Utbildningssektorn har sedan en tid tillbaka varit extra utsatt för cyberattacker, dels på grund av dess öppna nätverk och det stora antalet användare, men ofta också på grund av ett bristande informationssäkerhetsarbete (Wood 2014). Syftet med uppsatsen är att undersöka vad ett svenskt universitet och dess anställda har för uppfattning av informationssäkerhet samt om och i så fall hur dessa syner skiljer sig åt. Det med hjälp av teorin Technological frames (Orlikowski & Gash 1994). I studien har sex anställda och enheten för informationssäkerhet på universitetet intervjuats. Författarna har även utfört en deltagande observation vid en internutbildning i informationssäkerhet. Resultaten visar att de två grupperna bland annat har en samsyn om att människan är det största hotet för infektioner och attacker, att information i olika former är viktig att skydda, att den fysiska säkerheten samt lösenord är viktiga, att organisationen måste hitta en lagom nivå av informationssäkerhet och att ansvar för informationssäkerhetsutbildning för anställda främst ligger hos organisationen men att det trots allt också finns ett ansvar hos individen att själv ta reda på information. Det förelåg olika syner på huruvida phishing-mejl skulle raderas direkt eller rapporteras och vilka kommunikationsvägar som bör användas mellan enheten för informationssäkerhet och de anställda. De anställda hade dessutom en snävare syn på vad informationssäkerhet är jämfört med enheten för informationssäkerhet. / The education sector has recently been particularly exposed to cyber attacks, partly due to its open networks and the large number of users, but also due to a lack of information security (Wood 2014). The purpose of the thesis is to investigate what image a Swedish university and its employees have of information security and if these views differ, and in that case how. This study draws on the theory Technological frames (Orlikowski & Gash 1994). In the study, six employees and the information security unit at the university were interviewed. We also per­formed participatory observation during an internal course in information security. The results show that the two groups agree that humans are the biggest threat when it comes to cyber at­tacks, that information in various forms is important to protect, that physical security and pass­words are important, that the organization must find a reasonable level of information security and that the organization should have the primary responsibility for information security train­ing for employees, but that individuals also have a responsibility. There were different views on whether phishing emails should be deleted directly or reported. The views differ when it comes to which communication channels should be used between the unit of information secu­rity and the employees. The employees also had a narrower view of what information security is compared to the unit for information security.

A critical overreliance on the technical dimension of information security has recently shifted toward more robust, organizationally focused information security methods to countermand $54 billion lost from computer security incidents. Developing a more balanced approach is required since protecting information is not an all or nothing proposition. Inaccurate tradeoffs resulting from misidentified risk severity based on organizational group perceptions related to information risk form information security gaps. This dissertation applies dialogical action research to study the information security gap created by incongruent perceptions of organizational members related to information risk among different stakeholder communities. A new model, the Information Security Improvement model, based on Technological Frames of Reference (TFR), is proposed and tested to improve information security through reduced member incongruity. The model proved useful in realigning incongruent perceptions related to information risk within the studied organization. A process for identifying disparate information characteristics and potential influencing factors is also presented. The research suggested that the model is flexible and extensible, within the organizational context, and may be used to study incongruent individual perceptions (micro) or larger groups such as departments or divisions.

This thesis investigates expectations of and experiences with eHealth services that allow users access to their health information. Although eHealth services are endorsed by many politicians and patients, they are met with strong resistance by health care professionals. Lacking this support hinders the uptake of the full potential of the service, especially with relation to patient participation and empowerment. This research investigates the frames of reference that are constructed by stakeholders in relation to eHealth services, such as direct-to-consumer genetic testing and electronic health records. The results are based on empirical data gathered during an experiment with media informatics students in Germany, and from interviews with physicians in Uppsala, Sweden. The eHealth services in question were framed by the participants of the conducted studies as potentially harmful for its users. The negative expectations were based mainly on a generalized view of patients as not sufficiently knowledgable and hence unable to understand the health information provided by the service. The participants in the reported studies (physicians and students in their role as designers) felt a responsibility to prevent any potential harm for the users of the eHealth service. Due to the framing based on assumed negative consequences for a supposedly vulnerable user group, the participants preferred to advocate against access rather than for patient empowerment and participation. Accessing health information was associated as holding little value for the users. This research enhances the understanding of the elements underlying this skepticism and concern. It shows that a specific view of patients and/or prospective users of an eHealth system can result in incongruent technological frames and value attribution. In line with participatory and value-sensitive design approaches as well as the aim to increase technology acceptance, patients and health care professionals should not only be included in the design process but also engage in joint activities in order to enable reframing. / Avhandlingen undersöker förväntningar på och erfarenheter av e-hälsotjänster som ger användare tillgång till sin egen hälsoinformation. Även om e-hälsotjänster har fått stöd av många politiker och patienter har de mötts av starkt motstånd från sjukvårdspersonal. Utan deras stöd blir det svårt att realisera tjänstens fulla potential, särskilt när det gäller patientens delaktighet och egenmakt.Forskningen undersöker de referensramar som konstrueras av intressenter för att förstå e-hälsotjänster, till exempel genetisk testning direkt till konsument och elektroniska patientjournaler. Resultaten baseras dels på empiriska data som samlats in i ett experiment med studenter i Tyskland, dels på intervjuer med läkare i Uppsala.De undersökta e-hälsotjänsterna upplevdes (were framed) av studiernas deltagare som potentiellt skadliga för användarna. De negativa förväntningarna baserades huvudsakligen på en allmän syn på patienter som inte tillräckligt kunniga och därmed oförmögna att förstå tjänstens hälsoinformation. Deltagarna i de rapporterade studierna (läkare och studenter i rollen som formgivare) kände ansvar för att förhindra eventuella skador för e-hälsotjänstens användare. Beroende på de förväntat negativa följderna för de förmodat utsatta patientgrupperna föredrog undersökningens deltagare att ta ställning emot patienternas åtkomst snarare än att ta ställning för deras deltagande och ökade egenmakt. Att ha tillgång till hälsoinformation bedömdes vara av lågt värde för användarna.Forskningen ökar förståelsen av de element som ligger till grund för deltagarnas upplevda skepsis och oro. Den visar att en specifik bild av patienter och/eller framtida användare av ett e-hälsosystemet kan leda till inkongruenta tekniska referensramar och värdebedömningar. I linje med inriktningarna deltagande design och värdebaserade design samt målet att öka teknisk acceptans, bör patienter och hälso- och sjukvårdspersonal inte bara ingå i designprocessen, utan också delta i gemensamma aktiviteter för att möjliggöra omtolkningar av sina tekniska referens- ramar.

The rising trend of over consumption has led to threatening environmental consequences. A solution to this would be collaborative consumption, as it promotes environmentally friendly sharing behaviors. Collaborative consumption can be enabled with digital tools, such as digital sharing platforms. The purpose of this study is to generate knowledge about how digital sharing platforms can be successfully established in order to build a good foundation for collaborative consumption. This qualitative research, influenced by grounded theory as a method, aims to explore the question “what are the barriers for establishing a digital sharing platform?”. Based on related research and by investigating a digital sharing platform called Umigo, we conducted six semi-structured interviews based on three technological frames and identified multiple barriers. With this research we make two main contributions. Our first contribution is that digital sharing platforms are unique in comparison to other platform types and should therefore be studied further. We also found an overview of the barriers that could prevent the successful establishment of digital sharing platforms.

Internet search has been marked by the dominant use of query search, specifically Google, since the mid-1990s. The public release of the AI-based search tool, chatGPT, powered by a recent innovation in deep learning known as large language models (LLMs), marks a paradigm shift in internet search technology. While the essence of both the search technologies, namely, the retrieval of information from the internet, remains the same, there appears to be a marked difference in the manner of their use and perception by both the general public as well as in media. Prior studies have highlighted the importance of assessing perceptions of new technology on users. Examining the impact of this recently-introduced form of search compared to the original query-search can provide valuable insights into users’ perception of search technologies as well as identify underlying attitudes towards AI. This study investigates the distinct discursive patterns characterising user perceptions of these two search paradigms. It uses a collected text corpus of media articles and forum data as its research material, and employs Latent Dirichlet Allocation (LDA) topic modelling to generate a quantitative set of topics. These are then examined qualitatively through the lenses of technological frames and discourse analysis to uncover user perceptions. Findings indicate that user discourse patterns diverge, anticipatory themes differ and there is variation in user concerns as well as media coverage. This research contributes insights into evolving technological perceptions, societal consequences, and the media’s role in shaping user discourse. It also highlights that further investigations into the anthropomorphic aspects of digitalisation and the evolving information landscape may offer promising avenues for future research.

In recent years, Artificial Intelligence (AI) has emerged as a transformative technology, reshaping industries and prompting significant shifts in how businesses operate. The widespread adoption of AI technologies is influenced by various factors, including technological readiness, organizational culture, and external perceptions. Media plays an important role in shaping these perceptions by framing AI in specific ways. Understanding how AI is framed in media and comparing these frames with the perspectives of IT professionals can provide valuable insights into the alignment or discrepancies between public discourse and professional practice. The purpose of this study was to unveil the frames held by Swedish news media, and which of these frames best reflected IT-Professional’s perception of AI. Additionally, we aim to explore the complex interplay of media frames and how such frames potentially shape individual held technological frames of reference surrounding AI adoption. The goal of the study was to contribute to existing research by expanding upon TFR and bridging the existing gap between framing theory, media frames, and AI adoption. We employed a qualitative study with an exploratory, multi-method approach. By drawing inspiration from Framing Theory, we conducted an analysis of Swedish newspaper articles, as well as semi-structured interviews with Swedish IT-Professionals. Our data sample included 946 newspaper articles and 5 interview participants. Through this method, we provided a broader context for the interview findings, which allowed for in-depth insights into how media frames reflect the frames held by IT-Professionals within their professional environments. Based on our findings, we uncovered nine dominant frames depicted in the Swedish news media; Disruptive Technology, Human-Machine Collaboration, Accelerate AI Adoption, Operational Optimization, Ethical Concerns, Regulation & Transparency, Strategize Before AI Adoption, Challenges of AI Adoption, and Dystopian Technology. Additionally, we identified five of these frames to best reflect the perception IT-Professionals had towards AI; Human-Machine Collaboration, Accelerate AI Adoption, Operational Optimization, Regulation & Transparency, and Challenges of AI Adoption.

Today's society is increasingly shaped by new digital technologies and digital work practices. We live in an era that is rapidly changing, and this poses demands on Sweden's industries to meet the requirements and needs of our industrial society. One industry that has struggled to keep up with the pace of digitalization is the construction industry. The construction industry is characterized by high complexity and numerous processes involving various stakeholders, as each building project has its own unique conditions and requirements. In addition to this, the stakeholders have their own conditions and needs related to technology and the use of digital tools. In order to fully leverage the opportunities of digitalization, it is important for actors to be aware of their own, as well as their co-actors', conditions and needs related to technology, especially when implementing new technology and digital work practices, to ensure the implementation is as successful as possible.  This study has been conducted within a project consulting firm with the aim of analyzing differences and similarities in perceptions among actors and groups during the implementation of a changed digital work practice. To achieve this goal, a case study was conducted using data collection techniques such as document analysis, observation, and semi-structured interviews, with the interviews serving as the significant source of empirical data.  Once the empirical data was collected, it was categorized based on how the respondents agreed with each other within their own respondent group and in comparison to another respondent group. Overall, the authors did not find any inhibiting differences in the respondents' answers regarding implementation. However, concerns were raised regarding how the consulting firm's payment models were adapted to the new digital work practice.  After the study, the authors concluded that, in this case, they did not find significant differences in the respondents' answers that could hinder implementation for the consulting firm. The differences that existed were rather due to variations in the respondents' depth of understanding regarding technology. The main challenge highlighted with the new work practice was how the company would charge for the new technology. To fully utilize the opportunities of digitalization and keep up with the ongoing development, one of the suggestions for further research is the payment models of companies.

Background: In recent years, there has been considerable interest in the philosophical concept of Open Banking and its practical implementation, often associated with digital platforms. The term ‘Open Banking platforms' has been used to describe the complex intersection between the two concepts of Open Banking and digital platforms, and it sometimes embody a series of challenges and opportunities. Open Banking aims to increase competition, innovation, and interoperability in the financial sector, creating opportunities for new players while challenging established banks to rethink their business models and value propositions. However, few researchers have addressed the question of challenges and opportunities faced by the various stakeholders involved in Open Banking platforms. Purpose: The purpose of this study is to investigate and deepen the understanding of the challenges and opportunities faced by various stakeholders involved in Open Banking platforms. Methodology: In this study, a qualitative methodology with an abductive approach was used, and the study was designed as a case study. The empirical data consists of seven semi-structured interviews conducted in 2023, as well as supplementary data from relevant documents. Thematic analysis and triangulation were employed to analyze the collected data. Conclusion: The complexity of Open Banking platforms becomes apparent during their practical implementation within the financial sector, involving technical, functional, interactional, relational, economic, and regulatory dimensions, as well as various stakeholders. On the one hand, third-party providers see opportunities for innovation. On the other hand, banks face issues with outdated IT infrastructure and threats to their existing business models. Some of the challenges arise due to varying perspectives and technological frames. This study also found that interest organizations play an important role in the design of Open Banking platforms, and regulatory requirements are therefore indirectly influenced by interest organizations. It is however challenging for stakeholders with limited resources to actively participate in the discussions about Open Banking. Additionally, a clearer dialogue and balance between compliance, security, and innovation is needed. Despite the challenges, Open Banking is considered important for the future but requires time to mature.