Heterochromatin in the budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae is composed of polymers of the SIR (Silent Information Regulator) complex bound to nucleosomal DNA. Assembly of heterochromatin requires all three proteins of the Sir complex: the histone deacetylase Sir2, and histone binding proteins Sir3 and Sir4. Heterochromatin establishment requires passage through at least one cell cycle, but is not dependent on replication. Inhibition of chromatin modifying enzymes may be a mechanism for how cells limit assembly. Dot1 dependent methylation of H3K79 is suggested to inhibit de novo assembly. Halving the levels of Sir4 in cells causes a loss of silencing, suggesting that Sir4 protein abundance regulates the assembly of heterochromatin. We examine de novo assembly using a single cell assay. Half the level of Sir4 affects establishment, but not the maintenance, of silencing at HM loci. Additional Sir4 accelerates the rate of assembly. Epistasis analysis suggests that Dot1 dependent chromatin modification may act upstream of Sir4 abundance. We hypothesize that dot1Δ mutants speed assembly by disrupting telomeric heterochromatin, which liberates Sir4 to act at the HM loci. Deletion of YKU70, which specifically disrupts telomeric silencing, also speeds de novo assembly, without altering the methylation of histone H3. Consistent with our model, we have shown that Sir4 abundance falls during pheromone and stationary phase arrests after which several cell cycles are required before silencing can be reestablished.

No description available.

La stabilité de la longueur des télomères est cruciale pour le maintien de l’intégrité du génome. De nombreux problèmes peuvent survenir lors de la perte de l’intégrité des télomères, tels que le vieillissement prématuré ainsi que d’autres maladies incluant, l’insuffisance de la moelle osseuse et les cancers. Certaines cellules, telles que les cellules souches embryonnaires, expriment la télomérase permettant le maintien de la longueur des télomères. Le laboratoire Harrington a démontré que l’absence de la télomérase engendre un défaut de différenciation des mESCs à télomères courts (mESCs Tert -/-) ainsi que des perturbations épigénétiques. Ils ont aussi détecté un rétablissement de l’habilité de différenciation des mESCs Tert -/- dans le contexte d’un « knockout » de Trp53. Nous avons cherché à comprendre comment Trp53 influence la différenciation des mESCs à télomères courts en étudiant l’impact de Cdkn1a (p21) sur leur différenciation. En utilisant CRISPR/Cas9, nous avons généré plusieurs clones Cdkn1a KO afin d’analyser leur capacité à se différencier. Nous avons également étudié l’impact d’un Trp53 KO dans les mESCs Tert -/- sur les marques épigénétiques ainsi que sur la longueur des télomères. Cette étude ne nous permet pas de conclure comment p53 impact la différenciation de ces cellules, même s’il semble apparent que p21 ne soit pas directement impliqué. La poursuite de ce projet permettra de mieux comprendre le mécanisme de différenciation des mESCs et son lien avec l’intégrité des télomères et par conséquent, contribuera à mieux connaître l’impact des télomères dans le vieillissement et ses maladies associées. / Telomere length stability is crucial for the maintenance of genome integrity. Many problems can arise from a loss of telomere integrity, such as premature aging, and other diseases including anemia, bone marrow failure, and cancer. Some cells, such as embryonic stem cells, express telomerase, which allows telomere length maintenance. The Harrington group showed that the absence of telomerase generates a defect in the differentiation of ES cells with eroded telomeres (mESCs Tert -/-) and was accompanied by other epigenetic modifications. They also detected a rescue in differentiation of mESCs Tert -/- that were disrupted or knocked out (KO) for the tumor suppressor p53, encoded by Trp53. We aimed to understand how Trp53 impacts mESCs differentiation by looking at the impact of Cdkn1a (p21) on the differentiation of those cells as well as the impact of p53 KO on epigenetic marks. Using CRISPR/Cas9, we generated several p21 KO clones to analyze their ability to differentiate. We also assessed the impact of a p53 KO in mESCs Tert -/- on epigenetic marks and telomere lengths. This study does not allow us to conclude how p53 impacts differentiation of those cells, even though it appears that p21 is not directly implicated. The continuation of this project will allow a better understanding of the differentiation mechanism in mESCs and its relationship to telomere integrity, and a deeper appreciation of the impact of telomeres in aging and correlated diseases.

Telomere maintenance is one of the mechanisms ensuring indefinite divisions of cancer and stem cells. Good understanding of telomere maintenance mechanisms (TMM) is important for studying cancers and designing therapies. However, molecular factors triggering selective activation of either the telomerase dependent (TEL) or the alternative lengthening of telomeres (ALT) pathway are poorly understood. In addition, more accurate and easy-to-use methodologies are required for TMM phenotyping. In this study, we have performed literature based reconstruction of signaling pathways for the ALT and TEL TMMs. Gene expression data were used for computational assessment of TMM pathway activities and compared with experimental assays for TEL and ALT. Explicit consideration of pathway topology makes bioinformatics analysis more informative compared to computational methods based on simple summary measures of gene expression. Application to healthy human tissues showed high ALT and TEL pathway activities in testis, and identified genes and pathways that may trigger TMM activation. Our approach offers a novel option for systematic investigation of TMM activation patterns across cancers and healthy tissues for dissecting pathway-based molecular markers with diagnostic impact.

No description available.

No description available.

No description available.

Over the course of more than two decades, numerous studies have meticulously explored the fundamental roles of the cohesin complex, unraveling its intricate functions in sister chromatid cohesion, DNA recombination and repair, gene expression regulation, telomere protection, and regulatory mechanisms in cell division processes. However, the detailed and multifaceted roles of individual subunits within the cohesin complex during meiosis remain poorly understood. During my PhD, I focused my attention on two principal subunits that complete the tripartite ring: the meiotic isoform of SMC1, namely SMC1β, and a kleisin subfamily protein, RAD21. While RAD21 is the sole kleisin during mitosis, it is accompanied by two other kleisin subfamily proteins, REC8 and RAD21L, during meiosis. From past research, it is known that SMC1β is crucial for telomere protection in both spermatocytes and oocytes. Interestingly, while several major phenotypes of SMC1β-deficient spermatocytes were rescued by SMC1α, telomere abnormalities were not. The expression of telomerase and shelterin components appeared usual in SMC1β-deficient spermatocytes. This study highlights SMC1β's role in safeguarding telomeres at chromosome ends from damage and abnormalities by regulating the expression of a long non-coding RNA transcribed from the subtelomeres of different chromosomes, known as TERRA (Telomeric repeat–containing RNA). TERRA comprises repetitive sequence motifs transcribed from the telomeric DNA strand that is complementary to the DNA sequence of the telomere itself. SMC1β suppresses the expression of TERRA strongly in spermatocytes and mildly in oocytes, increasing the number of foci and intensity at the ends of spermatocyte chromosomes corresponding to visually elevated telomeric damage in the absence of SMC1β. This suggests the strong role of SMC1β in regulating TERRA at chromosome ends. TERRA, with a similar sequence to that of telomeres, has the potential to form RNA-DNA hybrids, often referred to as open R-loops, which may make telomeres more susceptible to damage. This study demonstrates that SMC1β-deficient mice exhibited increased staining for R-loops at both autosomal chromosome ends and sex chromosomes, which was mitigated upon treatment with RNase H endonuclease. In our recent publication, Biswas et al., 2023, it is confirmed that SMC1β helps maintain close chromatin at telomeric ends with support from ATAC sequencing and RNA sequencing data, thereby protecting the chromosome ends. One pertinent question that remains unanswered is what distinguishes SMC1β from SMC1α in maintaining these telomere functions. To address this, we generated a CRISPR-Cas9 mice strain with a deletion of the DNA binding domain at the carboxy terminal of SMC1β, which marks the major difference in sequence between SMC1β and SMC1α. While a reduced stability of these truncated proteins was observed at both RNA and protein levels in spermatocytes, yet it hints that the majority of SMC1β’s functions were abolished upon deletion of this C-tail. Interestingly, these mutant spermatocytes exhibit elevated telomere abnormalities, albeit not to the extent seen in full knockouts. This suggests that the C-terminal tail, along with additional components, participates in protecting telomeres, considering that a minimal level of SMC1β protein is sufficient to maintain telomeres in germ cells. Another objective of my thesis is to emphasize the significance of RAD21 as a kleisin protein in female meiosis. While there is limited research on RAD21 in spermatocytes, it has been described to transiently appear during late prophase I of male meiosis. However, studies on RAD21 in oocytes are lacking. RAD21 exhibits an appearance on the chromosome axis during mid to late pachytene in embryonic oocytes before being depleted in the diplotene stage. As RAD21 is the only kleisin protein in somatic cells, generating a constitutive Rad21 knockout mouse would be lethal. Therefore, using the Cre-LOX system, conditional Rad21 knockout mouse models were created, where RAD21 was specifically eliminated in oocytes at various stages of maturation. Early excision of Rad21 during the embryonic diplotene stage or in pups shortly after birth had a significant impact on ovary development and oocyte count with age, while oocyte sizes were reduced, indicating potential stress or onset of apoptosis. Conversely, late excision of Rad21 in activated germinal vesicle oocytes showed no notable differences in ovary size or oocyte number, and only mild differences in oocyte diameter, underscoring the significant role of RAD21 in the pre metaphase prophase stage. RAD21 does not actively participate in long-term arrest centromeric cohesin protection, chiasma maintenance, or DNA damage repair in heterozygous mice. However, young adult Rad21 conditional knockout mice with early excision exhibit a trend of delayed and less efficient oocyte maturation when exposed to DNA damage. These findings suggest a potential role of RAD21 in nonprogrammed DNA repair before metaphase I, which may ensure chromosome integrity after programmed recombination. Further investigation is necessary to study the mechanism of DNA repair by RAD21 through Homologous Recombination or End Joining pathways. In summary, these studies provide insights into the role of cohesin subunit SMC1β in telomere maintenance through TERRA regulation in spermatocytes, as well as the role of RAD21 in preserving ovarian reserve and oocyte health by potentially contributing to non-programmed DNA damage repair.

Le contrôle de la longueur des télomères est une étape critique régissant le potentiel réplicatif des cellules eucaryotes. A cause du problème de fin de réplication, les chromosomes raccourcissent à chaque cycle de division. Ce raccourcissement se produit dans des séquences particulières appelées télomères. La longueur des télomères est en relation directe avec les capacités prolifératives des cellules et est responsable de la limite de division de Hayflick. Cependant, dans certains types cellulaires et dans plus de 90% des cancers, la longueur des télomères va être maintenue par une enzyme spécialisée appelée télomérase. Encore aujourd’hui, comprendre la biogénèse de la télomérase et savoir comment elle est régulée reste un élément clé dans la lutte contre le cancer. Depuis la découverte de cette enzyme en 1985, de nombreux facteurs impliqués dans sa maturation ont été identifiés. Cependant, comment ces facteurs sont intégrés dans le temps et dans l’espace, afin de produire une forme active de la télomérase, est une question restée sans réponse. Dans ce projet, nous avons utilisé la levure Saccharomyces cerevisiæ comme modèle d’étude des voies de biogénèse et de trafic intracellulaire de l’ARN de la télomérase, en condition endogène. La première étape de mon travail fut d’identifier les facteurs requis pour l’assemblage et la localisation de la télomérase aux télomères en utilisant des techniques d’Hybridation In Situ en Fluorescence (FISH). Nous avons pu montrer que la composante ARN de la télomérase fait la navette entre le noyau et le cytoplasme, en condition endogène, dans les cellules sauvages. Nos travaux suggèrent que ce trafic sert de contrôle qualité puisqu’un défaut d’assemblage de la télomérase conduit à son accumulation cytoplasmique et prévient donc sa localisation aux télomères. De plus, nous avons identifié les voies d’import/export nucléaire de cet ARN. Dans une deuxième approche, nous avons réussi à développer une méthode de détection des particules télomérasiques in vivo en utilisant le système MS2-GFP. Notre iv étude montre que contrairement à ce qui a été précédemment décrit, la télomérase n’est pas associée de façon stable aux télomères au cours du cycle cellulaire. En fin de phase S, au moment de la réplication des télomères, la télomérase se regroupe en 1 à 3 foci dont certains colocalisent avec les foci télomériques, suggérant que nous visualisons la télomérase active aux télomères in vivo. La délétion des gènes impliqués dans l’activation et le recrutement de la télomérase aux télomères entraine une forte baisse dans l’accumulation des foci d’ARN au sein de la population cellulaire. Nos résultats montrent donc pour la première fois la localisation endogène de l’ARN TLC1 in situ et in vivo et propose une vue intégrée de la biogenèse et du recrutement de la télomérase aux télomères. / Telomere length control is a critical step that governs the replicative potential of eukaryotic cells. Due to the end replication problem, chromosomes shorten at each round of division. This attrition occurs in specialized sequences at the extremity of chromosomes called telomeres. Telomere size is in direct relationship with proliferative potential and responsible for Hayflick’s division limit. However, in different cell type and in cancers, an end-specialized enzyme called telomerase maintains telomere length. Reactivation of telomerase in somatic cells triggers a pre-tumoral phenotype and more than 90% of cancers highly express this enzyme. Still today, understanding how telomerase is synthesized and reactivated can be a key step for the understanding of cancer arising and progression. Since the discovery of this enzyme in 1985, several factors involved in the regulation of this enzyme have been discovered. However, the spatio-temporal regulation of telomerase biogenesis and regulation has not been determined. We used the yeast S.cerevisiæ to study the biogenesis and recruitment of telomerase to telomeres. The first step in my work was to determine the factors required for the biogenesis and recruitment of telomerase to telomeres using fluorescence in situ hybridization. We have shown that the telomerase RNA component shuttles between the nucleus and the cytoplasm in wild type endogenous conditions. We have shown that this intracellular trafficking is used as a quality control mechanism that prevents the nuclear localization of miss assembled telomerase complexes. Moreover, we have identified the import/export pathways of the telomerase RNA. In a second step, we developed an in vivo localization system to follow the telomerase RNA dynamics. We used the MS2-GFP system to track this RNA in vivo. Our study shows that, contrary to what was previously described, telomerase is not stably associated to telomeres during the cell cycle but freely diffuses in the nucleus of G1 cells. In late S phase, at the moment of telomere replication, telomerase clusters in 1 to 3 big foci vi that colocalizes with telomeres clusters in vivo, suggesting the visualization of active telomerase particles replicating telomeres. Disruption of gene coding for telomerase activators triggers a great reduction of telomerase RNA clusters in a cell population. Altogether, our results shows for the first time the localization of the endogenous form of the telomerase RNA and propose an integrated view of telomerase biogenesis and recruitment to telomeres.

Obesity is a risk factor for development of cardiovascular disease, diabetes type 2 and some cancers. Newly detected genetic risk factor for body weight is the FTO gene ("fat mass and obesity associated"). The aim of this thesis was determine 1) whether the presence of risk alleles correlate with BMI in Czech population and to determine 2) whether there is an association between variants in the FTO gene and risk of myocardial infarction/ acute coronary syndrome (MI/ ACS), 3) renal failure (ESRD), or 4) incidence of colorectal cancer (CRC). We analyzed polymorphisms rs17817449 (first intron) and rs17818902 (3rd intron) using by PCR-RFLP and then also RT PCR. We found an association of the first intron variant (but not the 3rd one) and BMI in Czech control population. We have detected an association of 1st intron SNP and BMI changes during the intervention study in obese children, but not in obese females. We found a correlation between the risk allele and increased risk of ACS (OR 1.49) in patients with MI. In patients with ESRD was detected association between the risk allele and the risk of disease (OR 1.37). We didn't confirmed the association between rs17817449 and the development of CRC. Representative selected groups of the Czech populations "MONICA" and "HAPPIE" were used as controls. One...