La recente Direttiva 31/2010 dell’Unione Europea impone agli stati membri di riorganizzare il quadro legislativo nazionale in materia di prestazione energetica degli edifici, affinchè tutte le nuove costruzioni presentino dal 1° gennaio 2021 un bilancio energetico tendente allo zero; termine peraltro anticipato al 1° gennaio 2019 per gli edifici pubblici. La concezione di edifici a energia “quasi” zero (nZEB) parte dal presupposto di un involucro energeticamente di standard passivo per arrivare a compensare, attraverso la produzione preferibilmente in sito di energia da fonti rinnovabili, gli esigui consumi richiesti su base annuale. In quest’ottica la riconsiderazione delle potenzialità dell’architettura solare individua degli strumenti concreti e delle valide metodologie per supportare la progettazione di involucri sempre più performanti che sfruttino pienamente una risorsa inesauribile, diffusa e alla portata di tutti come quella solare. Tutto ciò in considerazione anche della non più procrastinabile necessità di ridurre il carico energetico imputabile agli edifici, responsabili come noto di oltre il 40% dei consumi mondiali e del 24% delle emissioni di gas climalteranti. Secondo queste premesse la ricerca pone come centrale il tema dell’integrazione dei sistemi di guadagno termico, cosiddetti passivi, e di produzione energetica, cosiddetti attivi, da fonte solare nell’involucro architettonico. Il percorso sia analitico che operativo effettuato si è posto la finalità di fornire degli strumenti metodologici e pratici al progetto dell’architettura, bisognoso di un nuovo approccio integrato mirato al raggiungimento degli obiettivi di risparmio energetico. Attraverso una ricognizione generale del concetto di architettura solare e dei presupposti teorici e terminologici che stanno alla base della stessa, la ricerca ha prefigurato tre tipologie di esito finale: una codificazione delle morfologie ricorrenti nelle realizzazioni solari, un’analisi comparata del rendimento solare nelle principali aggregazioni tipologiche edilizie e una parte importante di verifica progettuale dove sono stati applicati gli assunti delle categorie precedenti / The recent Directive 31/2010 of the European Union requires that the member states reorganize their national legislative framework in the field of energy performance of buildings. so that from 1 January 2021 the energy balance of all new buildings will tend to zero (1 January 2019 for public buildings). The concept of nearly Zero Energy Buildings (nZEB) is based on the assumption that the envelope follows the standard of the passive houses and the small energy consumption required on annual basis is compensated by the production of renewable energy, preferably on-site. In this context, the rethinking of the potential of solar architecture allows to identify concrete tools and valid methodologies to support the design of increasingly efficient envelopes that take full advantage of an inexhaustible, common and affordable energy source, such as the solar energy. This should be achieved considering the necessity of no longer delaying the reduction of the energy load due to buildings, known as responsible for over 40% of world consumption and 24% of greenhouse gas emissions. According to these premises, the central theme of the research is the integration of the heat gain systems, so-called passive, and the solar energy production, so-called active, in the envelope. The carried out analytical and operational path has set the objective of providing practical and methodological tools for the design of the architecture, in need of a new integrated approach to achieve the goals of energy savings. Through a general survey of the concept of solar architecture and its theoretical assumptions and terminology, the research has envisioned three types of outcome: a codification of the recurring morphologies in solar constructions, a comparative analysis of the solar performance in the principal types of building aggregations and a significant design verification, where the assumptions of the previous categories have been applied

Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Centro de Ciências da Saúde. Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Médicas. / Made available in DSpace on 2012-10-19T17:41:34Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 199477.pdf: 492584 bytes, checksum: e116b1d7a5b6232f83906a2bae536b82 (MD5) / Objetivo: Comparar a histerectomia abdominal e vaginal sem prolapso uterino.

Dissertação (Mestrado) - Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Centro de Ciências da Saúde. / Made available in DSpace on 2012-10-18T22:31:52Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0Bitstream added on 2016-01-09T03:15:10Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 138151.pdf: 3744960 bytes, checksum: aa2021833d82e3c1256ebf5046ada305 (MD5)

Dissertação (Mestrado) - Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Centro de Ciências da Saúde. / Made available in DSpace on 2012-10-19T02:28:58Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0Bitstream added on 2016-01-09T02:27:03Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 141821.pdf: 9796919 bytes, checksum: 1e9b866bee479e736faaeeabcce65a2a (MD5)

Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Centro Tecnológico, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Arquitetura e Urbanismo, Florianópolis, 2009 / Made available in DSpace on 2012-10-24T08:23:39Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 265779.pdf: 8968227 bytes, checksum: c62779adf6d48d7631f92c4a4cb3071e (MD5) / Após a abolição da escravatura no Brasil, em 1888, houve a necessidade de reposição da mão de obra perdida na agricultura. O incentivo da imigração proporcionou, em junho de 1908, a vinda dos primeiros agricultores japoneses ao país. As grandes safras de plantação de pimenta do reino na década de 50 no município de Tomé-Açu, no Estado do Pará, uma das primeiras colônias japonesas no Brasil, permitiram a construção, tão desejada pelos imigrantes, de edificações no estilo japonês em madeira, que podem ser contempladas até hoje em bom estado de conservação. Observou-se que a ausência de alguns materiais e mão de obra especializada no sistema construtivo original japonês, além da diferença climática, obrigou os mestres-carpinteiros japoneses a adaptarem a composição e os materiais utilizados nos seus projetos. Contudo, observa-se que, mesmo com esses empecilhos, as edificações ainda são reconhecidas como arquitetura em estilo japonês por apresentarem a composição interna, escala e elementos tipicamente japoneses. A proposta desta pesquisa tem o intuito de apresentar um estudo realizado sobre a durabilidade das construções produzidas com esta arquitetura, com o objetivo de identificar quais fatores proporcionaram às edificações uma maior durabilidade em comparação com as construções em madeira com outros princípios arquitetônicos. O melhor estado das construções em madeira em Tomé-Açu é observado, apesar do descaso com a manutenção das edificações. Esta pesquisa contempla o estudo de caso de três edificações distintas em seu entorno, sua escala, sua história e sua arquitetura. Além disto, o resultado deste trabalho pretende contribuir também na divulgação da história da arquitetura japonesa e brasileira, com a apresentação das técnicas japonesas de encaixes, que são uma opção também na arquitetura contemporânea, contribuindo para a formação de uma nova imagem da madeira como um material construtivo durável, mesmo em climas úmidos e fauna xilófaga variada.

How to evaluate the cost-effectiveness of repair/retrofit intervention vs. demolition/replacement and what level of shaking intensity can the chosen repairing/retrofit technique sustain are open questions affecting either the pre-earthquake prevention, the post-earthquake emergency and the reconstruction phases. The (mis)conception that the cost of retrofit interventions would increase linearly with the achieved seismic performance (%NBS) often discourages stakeholders to consider repair/retrofit options in a post-earthquake damage situation. Similarly, in a pre-earthquake phase, the minimum (by-law) level of %NBS might be targeted, leading in some cases to no-action. Furthermore, the performance measure enforcing owners to take action, the %NBS, is generally evaluated deterministically. Not directly reflecting epistemic and aleatory uncertainties, the assessment can result in misleading confidence on the expected performance. The present study aims at contributing to the delicate decision-making process of repair/retrofit vs. demolition/replacement, by developing a framework to assist stakeholders with the evaluation of the effects in terms of long-term losses and benefits of an increment in their initial investment (targeted retrofit level) and highlighting the uncertainties hidden behind a deterministic approach. For a pre-1970 case study building, different retrofit solutions are considered, targeting different levels of %NBS, and the actual probability of reaching Collapse when considering a suite of ground-motions is evaluated, providing a correlation between %NBS and Risk. Both a simplified and a probabilistic loss modelling are then undertaken to study the relationship between %NBS and expected direct and indirect losses.

This thesis focuses on minor-destructive testing (MDT) techniques for the mechanical characterisation of historical mortars, as it is a fundamental task for the assessment of existing masonries. In the first part, a novel in-situ MDT technique is investigated, based on the field vane shear test for soils. The instrumentation consists in a four-winged pin (X-Drill) and a torque wrench. This research presents the results of an experimental campaign based on the comparison between standard tests and X-Drill measurements on different types of mortars. The interpretation of the test provides a possible correlation between the measured torque and the compressive strength of the material. In the second part, the thesis focuses on the extraction of samples to be tested in the laboratory. Brazilian tests can be carried out on cores including a diametral mortar joint with a defined inclination with respect to its original horizontal position. A new integrated methodology is developed for the comprehensive mechanical characterization of historical mortar based on different types of experimental tests results. This task is carried out by means of a large set of experiments performed ex-novo on lime mortar masonry walls built in the laboratory. The processing of the results from Brazilian tests on cores with inclined diametral joint is complemented with the application of the double punch tests on mortar joints that may be also extracted through core drilling. The proposed experimental methodology is then compared with the results obtained from standard tests performed on the same materials, such as compression tests, flexural tests and shear tests on triplets. Finally, the parameters obtained are used as input parameters for 2D and 3D numerical analyses based on the Continuum Damage Mechanics constitutive model. The comparison between the experimental results and the numerical analyses confirms the good prediction capacity of the proposed techniques.

L’obiettivo della ricerca è stato quello di sviluppare un metodo di calcolo semplificato per l’analisi non lineare di strutture in muratura soggette ad azione sismica, attraverso l’implementazione di un codice caratterizzato da un’elevata versatilità e semplicità di utilizzo, in grado di conseguire un bilanciato compromesso tra validità teorico-sperimentale e praticità applicativa. Il codice, sviluppato in ambiente Microsoft Excel tramite il linguaggio di programmazione Microsoft Visual Basic 6.3, punta a guidare il progettista, attraverso un’interfaccia semplice ed intuitiva, nel delicato compito di svolgere un’analisi non lineare di pareti murarie caricate nel proprio piano, fornendo, in corrispondenza di ogni singolo step di carico, una rappresentazione puntuale e intuitiva degli elementi costituenti la parete, individuandone immediatamente le possibili criticità. Attraverso un’interfaccia user-friendly l’utente ha la possibilità di inserire le caratteristiche geometriche e meccaniche della parete, giungendo agevolmente alla definizione del modello a telaio equivalente e alla definizione della curva di capacità della struttura. Attraverso il calcolo della domanda sismica e la valutazione del punto di funzionamento, il codice indirizza l’utente all’individuazione mirata degli interventi di miglioramento necessari, a seconda che si voglia diminuire la domanda o aumentare la capacità di spostamento della parete. Essendo il sottoscritto un Ufficiale del Corpo degli Ingegneri dell’Esercito Italiano, un codice di questo tipo si presterebbe ad essere utilizzato dall’Amministrazione Difesa nell’ambito delle verifiche di vulnerabilità sismica degli edifici strategici: con tale applicativo, infatti, i Reparti del Genio Militare potrebbero effettuare una prima verifica (caratterizzata da un accettabile compromesso tra la speditezza e l’accuratezza dei risultati forniti) di tali strutture, individuando le maggiori criticità relative agli immobili del demanio militare e progettando, ove necessario, i conseguenti interventi di consolidamento, per poi programmare in modo maggiormente oculato l’affidamento delle verifiche di vulnerabilità previste dalla normativa attualmente in vigore. / The aim of this thesis work is to develop a simplified method for non linear analysis of masonry structures subjected to seismic action, throughout the implementation of an high versatility and simple-use code, in order to have a balanced compromise between theoretical and experimental efficiency and practical applicability. The code, written for Microsoft Excel using Microsoft Visual Basic 6.3 programming language, aims for guiding the structural designer, through a simple and intuitive interface, in the delicate task of a non linear analysis of masonry wall loaded in its own plane, giving, in correspondence of each load step, a punctual and intuitive representation of its elements, instantly defining the critical masonry panels and their failure mode. Thanks to a user-friendly interface, the user can insert geometrical and mechanical features of masonry wall, easily arriving to define the equivalent frame model and the capacity curve. Through the calculus of the seismic request and the evaluation of performance point, the code guides the user to the focused identification of proper improvement interventions, either decreasing seismic demand or increasing seismic capacity. Since I am an Officer of Italian Army Corps of Engineers, a code like the one developed could be efficiently used by military engineers for seismic vulnerability verifications of so called strategic buildings: with this application, each military unit could carry out a first approach (characterized by an acceptable compromise between rapidity and accuracy of the supplied results) for that kind of structures, identifying the main critical issues related to military buildings and designing, if necessary, the adequate improvement interventions, in order to carefully program the externalization of seismic vulnerability analysis services provided for by actual law.

The 2012 Emilia earthquakes caused significant damages to existing precast RC structures. These buildings were found being extremely vulnerable because, being designed for vertical loads only, they featured friction-based connections between structural elements, and in particular between beams and columns. Given the large diffusion of these structures as industrial buildings, and consequently the high social and economic impact of damages, their retrofit is critical. Various techniques have been proposed in the literature; in most of them friction-based connections are removed by inserting mechanical connectors that will make beam-column connections hinged. These approaches lead to a significant increase of the base shear and therefore often require strengthening of columns and foundations. The research presents dissipative devices based on carbon-wrapped steel tubes to be used as an alternative low-damage solution for the retrofit of beam-column friction connections able to minimize structural damages. Firstly, the study presents results of experimental tests on the devices and discusses their innovative energy absorption mechanism and dissipative behaviour. Then, numerical analyses carried on to investigate the effectiveness of the introduction of dissipative devices in beam-column connections of precast structures are presented. Incremental Dynamic Analyses have been performed in order to evaluate an equivalent behaviour factor for structures with dissipative devices, by comparing the seismic response of simple frame structures with dissipative connections with equivalent elastic systems. Findings of numerical investigation show how the introduction of the dissipative devices in friction-based joints provides an effective connection between structural elements and, in addition, the capability to reduce forces transmitted to the columns, improving the seismic behaviour of the entire structure. Finally, a simplified approach to evaluate an equivalent behaviour factor for a structure equipped with dissipative devices in friction-based beam-column joints is proposed.

Da oltre 20 anni vengono utilizzati i materiali compositi per il rinforzo e/o adeguamento strutturale di singoli elementi o interi fabbricati in c.a.. I materiali compositi maggiormente diffusi in edilizia sono a base di fibre di carbonio e/o fibre aramidiche e/o fibre di vetro e matrice epossidica. Come noto, la scarsa resistenza al fuoco delle resine epossidiche limita l’utilizzo dei materiali compositi. Infatti, per temperature superiori alla Tg della matrice si verifica un rapido calo del modulo elastico del composito. Solitamente per le resine epossidiche laminate in situ, il valore di Tg è inferiore a 100°C. Nel presente articolo vengono presentati i risultati di una sperimentazione condotta su travi in c.a. rinforzate con resine a base acqua del tipo IPN e nastri unidirezionali in carbonio. Queste resine IPN presentano una struttura microcristallina costituita da una fase polimerica ed una cristallina interpenetrata, tale da essere classificate come reazione al fuoco di classe 1 ai sensi dell’UNI 9177. In particolare, le travi sono state rafforzate con diverse configurazioni di rinforzo a taglio e flessione. Sono stati confrontati i risultati delle prove di carico dei rinforzi applicati con le resine IPN con quelli applicati con le resine epossidiche. Al vantaggio della resistenza al fuoco delle resine IPN, la sperimentazione condotta ha evidenziato l’eccellenti proprietà meccaniche dei rinforzi applicati con la matrice IPN con valori analoghi a quelli dei rinforzi applicati con l’epossidica / ABSTRACT For over 20 years composite materials have been used for the reinforcement and / or structural adjustment of individual elements or complete reinforced concrete buildings. The composite materials most widely used in construction are based on carbon fibers and / or aramid fibers and /or glass fibers and epoxy matrix. As known, the poor fire resistance of epoxy resins restricts the use of composite materials in building construction. Indeed, for temperatures above the Tg of the matrix occurs a rapid decrease of the composite elastic modulus. Usually for the epoxy resins laminated on site, the Tg value is less than 100 ° C. The article presents the results of an experiment conducted on RC beams reinforced with water-based IPN resins and unidirectional tapes carbon. As these IPN resins have a microcrystalline structure consisting of a polymer phase and a crystalline interpenetrated, they are material with class1 reaction to fire (according to UNI 9177). Particularly, the beams have been reinforced with different configurations of strengthening to shear stress and bending. By comparing the results of load tests applied on IPN resins and on epoxy resins, it has been proved that not only IPN resins have a better fire resistance, but also excellent mechanical properties of the reinforcements applied with the IPN matrix, showing similar values to the one obtainable with epoxy reinforcements.