, power flows exchanges will increase between specific regions. As a result, the existing transmission grid would face congestions and these flexibility options might not be sufficient to alleviate these bottlenecks. To analyse these impacts, the work carried in this thesis uses the long-term energy model POLES (Prospective Outlook on Long-term Energy Systems) coupled with the new European power sector module EUTGRID (EUropean – Transmission Grid Investment and Dispatch). It includes a detailed transmission grid and more realistic power flows with a DC-OPF. A grid investment mechanism is also incorporated to determine the grid investments based on nodal prices. This new coupling permits to get a dynamic evolution of the transmission grid. The role of the transmission grid is being assessed and compared with other flexibility options. The grid investments increase largely with important development of VRES while other flexibility options cannot completely replace them. Finally, an exploratory work is being carried with the introduction of generic distribution grids (urban, semi-urban and urban) in EUTGRID. The results show that the reinforcements are slightly delayed with a greater use of back-up technologies which increases the total emissions.

Les avancées théoriques permettent de discerner l’innovation dans les services tout en prenant en compte les spécificités de ces activités, ainsi que les concepts de la théorie néoschumpetérienne. Cette intégration doit faire face à des obstacles lorsque le concept de système de l’innovation est appliqué aux services. Dans ce cas, la principale difficulté a été de développer cette analyse autour d’un produit non-tangible, où il existe une variabilité intrinsèque de conceptions justifiables du produit du service. Notre thèse s’est construite autour de deux piliers. Nous avons d’abord démontré que l’association des approches intégratrices de l’innovation dans les services avec la notion de réseau technico-économique constitue une perspective d’analyse de la dynamique de l’innovation dans les services et, qu’en même temps, elle permet de prendre en compte la diversité des acteurs, des sources, des formes et des objectifs de l’innovation, sans pour autant mettre de côté la pluralité des activités de services ou restreindre leurs possibilités d’évolution. Ensuite, nous avons considéré, par rapport à notre objet de recherche, les services hospitaliers, que les innovations correspondent à l’évolution des conventions qui définissent le produit attendu pour ce service. A partir de l’étude de cas d’innovations dans les hôpitaux, au Brésil et en France, nous avons pu vérifier des logiques différentes d’innovation qui, dans le cadre d’une analyse en termes de réseau technico-économique, proviennent de l’action d’acteurs hétérogènes qui interagissent au sein des différents systèmes hospitaliers, permettant une analyse de la dynamique de ces processus d’innovation. / Os avanços na compreensão da inovação em serviços têm resultado numa abordagem integradora que permite vislumbrar a inovação em serviços tendo em conta as especificidades dessas atividades e os conceitos da teoria neo-schumpeteriana. Essa integração encontra obstáculos quando o conceito de sistema de inovação é aplicado aos serviços. A principal dificuldade tem sido desenvolver esse enfoque em torno de um produto não tangível, resultante da definição convencional dos atores envolvidos na relação de serviço, em que a variabilidade de concepções justificáveis do produto do serviço é intrínseca. Com base na investigação de um determinado ramo de serviços, os serviços hospitalares, nossa tese se alicerça em dois pontos. Primeiro, propomos que a associação da abordagem integradora da inovação em serviços à noção de rede tecno-econômica constitui uma perspectiva de análise da dinâmica da inovação em serviços que, ao mesmo tempo, contempla a diversidade de atores, fontes, formas e objetivos da inovação, sem deixar de lado a pluralidade das atividades de serviços ou restringir suas possibilidades de evolução. Segundo, em relação ao nosso objeto de pesquisa, podemos propor que as inovações nos serviços hospitalares correspondem à evolução das convenções que definem o produto esperado desse serviço. A partir do estudo de casos de inovações em hospitais, no Brasil e na França, verificamos lógicas de inovação distintas que, numa análise em termos de rede tecno-econômica, resultam das lógicas de ação dos atores heterogêneos que interagem nos respectivos sistemas hospitalares, permitindo uma análise da dinâmica desses processos de inovação nos termos propostos. / The achievements in the understanding of innovation in services has resulted into a integrating approach where this type of innovation is seen within its specificities and the concepts of neoschumpeterian theory. Such integrating approach is hampered when the concept of innovation system is applied to services. The main difficulty in this case has been to develop this approach around an intangible product, deriving from the conventional definition of the actos involved in a service relation, with intrinsic product concept variability. Based on a particular industry, hospital services industry, this dissertation is grounded in two points. First, I suggest the association between the integrating approach and technoeconomic networks offers a perspective to analyze service innovation dynamics by including a wide array of actors, sources, forms and objectives of innovation without overlooking the plurality of the service activities or constraining their possibilities of evolution. Second, in relation of my research goal, I can suggest innovation in hospital services correspond to the evolution of the conventions which define the expected product of this service. Departing from the case studies in Brazil and in France, I verify different innovation rationales, by analyzing the technoeconomic networks, resulting from different logics of action in heterogeneous actors which interact in their particular hospital systems. This allows the dynamics of such innovation processes as formerly suggested.

Les avancées théoriques permettent de discerner l’innovation dans les services tout en prenant en compte les spécificités de ces activités, ainsi que les concepts de la théorie néoschumpetérienne. Cette intégration doit faire face à des obstacles lorsque le concept de système de l’innovation est appliqué aux services. Dans ce cas, la principale difficulté a été de développer cette analyse autour d’un produit non-tangible, où il existe une variabilité intrinsèque de conceptions justifiables du produit du service. Notre thèse s’est construite autour de deux piliers. Nous avons d’abord démontré que l’association des approches intégratrices de l’innovation dans les services avec la notion de réseau technico-économique constitue une perspective d’analyse de la dynamique de l’innovation dans les services et, qu’en même temps, elle permet de prendre en compte la diversité des acteurs, des sources, des formes et des objectifs de l’innovation, sans pour autant mettre de côté la pluralité des activités de services ou restreindre leurs possibilités d’évolution. Ensuite, nous avons considéré, par rapport à notre objet de recherche, les services hospitaliers, que les innovations correspondent à l’évolution des conventions qui définissent le produit attendu pour ce service. A partir de l’étude de cas d’innovations dans les hôpitaux, au Brésil et en France, nous avons pu vérifier des logiques différentes d’innovation qui, dans le cadre d’une analyse en termes de réseau technico-économique, proviennent de l’action d’acteurs hétérogènes qui interagissent au sein des différents systèmes hospitaliers, permettant une analyse de la dynamique de ces processus d’innovation. / Os avanços na compreensão da inovação em serviços têm resultado numa abordagem integradora que permite vislumbrar a inovação em serviços tendo em conta as especificidades dessas atividades e os conceitos da teoria neo-schumpeteriana. Essa integração encontra obstáculos quando o conceito de sistema de inovação é aplicado aos serviços. A principal dificuldade tem sido desenvolver esse enfoque em torno de um produto não tangível, resultante da definição convencional dos atores envolvidos na relação de serviço, em que a variabilidade de concepções justificáveis do produto do serviço é intrínseca. Com base na investigação de um determinado ramo de serviços, os serviços hospitalares, nossa tese se alicerça em dois pontos. Primeiro, propomos que a associação da abordagem integradora da inovação em serviços à noção de rede tecno-econômica constitui uma perspectiva de análise da dinâmica da inovação em serviços que, ao mesmo tempo, contempla a diversidade de atores, fontes, formas e objetivos da inovação, sem deixar de lado a pluralidade das atividades de serviços ou restringir suas possibilidades de evolução. Segundo, em relação ao nosso objeto de pesquisa, podemos propor que as inovações nos serviços hospitalares correspondem à evolução das convenções que definem o produto esperado desse serviço. A partir do estudo de casos de inovações em hospitais, no Brasil e na França, verificamos lógicas de inovação distintas que, numa análise em termos de rede tecno-econômica, resultam das lógicas de ação dos atores heterogêneos que interagem nos respectivos sistemas hospitalares, permitindo uma análise da dinâmica desses processos de inovação nos termos propostos. / The achievements in the understanding of innovation in services has resulted into a integrating approach where this type of innovation is seen within its specificities and the concepts of neoschumpeterian theory. Such integrating approach is hampered when the concept of innovation system is applied to services. The main difficulty in this case has been to develop this approach around an intangible product, deriving from the conventional definition of the actos involved in a service relation, with intrinsic product concept variability. Based on a particular industry, hospital services industry, this dissertation is grounded in two points. First, I suggest the association between the integrating approach and technoeconomic networks offers a perspective to analyze service innovation dynamics by including a wide array of actors, sources, forms and objectives of innovation without overlooking the plurality of the service activities or constraining their possibilities of evolution. Second, in relation of my research goal, I can suggest innovation in hospital services correspond to the evolution of the conventions which define the expected product of this service. Departing from the case studies in Brazil and in France, I verify different innovation rationales, by analyzing the technoeconomic networks, resulting from different logics of action in heterogeneous actors which interact in their particular hospital systems. This allows the dynamics of such innovation processes as formerly suggested.

Electricity grids require the ancillary services frequency control, grid operation, re-establishment of supply and voltage stability for a proper operation. Historically, conventional power plants in the transmission grid were the main source providing these services. An increasing share of decentralized renewable energy in the electricity mix causes decreasing dispatch times for conventional power plants and may consequently lead to a partial replacement of these technologies. Decentralized energy sources are technically capable of providing ancillary services. This work focuses on the provision of reactive power for voltage stability from decentralized sources. The aim is to answer the question of how voltage stability and reactive power management can be achieved in a future electricity system with increasing shares of decentralized renewable energy sources in an economical and efficient way. A methodology that takes reactive power and voltage stability in an electricity system into account is developed. It allows for the evaluation of the economic benefits of different reactive power supply options. A non-linear and a linearized techno-economic grid model are formulated for this purpose. The analysis reveals an increasing importance of reactive power from the distribution grid in future development scenarios, in particular if delays in grid extension are taken into account. The bottom-up assessment indicates a savings potential of up to 40 mio. EUR per year if reactive power sources in the distribution grid provide reactive power in a controlled manner. Although these savings constitute only a small portion of the total cost of the electricity system, reactive power from decentralized energy sources contributes to the change towards a system based on renewable energy sources. A comparison of different reactive power remuneration mechanisms shows that a variety of approaches exist that could replace the inflexible mechanisms of obligatory provision and penalized consumption of reactive power that are mostly in place nowadays.

Les avancées théoriques permettent de discerner l’innovation dans les services tout en prenant en compte les spécificités de ces activités, ainsi que les concepts de la théorie néoschumpetérienne. Cette intégration doit faire face à des obstacles lorsque le concept de système de l’innovation est appliqué aux services. Dans ce cas, la principale difficulté a été de développer cette analyse autour d’un produit non-tangible, où il existe une variabilité intrinsèque de conceptions justifiables du produit du service. Notre thèse s’est construite autour de deux piliers. Nous avons d’abord démontré que l’association des approches intégratrices de l’innovation dans les services avec la notion de réseau technico-économique constitue une perspective d’analyse de la dynamique de l’innovation dans les services et, qu’en même temps, elle permet de prendre en compte la diversité des acteurs, des sources, des formes et des objectifs de l’innovation, sans pour autant mettre de côté la pluralité des activités de services ou restreindre leurs possibilités d’évolution. Ensuite, nous avons considéré, par rapport à notre objet de recherche, les services hospitaliers, que les innovations correspondent à l’évolution des conventions qui définissent le produit attendu pour ce service. A partir de l’étude de cas d’innovations dans les hôpitaux, au Brésil et en France, nous avons pu vérifier des logiques différentes d’innovation qui, dans le cadre d’une analyse en termes de réseau technico-économique, proviennent de l’action d’acteurs hétérogènes qui interagissent au sein des différents systèmes hospitaliers, permettant une analyse de la dynamique de ces processus d’innovation. / Os avanços na compreensão da inovação em serviços têm resultado numa abordagem integradora que permite vislumbrar a inovação em serviços tendo em conta as especificidades dessas atividades e os conceitos da teoria neo-schumpeteriana. Essa integração encontra obstáculos quando o conceito de sistema de inovação é aplicado aos serviços. A principal dificuldade tem sido desenvolver esse enfoque em torno de um produto não tangível, resultante da definição convencional dos atores envolvidos na relação de serviço, em que a variabilidade de concepções justificáveis do produto do serviço é intrínseca. Com base na investigação de um determinado ramo de serviços, os serviços hospitalares, nossa tese se alicerça em dois pontos. Primeiro, propomos que a associação da abordagem integradora da inovação em serviços à noção de rede tecno-econômica constitui uma perspectiva de análise da dinâmica da inovação em serviços que, ao mesmo tempo, contempla a diversidade de atores, fontes, formas e objetivos da inovação, sem deixar de lado a pluralidade das atividades de serviços ou restringir suas possibilidades de evolução. Segundo, em relação ao nosso objeto de pesquisa, podemos propor que as inovações nos serviços hospitalares correspondem à evolução das convenções que definem o produto esperado desse serviço. A partir do estudo de casos de inovações em hospitais, no Brasil e na França, verificamos lógicas de inovação distintas que, numa análise em termos de rede tecno-econômica, resultam das lógicas de ação dos atores heterogêneos que interagem nos respectivos sistemas hospitalares, permitindo uma análise da dinâmica desses processos de inovação nos termos propostos. / The achievements in the understanding of innovation in services has resulted into a integrating approach where this type of innovation is seen within its specificities and the concepts of neoschumpeterian theory. Such integrating approach is hampered when the concept of innovation system is applied to services. The main difficulty in this case has been to develop this approach around an intangible product, deriving from the conventional definition of the actos involved in a service relation, with intrinsic product concept variability. Based on a particular industry, hospital services industry, this dissertation is grounded in two points. First, I suggest the association between the integrating approach and technoeconomic networks offers a perspective to analyze service innovation dynamics by including a wide array of actors, sources, forms and objectives of innovation without overlooking the plurality of the service activities or constraining their possibilities of evolution. Second, in relation of my research goal, I can suggest innovation in hospital services correspond to the evolution of the conventions which define the expected product of this service. Departing from the case studies in Brazil and in France, I verify different innovation rationales, by analyzing the technoeconomic networks, resulting from different logics of action in heterogeneous actors which interact in their particular hospital systems. This allows the dynamics of such innovation processes as formerly suggested.

Abstract Electrocoagulation (EC) is an emerging technology that combines the functions and advantages of conventional coagulation, flotation, and electrochemistry in water and wastewater treatment. The aims of this work included doing an updated literary review of recent feasible applications of EC, which were found to be plentiful. Since the economic and practical operational key figures related to EC haven’t been extensively mapped out before, this was a prime objective of this part of the work. The aim of the next part of this work was to find new feasible applications for EC in the treatment of water and wastewater. The studied wastewaters included bio- and synthetic oil-in-water emulsions, various industrial nutrient-containing wastewaters, and peat bog drainage water containing humic substances (an interesting and topical problem, especially in Finland). These studies proved the feasibility of EC. In addition, larger-scale experiments were also conducted successfully, thus proving the scalability of the EC process. Extensive economic analyses of the studied EC applications were also done. The operational costs and energy consumption of EC were found to be very low—typically about 0.1–1.0 €/m3 and 0.4–4.0 kWh/m3. It has been forecasted that in the future there will be a shortage of virgin phosphorus. Therefore, another essential purpose of this work was to conduct a preliminary study on the feasibility of using EC for nutrient (especially phosphorus, but also nitrogen) removal and recovery from different types of real wastewater. Specifically, it may be possible to use EC sludges containing notable amounts of phosphorus and nitrogen as additives in granulated bio ash-based fertilizer products for various applications. This is a novel idea and a “hot topic” in the waste utilization sector and in circular and bioeconomy. / Tiivistelmä Elektrokoagulaatio (electrocoagulation, EC) on nosteessa oleva teknologia, joka yhdistää perinteisen koagulaation, flotaation ja sähkökemian hyödyt ja mahdollisuudet vesien ja jätevesien käsittelyssä. Tämän työn ensimmäisenä tavoitteena oli laatia kirjallisuuskatsaus EC:n viimeaikaisista käyttökelpoisista sovelluksista, joita löytyi runsaasti. Koska EC:n toiminnallisia ja taloudellisia avainlukuja ei ole kartoitettu kattavasti aiemmin, tämän tekeminen oli tämän osion tärkein tavoite. Väitöstyön seuraavana tavoitteena oli löytää uusia sovellutuksia EC:lle vesien ja jätevesien käsittelyssä. Tutkittuja vesiä olivat bio- ja synteettisistä öljyistä valmistetut öljy-vesiemulsiot, erilaiset teolliset ravinnepitoiset jätevedet ja humusainepitoiset turvesoiden valumavedet (kiinnostava ja ajankohtainen ongelma, erityisesti Suomessa). EC todettiin käyttökelpoiseksi teknologiaksi näissä kokeissa. Suuremman skaalan kokeilla todistettiin lisäksi EC-prosessin skaalautuvuus. Lisäksi, em. EC-sovellutuksista suoritettiin kattavat taloudelliset analyysit. EC:n käyttökustannukset ja energiankulutus todettiin erittäin pieniksi, tyypillisesti ne olivat välillä 0.1–1.0 €/m3 ja 0.4–4.0 kWh/m3. On ennustettu, että tulevaisuudessa on pulaa neitseellisestä fosforista. Tästä johtuen eräs tämän työn keskeisistä tarkoituksista oli suorittaa alustavia kokeita liittyen EC:n käyttökelpoisuuteen ravinteiden (erityisesti fosfori, mutta myös typpi) poistossa ja talteenotossa aidoista jätevesistä. Erityisesti jatkossa voisi olla järkevää hyödyntää runsaasti fosforia ja typpeä sisältäviä EC-sakkoja lisäaineina rakeistetuissa biotuhkapohjaisissa lannoitteissa eri sovellutuksissa. Tämä idea on uusi ja on jo herättänyt suurta kiinnostusta mm. kierto- ja biotaloussektoreilla.

This master thesis deals with the current situation of waste management of material usable municipal waste with focus on various fractions of plastics. The theoretical part summarises the legislation of waste treatment, also contains an analysis of the current situation of waste management in the Czech Republic and comparison the situation in the European Union. In the next part of thesis are described basic fractions of plastics and their properties. There are mentioned the current problems with plastics processing and the risks of leakage to the environment. Furthermore, a complex chain of plastic waste reprocessing is described, since the inception of plastics waste to the manufacture of products made from recycled plastics. The most attention is paid to the discription of recycling plant, where the output material from sorting lines is reprocessed into a secondary material in the form of flakes or granules. Also this part is focused on the technology of recycling line and the individual devices are described. In the practical part of the thesis is created techno-economic model of recycling line with the aim of its use for balance calculations of recycling and also economic evaluation. As a part of the model was made a market research of secondary raw materials with a focus on price development. Subsequetly, sensitivity analyzes of selected parameters are applied to the model and the impact of scenarios on the economic results are evaluated.

Electricity grids require the ancillary services frequency control, grid operation, re-establishment of supply and voltage stability for a proper operation. Historically, conventional power plants in the transmission grid were the main source providing these services. An increasing share of decentralized renewable energy in the electricity mix causes decreasing dispatch times for conventional power plants and may consequently lead to a partial replacement of these technologies. Decentralized energy sources are technically capable of providing ancillary services. This work focuses on the provision of reactive power for voltage stability from decentralized sources. The aim is to answer the question of how voltage stability and reactive power management can be achieved in a future electricity system with increasing shares of decentralized renewable energy sources in an economical and efficient way. A methodology that takes reactive power and voltage stability in an electricity system into account is developed. It allows for the evaluation of the economic benefits of different reactive power supply options. A non-linear and a linearized techno-economic grid model are formulated for this purpose. The analysis reveals an increasing importance of reactive power from the distribution grid in future development scenarios, in particular if delays in grid extension are taken into account. The bottom-up assessment indicates a savings potential of up to 40 mio. EUR per year if reactive power sources in the distribution grid provide reactive power in a controlled manner. Although these savings constitute only a small portion of the total cost of the electricity system, reactive power from decentralized energy sources contributes to the change towards a system based on renewable energy sources. A comparison of different reactive power remuneration mechanisms shows that a variety of approaches exist that could replace the inflexible mechanisms of obligatory provision and penalized consumption of reactive power that are mostly in place nowadays.

Sweden has experienced a significant increase in installed solar power capacity between 2010 and 2020, driven by decreasing installation costs, government subsidies and widespread public interest. However, Sweden's geographical distribution of electricity generation and consumption presents challenges for the national grid. Recent instability in the electricity supply due to the war in Ukraine has prompted increased interest in residential battery energy storage systems (BESS) as a means to enhance energy resilience and reduce electricity bills. The rapid growth of the European residential BESS market is expected to continue, driven by the need for flexibility and energy-shifting services in response to increasing renewable energy production. BESS can provide economic benefits to households with installed PV systems through peak shaving, allowing them to store excess electricity during periods of high production and use it during peak demand. This thesis investigates photovoltaic (PV) and BESS performance and profitability for Swedish households under various conditions. The study considers parameters such as system costs, energy prices, grid tariffs and dynamic battery management strategies to investigate the profitability of the systems. The research aims to provide guidelines for households to maximize the benefits of their PV and BESS installations and minimize their dependence on the grid. The effectiveness and practicality of the developed method are demonstrated through verification in two real-world installations. The study’s findings demonstrate that electricity prices, household consumption and roof orientation highly influence the profitability of PV systems. If future electricity prices align with present forecasts, installations on north-facing roofs will not be profitable under any circumstances investigated in this study. A distinct correlation is also discernible between larger loads and improved economic viability for PV and BESS installations, while a smaller battery capacity results in higher economic viability. This reveals that BESS profitability currently is limited due to high installation costs. However, the potential for future BESS profitability is shown if battery costs are reduced and more advanced battery dispatch strategies are developed. / Sverige har upplevt en betydande ökning av installerad solkraftskapacitet mellan åren 2010 och 2020, drivet av faktorer som minskande installationskostnader, statliga bidrag och ett brett folkligt intresse. Geografiska skillnader mellan elproduktion och konsumtion i Sverige innebär utmaningar för elnätet. Instabilitet i elförsörjningen till följd av kriget i Ukraina har ökat intresset för batterilagringssystem i bostäder som ett medel för hushåll att öka deras energiresiliens och minska elkostnaderna. Den snabba tillväxten på den europeiska marknaden för batterilagringssystem förväntas fortsätta, drivet av behovet av flexibilitet i elnätet och energiomställningstjänster till följd av ökad produktion av förnybar energi. Batterilagringssystem kan ge ekonomiska fördelar för hushåll med installerade PV-system genom utjämning av effekttoppar, vilket gör att överskottsenergi kan lagras under perioder av hög produktion och användas under toppbelastning. Denna rapport undersöker prestanda och lönsamhet för solcells- och batterisystem för svenska hushåll under olika förhållanden. Studien utforskar betydande parametrar såsom systemkostnader, energipriser, nättariffer och dynamiska batterihanteringsstrategier för att undersöka lönsamheten för systemen. Detta ämnar till att ge riktlinjer för hushåll att maximera fördelarna med solcells- och batteri-installationer och minimera dess beroende av elnätet. Effektiviteten och praktikaliteten av den utvecklade metoden demonstreras genom verifiering i två verkliga installationer. Resultaten visar atta elpriser, hushållsförbrukning och takorientering i hög grad påverkar lönsamheten hos solcellsanläggningar. Om framtida elpriser stämmer överens med nuvarande prognoser kommer installationer på tak mot norr inte att vara lönsamma under några omständigheter som undersökts i denna studie. En tydlig korrelation kan också urskiljas mellan större elkonsumtion och förbättrad ekonomisk lönsamhet för PV och batteri-installationer, medan en mindre batterikapacitet resulterar i högre ekonomisk lönsamhet. Detta visar att batteriers lönsamhet för närvarande är begränsad på grund av höga installationskostnader. Potentialen för framtida lönsamhet för batterier visas dock om batterikostnaderna sänks och mer avancerade batterihanteringsstrategier utvecklas.

As of today, large unused potential for biogas production exist within the Swedish agriculture sector. The biogas production within this sector is, however, associated with several problems such as poor energy efficiency and non-profitable systems. This is to some degree due to lack of standardized technical solutions. International Micro BioGas AB (IMB AB) has been aided by KTH since 2014. This project investigates several innovations from IMB AB in regards to biogas production:  A mixing device  A building capturing waste heat from the digesters (building concept)  Insulation of the digester (cover concept)  Small-scale and modular package systems The innovations listed above are evaluated from energy, economic and environmental perspectives by doing a case study on the dairy farm Ogestad close to Gamleby, Sweden. Two cases are considered. In Case 1, the raw biogas is burned in a combined heat and power-unit (CHP) in order to produce electricity. In Case 2, raw biogas is upgraded in a small-scale upgrading unit to vehicle gas standards which is sold to the market. The results show that the mixing device is promising in terms of energy use. It is therefore recommended to move on with testing of the equipment. The cover concept and the building concept show similar performance from energy and environmental standpoints. The building concept is concluded not to be economically viable. The cost reduction by applying a modular concept where one product can be used on different sized farms is significant. However, the needed investment from the company is large. The goal of achieving a modular system is therefore concluded desirable. The subsidy from the Swedish board of agriculture covering 40 % of the investment cost, has a major impact on the profitability of the systems. Without this subsidy, the systems are not viable in terms of economy. In Sweden, the small-scale vehicle gas production (Case 2) was concluded the most profitable as well as the best-performing from energy and environmental standpoints. / Inom den svenska jordbrukssektorn finns stor potential för utvidgning av biogasproduktionen. Det finns dock många problem med småskalig biogasproduktion, exempelvis olönsamma och energimässigt ineffektiva system. International Micro BioGas AB (IMB AB) har identifierat att detta till viss del kan bero på bristfälliga tekniska lösningar. Detta då det inte finns någon standardisering av teknik på området. IMB AB har, i samarbete med KTH, sedan 2014 arbetat med olika aspekter av småskalig biogasproduktion. Detta arbete undersöker ett antal innovationer och koncept från IMB AB rörande biogassystem:  En ny metod för omrörning  En byggnad som återvinner värmen från rötkamrarna (byggnadskonceptet)  Ett nytt sätt att isolera rötkamrarna (huvkonceptet)  Småskaliga och modulära paketlösningar Innovationerna och koncepten ovan utvärderas från ett energitekniskt, ekonomiskt och miljömässigt perspektiv genom en fallstudie på mjölkgården Ogestad nära Gamleby i Sverige. Två användningsområden för biogasen analyseras. I Fall 1 (Case 1) bränns rågasen i en kraftvärmeanläggning för att producera elektricitet och värme. I Fall 2 (Case 2) uppgraderas rågasen till fordonsgaskvalitet som sedan säljs till marknaden. Resultaten visar att den nya omrörningsmetoden är lovande ur ett energiperspektiv och en rekommendation är att gå vidare med tekniken och göra experimentella studier. Byggnadskonceptet och huvkonceptet visade likvärdiga resultat ur energitekniskt och miljömässigt perspektiv. Byggnadskonceptet konstaterades vara ineffektivt ur ett ekonomiskt perspektiv. Kostnadsreduceringen som uppnås genom att systemet är modulärt och därmed kan produceras i stor skala till olika gårdsstorlekar, är signifikant. Det krävs dock en stor investering från företagets sida. För samtliga fall är systemens lönsamhet starkt beroende av Jordbruksverkets subvention på 40 % av investeringskostnaden och utan den ökar företagets investeringsbehov drastiskt. Med svenska förutsättningar är småskalig produktion av fordonsgas det mest lönsamma samt mest fördelaktiga ur ett miljö- och energiperspektiv.